Pope Pius IX

which declares that from the first instant of her conception the Ble ed Virgin Mary was kept free from all taint of original sin. In that church, and in the Greek Church, she is regarded as the most exalted of created beings: while angels and saints have that secondary veneration or worship paid to them which is called "dulia," she alone is entitled to "hyperdulia," and her interce ion is invoked more than that of all others. She is often called "The Virgin," and in art "The Madonna." mary. Mary. The sister of Martha and Lazarus, resident at Bethany. Mary I. (Mary Tudor), called "Bloody Mary." Born at Green wich Palace, Feb. 18, 1516: died Nov. 17, 1558. Queen of England and Ireland, only surviving child of Henry VIII. and Catharine of Aragon. She was affianced first to the dauphin in 1518, and later to Charles V. in 1522. An attempt was also made to marry her to Francis I. in 1526. At the divorce of Catharine in 1533, Mary was adjudged illegitimate, but on Feb. 7, 1544, the crown was entailed upon her after Edward or any lawful child of the king. Edward VI. died July 6, 1553, and on July 13, 1553, Mary was proclaimed queen at Norwich, and crowned at Westminster Oct. 1, 1553. The council proclaimed Lady Jane Grey queen; but Mary quickly overcame opposition. She married Philip of Spain (later Philip II.) at Winchester, July 25, 1554. An insurrection headed by the Duke of Suffolk in favor of his daughter, Lady Jane Grey, and one of Kentishmen led by Sir Thomas Wyatt were suppre ed parly in this vesed the armed that power, revived penal laws against heresy. The first martyr was burned at Smith field, Feb. 4, 1555. After 1556 her principal adviser was Cardinal Pole. (See Pole , Regi nald.) On Nov. 10, 1558, the last heretics were burned at Canterbury, the total number of martyrs during her reign being 300. Mary II. Born at St. James's Palace, April 30, 1662: died at Kensington Palace, Dec. 28, 1694. Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, eldest child of James II. By the death of her younger brother, Edgar, in 1671, she became heire presumptive to the crown, and on Nov. 4, 1677, married William, prince of Orange. In the struggle with James II. she identified herself with her husband. On Dec. 22, 1688, James II. fled to France, and on Feb. 13, 1689, William and Mary a ented to the "Declaration of Right," and were crowned joint sovereigns. She took little interest in public busine , and in the king's absence ruled through the council. Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart). Born in Linlithgow Palace, Dec. 7 (87), 1542: beheaded at Fother in gay, Feb. 8, 1587. Third child and only daughter of James V. of Scotland and Mary of Guise. By the death of James (Dec. 14, 1542) she became queen, and was crowned at Stirling Castle Sept. 9, 1543. On July 7, 1548, a marriage with the dauphin (Francis II.) was agreed upon. She was sent to Saint-Germains on Oct. 11, and educated with the royal children of France. They were married at Notre Dame April 24, 1558. At the death of Mary Tudor (see Mary I. ) on Nov. 17, 1558, Mary Stuart laid claim to the English throne, as great-granddaughter of Henry VII., on the ground of Elizabeth's illegitimacy. Francis II. succeeded Henry