TEMPERING. I

f steel with.2 per cent. of carbon and upwards is heated red hot and then suddenly cooled in water or other liquid, it becomes hardened to a degree, depending on the carbon content up to one per cent., and on the suddenne of the cooling. This is known as tempering. Pop. 6,500.: TEMPLARS, 2 military order, founded in 1119, at the time of the - Crusades, by Hugues de Payen and Godfrey de Saint Adhémar, with seven other knights, taking on themselves the solemn vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, and undertaking the defense of pilgrims to the holy places from the attacks of the Saracens. By Baldwin II., King of Jerusalem, they were granted quarters in his palace, puilt on the site of the temple; hence the name of the order. The rule of the order was drawn up by Bernard of Clairvaux. All luxury and display, even in armor, were forbidden. At first none but nobles or knights were admitted It was governed by a grand master, _ who had his seat, first at Jerusalem and then succe ively at Antioch, Acre, the Pilgrim’s Castle (near Acre), and lastly at Limasol in Cyprus. The various provinces of the order—Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch, Portugal, Castile and Leon, Aragon, England, France, Aquitaine, Provence, Germany, Italy, and Sicily—were ruled by masters, grand priors, and commanders. In 1172 the Templars were set free from the jurisdiction of the bishops and made dependent on the Pope alone, and were allowed to confe to chaplains of their own order. Their houses had the right of sanctuary, and their property was exempt from taxation and tithing. In addition to its po e ions in Syria and Asia Minor, the oréer owned numerous lordships in almost every country of Europe —nire you sand manors, according to Matthew of Paris. The annual income drawn from European sources alone is estimated to have been about six million pounds po e ed many privileges above ordinary HBuropeans. The main cause of their overthrow was undoubtedly the dangerous position which they occupied in the political life of Europe.