Caás

See Caaguás. Cabades (ka-bā dēz), or Cavades (ka-vā dēz), Pers. Kobad (kō-bäd'). King of Persia. See Sa anids . Cabal (ka-bal'), The. An unpopular ministry of Charles II., consisting of Clifford, Ashley, Bucking ham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, the initials of whose names happened to compose the word. It held office 1667 to 1673. Caballero y de la Torre (kä-bäl-yā'rō ē dā lä tor're), José Agustin. Born at Havana, Feb., 1771: died there, April 6, 1835. A Cuban educator and noted pulpit orator. He studied at the Seminary of San Carlos and the Havana University, and was long the director of the former institution and lecturer on philosophy. Caballero y Góngora (kä-bäl-yā'rō ē gon'gorä), Antonio. A Spanish prelate who in 1780 was archbishop of Santa Fé (New Granada) and made an attempt to conciliate the rebels in the south. He was appointed viceroy, and ruled New Granada from 1782 to 1789, uniting the religious, military, and civil powers. Cabana gem (kä-bä-nä'zhām), or Cabanos (kä-bänösh). [Pg., 'cottagers,' from ca ban a, a hut.] The name given in Brazil to the rebels who, from 1833 to 1836, overran the Amazon valley. The abdication of Pedro I. was followed by a rumor that the regency desired to turn Brazil over to Portugal. Certain liberal leaders in Pará took advantage of this report, called to their aid the ignorant Indian and mulatto population, murdered the president, and committed many atrocities. Matters went from bad to worse until the whole province was in a state of anarchy and Pará was abandoned by the whites. The rebellion was subdued by Andrea in 1836. Cabañas (kä-bän'yäs), Trinidad. Born in Honduras about 1802: died Jan. 8, 1871. A Central American general. He was an officer with Morazan, and an upholder of Central American unity. In 1844 he aided in the defense of Leon, Nicaragua, against Male spin, and in 1845 he led the Salvador i an troops which attempted to overthrow Male spin. He was made president of Honduras March 1, 1852. An attempt to interfere with the affairs of Guatemala led to his deposition by Guatemalan troops aided by revolutionists of Honduras, July, 1855. He fled to Salvador and remained in exile several years. Cabanel (kä-bä-nel'), Alexandre. Born at Montpellier, France, Sept. 28, 1823: died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1889. A noted French historical, genre, and portrait painter, a pupil of Picot. He won the grand prix de Rome in 1845, a medal of the second cla in 1852, a medal of the first cla in 1855, and medals of honor in 1865, 1867, and 1878. He became a member of the Institute in 1863, and was profe or in the École des Beaux Arts. Cabanis (kä-bä-nēs'). A historical novel relating to the times of Frederick the Great, by Wilhelm Häring (pseudonym "Wilibald Alex is"), 1832. Cabanis (kä-ba-nes'), Pierre Jean George. Born at Cosnac, Charente-Inférieure, France, June 5, 1757: died near Meulan, France, May 5, 1808. A noted French physicist and philosopher. He was the author of "Rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme" (1802). In this work he discu ed systematically the relations of soul and body, with materialistic conclusions. He regarded the physical and the psychical as the same thing looked at from different points of view, and the soul not as a being, but as a faculty. Cabarrus (kä-bä-rü'), Comte François de. Born at Bayonne, France, 1752: died at Seville, Spain, April 27, 1810. A Spanish financier, of French origin. He was minister of finance under Joseph Bonaparte 1808-10. Cabeça de Vaca. See Cabeza de Vaca . Cabel (kä-bel'), Mme. (Marie Josèphe Dreullette). Born at Liège, Belgium, Jan. 31, 1827. A Belgian opera-singer. Meyer beer wrote for her the part of Catherine in "L'Étoile du Nord," and also that of Dinorah. Cabes (kä'bes), or Gabes (gä'bes), Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterranean, south of Tunis, in lat. 34° N., long. 10°-11° E.: the ancient Syrtis Minor. There is a town of the same name situated on the gulf, with about 8,000 inhabitants. to the Eleusinian in sanctity. The initiated were supposed to receive special protection against mishaps, especially by sea. Cable (kā'bl), George Washington. Born at New Orleans, Oct. 12, 1844. An American novelist, noted especially for descriptions of Creole life in Louisiana. He has written "Old Creole Days" (1879), "The Grandi imes" (1880), "Madame Delphine," "Dr. Sevier" (1884), etc. Caboche (kä-bōsh'), Simonet. The leader of a band of ruffians in the service of the Duke of Burgundy during the civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians. Cabot (kab'ot), George. Born at Salem, Ma ., Dec. 3, 1751: died at Boston, Ma ., April 18, 1823. An American politician. He was United States senator from Ma achusetts 1791-96, and president of the Hartford Convention in 1814. Cabestaing (kä-bes-tan'), or Cabestan (kä-bes- Cabot, John, It. Giovanni Caboto, Sp. Gaboto. ton'), Guillaume de. A Provençal poet ac- cording to Papon, Rou illonnais according to Millot. He lived toward the end of the 12th century, and was killed from jealousy by Raymond of Rou illon. According to the legend, Raymond caused his wife to eat, unwittingly, of Cabestaing's heart. When she learned what she had done she declared that her lips, which had tasted such noble food, should touch no other, and died of starvation. Seven of his poems, reflecting a pure and in- tense pa ion, have been preserved. Cabet (kä-bā'), Étienne. Born at Dijon, Jan. 1,1788: died at St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 8, 1856. A French communist. He was an advocate by profes- sion; was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1831; founded "Le Populaire" in 1833; and fled to England in 1834 in order to escape punishment on account of an ar- ticle which he had published in that journal. He re- turned to France in consequence of the amnesty of 1839. He wrote "His to ire populaire de la révolution française de 1789 à 1830," "Voyage en Icarie, roman philosophique et social" (1840). He established a communistic settle- ment, called Icarie, in Texas in 1848, which was removed to Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1850. See Icaria . Cabeza del Buey (kä-ba'thä del bö-a'). A small town situated in the province of Badajoz, Spain, in lat. 38° 40′ N., long. 5° 17′ W. Cabeza de Vaca (kä-bāʼthä da väʼkä), Alvar Nuñez. Born at Jerez de la Fronter a, Spain, probably in 1490: died at Seville after 1560. A Spanish soldier. In 1528 he was comptroller and royal treasurer with the expedition of Pamphilo de Nar- vaez to Florida. He and three others were the only ones who escaped from shipwreck and the savages; after liv- ing for years among the Indians, they reached the Span- ish settlements in northern Mexico in April, 1536. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain in 1537, and in 1540 he was ap- pointed governor of Paraguay. He sailed with 400 men, on the coast of southern Brazil, and marched over- land to As unci on, the journey occupying nearly a year. In 1543 he explored the upper Paraguay. On April 25, 1544, he was deposed and imprisoned by the colonists for alleged arbitrary acts. Sent to Spain the next year, he was tried by the Council of the Indies and sentenced to be banished to Oran, Africa; but he was subsequently recalled by the king, received a pension, and was made judge of the Su- pre me Court of Seville. While his case was pending before the Council of the Indies he published two works: one, "Naufragios, peregrinaciones y milagros," describing his Florida adventures, and the other, "Commentarios," relat- ing to his administration in Paraguay. Both were written for his own justification; but, making allowances for this, they are of great historical value. There are modern editions in several languages. Cabinda, or Kabinda (kä-bēn'dä). A town and harbor of Portuguese West Africa, situated a few miles north of the Kongo estuary, in lat. 5° 30′ S., long. 12° 10' E. It is the capital of the Kongo district of the province of Angola, and is a favorite rendezvous of American whalers. It has developed rapidly since 1885, and especially since the introduction of a high tariff in the Kongo State. In the native language the country and people are called Ngoyo . They have no head chief, but numerous petty chiefs, called kings. See Kongo and Angola . Cabiri, or Kabeiri (ka-bī'rī). [Gr. Κάβειροι , the mighty ones.] 1. The seven planets wor shiped by the Phenic i ans. Their father was called Syduk ('justice').-2. In Greek mythology, certain beneficent deities of whose characteristics little is known, worshiped in parts of Greece and in the islands of Imbros, Lemnos, and Samothrace. They are po ibly connected with the Cabiri of Phenic i a. To both were ascribed the invention of arts, especially of ship-building, navigation, and the working of iron. Their rites were secret. The mysteries of the Cabiri of Samothrace were regarded as inferior only An Italian navigator in the English service. He was probably a native of Genoa or its neighborhood, and in 1476 became a citizen of Venice after a residence of fifteen years. He subsequently removed to Bristol, England. Believing that a northwest pa age would shorten the route to India, he determined to undertake an expedition in search of such a pa age, and in 1496 obtained from Henry VII. a patent for the discovery, at his own expense, of unknown lands in the eastern, western, or northern seas. He set sail from Bristol in May, 1497, in company with his sons, and returned in July of the same year. The expedition resulted in the discovery of Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1499 he made a second voyage (north to Labrador (?), south to 30), on which he died (?). Cabot, Sebastian. Born at Bristol, England, 1474: died at London in 1557. A celebrated explorer, second son of John Cabot. He probably accompanied his father in the voyage of 1497, when the shore of North America was discovered (his name appears with his father's in the petition to Henry VII.); and it is probable that he was with him also in the voyage of 1499. In 1517, it is said (probably erroneously), he went in search of a northwest pa age, visiting Hudson Strait and penetrating as far north as at and later was indies with an English ship. Invited by Charles V. to Spain, he was made grand pilot of Castile (1519), and commanded four ships which left San Lucar April 3, 1526. The intention was to sail to the Moluccas by the Strait of Ma coast of America and in West gellan, but, lacking provisions, he landed on the coast of Brazil, where he had some encounters with the Portu guese; thence sailed southward, discovered the river Uruguay, and erected a fort there; discovered and ascended the Paraná; and explored the lower Paraguay to the present site of As unci on. Convinced of the imp or tance of this region, and joined by Diego Garcia, he relinquished the voyage to the Moluccas and despatched a ship to Spain for reinforcements; meanwhile he established himself at the fort of Espirito Santo on the Paraná (lat. 32° 50′ S.). Not receiving aid from Spain, he returned in 1530, leaving a garrison at Espirito Santo. Cabot remained in the service of Spain until the end of 1546, when he returned to England. Edward VI. gave him a pension, and he was interested in various explorations in the Baltic; in 1555 he was made life governor of the Company of Merchant Adventurers destined to trade with Ru ia. A map of the world published in 1544 is ascribed to Cabot. Cabourg (kä-bör'). A watering-place in the department of Calvados, France, situated on the English Channel 14 miles northeast of Caen. Cabral (kä-bräl'), Pedro Alvares: early writers abbreviate the name to Pedralvarez or Pedralvez. Born about 1460: died about 1526. A Portuguese navigator. After Vasco da Gama returned from India (1499), Cabral was put in command of a fleet destined to follow up Gama's discoveries. Leaving Lisbon March 9, 1500, he followed his instructions and kept far out in the Atlantic: by this means he discovered the coast of Brazil near lat. 16° 20′ S. (April 22, 1500). This was two months after Vicente Yañez Pinzon had discovered the northeast coast. Cabral took po es sion for Portugal of the new land, which he called Santa Cruz. Sending back a ship with the tidings, he continued his voyage May 2. On May 6 he lost four ships in a storm; with the rest he reached Mozambique and finally Calicut, where he erected a fort; this was destroyed by Samorim, and Cabral then made an alliance with the sover eign of Cochin. Loading his ve els with spices, he returned, losing one ship by the way, and arrived at Lisbon July 23, 1501. Nothing is known of his subsequent life. Cabrera (kä-bra'ra). One of the Balearic Islands, situated in the Mediterranean Sea 9 miles south of Majorca. It is a penal settlement. Cabrera, Don Ramon, Count of Morella. Born at Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain, Aug. 31, 1810: died at Went worth, near Haines, England, May 24, 1877. A Spanish guerrilla chief. He was in tended for the church, and had received the minor orders, India. Area, 3,750 square miles. Population (1881), 313,858. Cacheo (kä-sha'ö). A Portuguese settlement in Sene gambia, West Africa, situated near the coast in lat. 12° 20′ N., long. 16° 30′ W. cave under the Aventine backward, so that their footsteps would not show the direction in which they had gone; but Hercules found them by their lowing, and slew the Cadalso (kä-däl'sō), or Cadahalso (kä-dä-äl'- sō), José de. Born at Cadiz, Spain, Oct. 8, 1741: died at Gibraltar, Spain, Feb. 27, 1782. A Spanish poet, killed at the siege of Gibraltar. His works include a tragedy, "Sancho Garcia" (1771), a satire, "Los eruditos á la violet a" (1772), "Poesías" (1773), "Las cartas marruecas" (1794), etc. Cada Mosto, or Ca Da Mosto (kä dä mos'to), Alois or Luigi da. Born at Venice about 1432: died at Venice about 1480. An Italian navigator. He explored, in the service of Prince Henry of Portugal, the coast of Africa as far as the Gambia from 1455 to 1456, in which latter year he discovered the Cape Verd islands. Author of "El libro de la prima naviga- zione per oceano a let erre de' Nigri de la Ba a Æthio- pia" (1507). Caddee (käd-dā'). A name given to a league ("Gotteshaus-Bund") formed in the Grisons, Switzerland, in 1396, to oppose internal misgov- ernment. Caddo (kä'do). [From the Caddo Káede , chief.] A confederacy of the Caddoan stock of North American Indians. It consisted of many tribes, of which the following have been identified: Kado hadacho, Nadaaku, Aienai, Nabaidatu, Nashidosh, Yatasi, Yowani, Nakohodotse, Aish, and Hadai. Its former habi- tat was northwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas; now, the Quapaw reservation, Indian Territory. See Caddoan . Caddoan (kä'dō-an). A linguistic stock of North American Indians, named after its lead- of North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, and In- dian Territory, the northern group of the stock having been entirely surrounded by Siouan tribes, and the mid- dle group by the Siouan and Shoshonean. Its divisions, beginning at the north, are as follows: Arikara (a tribe), Pawnee (the middle group, a confederacy), Kitcai (a tribe), Wichita (a confederacy), and Caddo (a confederacy). Its tribes, especially the Pawnee, have been foes to the Da- kota or Sioux for many generations; consequently their men have served as scouts in the United States army the Arikara, are now in the Indian Territory and Okla- during wars against the Dakota. All of this stock, except Cade (kad), John, called Jack Cade. Born in Ireland: killed near Heath field, in Su ex, Cadmeia (kad-me'yä). [Gr. Καδμεία.] The cit a- del or acropolis of Thebes in Bœotia, named from its mythical founder, the hero Cadmus. Two Frankish towers of some importance now stand on the summit of the low hill. The only remains of the an- cient fortifications consist of a stretch of ruinous Cyclopean wall on the north side, and fragments of more recent walls on the southeastern slope. Cadmeians (kad-me'yanz). See the extract. "the man of the East," while Europa is the damsel who Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 19. Cadodaquioux. See Kado hadacho . Cadorna (kä-dor'nä), Raffaele. Born at Milan, 1815: died at Turin, Feb. 6, 1897. An Italian general. He commanded the troops of Victor Emman- uel in the occupation of the States of the Church in 1870. He occupied Cività Vecchia Sept. 16, and Rome Sept. 20, 1870. In 1877 he retired. Cadoudal (kä-dö-däl'), Georges. Born near Auray, Morbihan, France, Jan. 1, 1771: guillo- tined at Paris, June 25, 1804. A celebrated French Chouan partizan and royalist conspir- Rebellion," a rising chiefly of Kentishmen, in July 1450. The leader in "Cade's May and June, 1450. The rebels defeated the royal forces at Seven Oaks, June 27, and entered London July Here in 1337 the English defeated the Count of 2. On July 3 they put Lord Say to death. In a few Flanders. days the rebellion was suppre ed. Cade is said to have Cadwal. See Arviragus , 2. at or, leader of the rising of 1799. He was im- plicated with Pichegru in 1803. in Zealand, Netherlands, situated at the mouth Cads and, or Cadzant (käd-zänd'). A village of the Schelde, 14 miles northeast of Bruges. called Mortimer by his followers, and to have been regarded by them as a cousin of the Duke of York. He is introduced by Shakspere in the second part of "Henry VI." as a reckle , ferocious, and vulgarly important rebel. Cadell (ka-del'), Robert. Born at Cockenzie, East Lothian, Dec. 16, 1788: died at Edinburgh, Jan. 20, 1849. A Scottish publisher and book- seller. He was a partner of Constable from 1811 until the failure of the firm, and a busine a ociate and friend of Sir Walter Scott. He became the publisher of Scott's works in 1826. Cadenabbia (kä-de-näbbe-ä). A small town in northern Italy, situated on the western bank of Lake Como 15 miles northeast of Como. It is a favorite resort. Cadenus (ka-de'nus). The name by which Dean Swift calls himself in his poem "Cade- nus and Vane a" (1726). The name is an anagram of decanus (dean). Cader Idris (kad'er id'ris). A mountain in northwestern Wales, near Dolgelly, noted for its extensive view. Height, 2,925 feet. Caderou e (käd-rös'). A noted character in Dumas's novel "Le Comte de Monte Cristo." Cadesia (ka-dē'zhiä). A place situated near Cadwalader, George, Gent. A pseudonym of George Bubb Dodington. Cadwalader, or Cad wall a der (kad-wal'a-der), surnamed "The Ble ed." Died probably in 664. A British king. He was the son of Cad wall on, king of Gwynedd, whom he succeeded in 634. He obtained great fame by the heroic exploits which he performed in the defense of Wales against the Saxons, and holds a high place in Welsh tradition and poetry. According to the prophecy of Merlin, he is one day to return to the world to expel the Saxon from the land. He came in time to he regarded as a saint (hence his surname of "The Ble ed "). He exasperates his wife, a clever, keen, epigrammatic woman, by his good temper. He would even speak well of his bishop, "though unnatural in a beneficed clergy- man." Cad wall a der. A misanthropic character in Smollett's "Peregrine Pickle." 636 A. D., the Saracens under Sa'd ibn Wakkas de- feated the Persians (120,000) under Rustem. Cadijah. See Kadijah . Cadillac (kä-de-yäk'), Antoine de la Mothe. Died about 1720. A French commander and pioneer in New France. He was commander of Michilimackinac 1694-97, founded Detroit in 1701, and was governor of Louisiana 1711-17. Cadiuéios (kä-de-wa'yōz), or Cadigués, or Cadi- héos. A branch of the Guaycurus Indians (which see). At the present time Brazil i ans commonly use this name for the whole tribe. Cadiz (kā diz; Sp. pron. kä'Theth). [Pg. Ca- dix .] A province in And alus i a, Spain. Area, 2,809 square miles. Population (1887), 429,381. Cadiz, former Eng. Cales. A seaport, the capi- tal of the province of Cadiz, Spain, situated on a narrow neck of land, on the Atlantic, in lat. 36° 31′ N., long. 6° 17′ W.: the Greek Ga- deira and the Roman Gades. It is an important commercial city, and is noted for its export of sherry. etc. (For early history, see Gades .) It was destroyed It has two cathedrals, a Capuchin convent, a hospital, by the Goths, was taken from the Moors in 1262, and Cæcilia gens (sē-sil'i-äjenz). In ancient Rome, a plebeian clan or house whose family names under the republic were Ba us, Denter, Metel- lus, Niger, Pinna, and Rufus. Cæcilius (se-sil'i-us), surnamed Cal act in us (kal-ak-ti'nus) and, erroneously, Callant i an us (ka-lan-ti-a'nus). A Hellenistic Jew of Ca- lacte in Sicily (whence his surname), named Arch a gath us, naturalized at Rome, where he took the name of his patron, one of the Metelli. Cæcilius He enjoyed a very high repute at Rome in the time of Cicero and August us, but his numerous works are all lost, with the exception of a few fragments. Cæcilius Statius. A Roman comic poet, a member by birth of the Celtic tribe of the Insubrians, brought as a prisoner to Rome about 200 B. C. His comedies were adaptations of Attic origi nals. Fragments of them are extant (ed. Ribbeck, 1873). Cædmon (kad'mon), or (corruptly) Cedmon, Saint. Flourished about 670. An Anglo-Saxon (Northumbrian) poet, the reputed author of metrical paraphrases of the Old Testament. He became late in life an inmate of the monastery at Whitby, under the abbe Hild. According to the account given by Bede ("Ecclesiastical History"), he was an unlearned man, especially lacking in poetical talent until he was commanded in a dream to sing "the beginning of created things." The miraculous gift thus bestowed upon him was fostered by Hild, and he produced metrical paraphrases of Genesis and other parts of the Bible. He was celebrated as a saint on Feb. 11 (10? 12?). It has been doubted whether he is a real personage. Cælia, or Cœlia, gens (sē'li-ä jenz). In ancient Rome, a plebeian clan or house whose family names were Caldus and Rufus. The first member of this gens who obtained the consulship was C. Cælius Caldus, 94 B. с. Cælian (sē'li-an), The. [L. Cælius mons.] The southeastern hill of the group of Seven Hills of ancient Rome, adjoining the Palatine, and between the Aventine and the Esquiline. The Later an lies on its widely extending eastern slope. Caen (kon). The capital of the department of Calvados, France, situated on the Orne in lat. 49° 11′ N., long. 0° 22′ W. It has a large import trade în timber, etc., and exports Caen stone, rape-oil, dairy products, etc. It has important manufactures. It is the seat of a university. Caen was developed by William the Conqueror. It was taken by the English in 1346 and 1417, and retaken by the French in 1450. It suffered in the Huguenot wars, and was a Giron dist center in 1793. Abbaye aux Dames , or Trinity . A great Romanesque church founded banking towers and later an arcaded façade, square central lantern. The solemn interior, with its superposed tiers of round arches, presents one of the most uniform examples of Norman architecture. Abbaye aux Hommes, or St. Etienne , dedicated by William the Conqueror in 1077, but, especially in its exterior, much modified later. The six spires and the central lantern form one of the most effective groups of this nature: they and the choir show the Norman lancets. The plain and ma ive nave dates from the Conqueror. The church is 349 feet long; the vaulting 684 feet high. Population (1891), 45,201. Cæpio (sē'pi-ō), Quintus Servilius. Lived about 100 в. с. A Roman consul (106). As proconsul in Gaul (105) he was defeated with Mallius by the Cimbri. IMG:content-0245.png:[blocks in formation] Cæsarea (sez-a-rē'ä). In ancient geography, a seaport of F Palestine, situated on the Mediter ranean in lat. 32° 33′ N., long. 34° 54′ E.: the modern Kaisariyeh. It was erected by Herod I., in the first decennium B. C., on the site of the former Turris Str at on is, on the line of the great road from Tyre to Egypt, between Jaffa and Dora, and named in honor of August us. Its full name was Cæsarea Sebaste, from the name of the harbor. Herod adorned the city with many magnificent buildings. It became the residence of the Roman governors in Palestine, and was mostly inhabited by a foreign population hostile to the Jews. Here broke out the Jewish war under the governor Ge ius Florus. Vespas i an gave it the name of Coloni a prima Flaviana. It is often mentioned in the New Testament (Acts viii. 40, ix. 30, x. 1, xxi. 9, xxiv. 17, etc.). About 200 A. D. it became the residence of a bishop, and po e ed a Christian school at which Origen taught. It was the birthplace of the church historian Eusebius (died 342). The modern Kaisariyeh is a desolate place of ruins. Cæsarea. In ancient geography, a city in Cappadocia, Asia Minor, in lat. 38° 41' N., long. 35° 20′ E.: the modern Kaisariyeh. It was formerly called Mazaca. Population of modern town, about 40,000. Cæsarea Philippi (fi-lip'i). In ancient geography, a town in northern Palestine, situated at the foot of Mount Hermon. The modern village is called Banias, formerly Paneas. Cæsar in Egypt. A tragedy by Cibber, produced at Drury Lane Dec. 9, 1724, published 1728. It was taken from Mas singer and Fletcher's "The False One" and Corneille's "La Mort de Pompée." Cæsari on (sē-zā'ri-on). A son of Cleopatra and (probably) Julius Cæsar. He was executed by order of August us. Cæsarodunum (sez-a-ro-du'num). ['Cæsar's fort.'] The Roman name of Tours. Cæsars, City of the. A mythical South American city, reputed of great size and wealth, which report located near the eastern base of the Andes, somewhere south of lat. 37°. By some it was supposed to have been founded by a man named Cesar who about 1530 left Cabot's fort of Espirito Santo on the Paraná, and never returned. Others connected it with the crew of a Spanish ship which was wrecked on the coast of Patagonia. In the 16th and 17th centuries many expeditions were made in search of it, and even to the end of the 18th century the legend was regarded by many as true. Cæsars, Era of. See Spain , Era of . Caf. See Kaf . ruins. tom which indicates that is rigid by Dionysius of Halicarna us, Strabo, and Pliny, affirmed that Agylla was a "Pelasgian" city prior to the Etruscan conquest. Caffarelli du Falga. Taylor , The Alphabet, II. 74, note. Caerleon (kär-lē'on). A town in Mon mouths hire, England, situated on the Usk 3 miles northeast of Newport: the Roman Isca Silurum. It was important in the Roman period, and is the traditional seat of King Arthur's court. Caermarthen. See Car mar then . Caernarvon. See Carnarvon . Caffarelli (kä-fä-rel'lē), François Marie Au- guste. Born at Falga, Haute-Garonne, France, Oct. 7, 1766: died at Leschelles, Aisne, France, Jan. 23, 1849. A French general, brother of Caffarelli (käf-fä-rel'lē), called Gaetano Ma- jorano. Born in the province of Bari, Italy, April 16, 1703: died at Naples, Nov. 30, 1783. A noted Italian singer. Caffarelli du Falga (kä-fä-rel'lē dü fäl-gä'), Louis Marie Joseph Maxim i lien. Born at Falga, Haute-Garonne, France, Feb. 13, 1756: died near Acre, Syria, April 27, 1799. A French general, commander of the engineer corps in Cæsar (sē'zär), Caius Julius. [ME. Cesar , OF. Cesar , F. César , It. Cesare , G. Cäsar , etc., L. Cæsar .] Born July 12, 100 B. c. (according to Mommsen, 102): killed at Rome, March 15, 44 B. C. A famous Roman general, statesman, orator, and writer. He served at Mytilene in 80; Caffraria. See Kaffraria . the Egyptian campaign. Caffi (käf'fe), Ippolito. Born at Belluno, Italy, 1814: killed in the battle of Li a, July 20, 1866. An Italian painter. the Helvetii and Ariovistus in 58, and the Belgæ in 57; invaded Britain in 55 and 54; cro ed the Rhine in 55 and 53; defeated Vercingetorix in 52; and cro ed the Rubicon and commenced the civil war in 49. He was dictator in 49, 48, 47, 46, 45; defeated Pompey at Pharsalia in 48; ended the Alexandrine war in 47; and defeated Pharnaces at Zela in 47, and the Pompeians at Thapsus in 46, and at Munda in 45. He reformed the calendar in 46. Feb. 15, 44, he refused the diadem. He was a a inated by Brutus, Ca ius, and others in the senate-house March 15. The "Com mentaries" (or Memoirs) of Cæsar, the only one of his lit erary works extant, contain the history of the first seven years of the Gallic war, in seven books, and three books of a history of the civil war. The name Cæsar was a umed by all male members of the Julian dynasty, and after them by the succe ive emperors, as inseparable from the impe Kaiser and the Ru ian Tsar or Czar . After the death of Hadrian the title Cæsar was specifically a igned to those who were designated by the emperors as their succe ors and a ociated with them in the government. See Au gust us. rial dignity. It thus became the source of the German 5,204 square miles. Population (1891), 450,820. Cagliari. A seaport, the capital of the island of Sardinia, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Cagliari in lat. 39° 13' N., long. 9° 7' E.: the Roman Caralis or Carales. It contains a cathedral, castle, university, museum, Roman amphitheater, and other antiquities. Population (1891), estimated, 42,000. Cagliostro (käl-yōs'trō), Count A le andro di: the a umed name of Giuseppe Balsamo. Born at Palermo, Sicily, June 2, 1743: died at San Leone, in Urbino, Italy, Aug. 26, 1795. An Italian adventurer, notorious for his imposi tions in Ru ia, Paris, the East, and elsewhere. Among other adventures he was involved in the affair of the diamond necklace in Paris, and was imprisoned in the Bastille, but escaped. He visited England, and was there imprisoned in the Fleet. On emerging he went to Rome, Ça ira where he was arrested and condemned to death, but his sentence was commuted to perpetual imprisonment in the fortre of San Leone, where he died. Cagnola (kän-yō'lä), Luigi. Born at Milan, June 9, 1762: died at Inverigo, Italy, Aug. 14, 1833. An Italian architect. His chief works are two triumphal arches at Milan, "Arco dell a pace" and "Porta di Marengo." Cagots (kä-göz'). A people of uncertain origin, living in Gascony and Béarn in France, and in the Basque Provinces in Spain. They are considered a degraded race, and before 1793 were without political and social rights. Cahawba (ka-ha'ba). A river of Alabama which joins the Alabama River 8 miles southwest of Selma. Length, about 200 miles. Cahen (kä-an'), Samuel. Born at Metz, Lorraine, Aug. 4, 1796: died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1862. A French Hebraist, author of a translation of the Old Testament into French (1841-53). Cahensly Agitation, The. An agitation carried on in 1891 in the Roman Catholic Church for the purpose of inducing the Pope to appoint bishops and priests of their own nationality for the Roman Catholic immigrants in the United States: so called from a memorial addre ed by Herr Cahensly and other Europe ans to the Vatican. Cahita (kä-he'tä). A division of the Piman stock of North American Indians, inhabiting the southwestern coast of Sonora and the northwestern coast of Sinaloa, from lat. 28° to 25° 30′ N., with settlements mainly in the lower valleys of the Yaqui, Fuerte, and Mayo rivers. It embraces the Yaki (Sp. Yaqui ), Mayo, Tehueco, and Vacoregue tribes, which subsist by agriculture and fishing. The Yaki and Mayo, particularly the former, are almost continually at war with the Mexican government. Population, Yaki, 13,500; Mayo, about 7,000: that of the remaining tribes is small. See Piman .