will (1), wille

[A. S. will a, from will an =to wish, to will (q. v.); cogn. with Dut. wil; Icel. vili; Dan. villie; Sw. vilja; Ger. wille; Ru . volia, Lat. voluntas.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. In the same sense as II. 2. (1). 2. The act of willing; the act of determining, de ciding, or making choice; volition. 3. The determination or choice of one po e ing authority; discretionary pleasure, command, decree; divine determination. "Thy will be done."- Matthew vi. 10. 4. Arbitrary power, disposal, or authority; absolute power to control, determine, or dispose. "Whose will stands but mine?" Shakesp.: Henry VI ., Pt . I. , i. 3. 5. Strong wish or inclination; desire, intention, disposition, pleasure. "My will is something sorted with his wish." Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen, i. 3. 6. That which is strongly desired or wished for; as, He had his will . II. Technically : 1. Law : The legal declaration of a man's intentions as to the disposal of his property after his death; a testament. In England, from the laws of which that of the United States is taken, no will is valid unle it be in writing and signed at the foot or end by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction. Such signature must further be made or acknowledged by the tes. tat or in the presence of two or more persons who in his presence, and in the presence of each other, must sign their names as witne es. An exception is made in the case of soldiers on active service and mariners, who have power to make noncupative wills. [NONCUPATIVE.] In Scotland, formerly only personal property could be disposed of by will, real property being conveyed by a disposition or deed in which the testator's life-rent in the subject was served; but heritable property can now be so dis posed of. "The statute 1 Vict., c. 36, having repealed the act of Geo. II., re-enacts and extends some of its provisions. It avoids bequests, not only to an attesting witne , but to the husband or wife of such witne ; and expre ly provides that the incompetency of a witne to prove the execution of a will , shall not render it invalid. It further enacts that any creditor, or the wife or husband of any creditor, whose debt is charged upon the property devised or bequeathed by the will , may be admitted to prove the execution thereof as an attesting witne ; and that an executor of a will may be admitted to prove its execution, a point on which some doubts had previously existed."Black stone: Comment., bk. ii., ch. 20. 2. Philosophy : (1) Though the word will has often been used, as it popularly is, in two senses-the power of the mind which enables a person to choose between two courses of action, and the actual exercise of that power-strict reasoners separate these meanings, calling the former will and the latter volition . Will in this limited senseis that mental power or faculty by which, of two or more objects of desire or courses of action presented to it, it chooses one, rejecting the other or others. To what extent this power of selection is arbitrary, or is the result of nece ity, has been for ages a subject of controversy. [FREE-WILL.] The division of the mental powers which came down from antiquity, and was most generally adopted by philosophers, was into the powers belonging to the understanding, and those belonging to the will . Reid adopted it, though considering it not quite logical. Under the will ," he says, "we comprehend our active powers, and and all that lead to action or influence the mind to act, such as appetite, pa ions, affections." ( E ays on the Intellectual Powers of Man , e ay 1, ch. ii., § 1, 2.) Brown denounced this cla ification as very illogical, considering that the will was not in any way opposed to the intellect, but exercised in the intellectual department an empire almost as wide as in that which was allotted to itself. "We reason," he says, "and plan and invent, at least as voluntarily as we esteem or hate, or hope or fear" (Philosophy of the Human Mind , sect. xvi.). The term Active Powers used by Reid is a synonym for the will . (2) The conception of will is taken by Schopen hauer (1788-1860) in a far broader sense than that given to it by common usage. Ho includes in it not only conscious desire, but also unconscious instinct, and the forces which manifest themselves in inorganic nature. As intermediate between the one universal Will and the individuals in which it appears, he posits, following the example of Plato, various ideas, which are the stages of the objectification of will. His ethical requirements are sympathy with the suffering which is connected with all objectifications of the will to live, and the mortification, not of life, but rather of the will to live, through asceticism. The world, in his system, is the worst of all po ible worlds; sympathy alle viates suffering, while asceticism destroys it by destroying the will to live, in the midst of life. In its negation of the sensuous nature in man, with out positive determination of the true end of spiritual life, Schopenhauer's teaching resembles the Buddhist doctrine of Nirvana. ( Ueberweg .) (1) At will : At pleasure; as, to hold an es tate or office at will, i. e., to enjoy the po e ion during the pleasure of another, and to be liable to be ousted at any time by him. (2) Good- will : [GOODWILL.] (3) To have one's will: To obtain what one desires; to be able to act as one wishes. (4) To work one's will : To act absolutely асcording to one's will, wish, pleasure, or discretion; to do or be able to do exactly as one fancies. (5) With a will : With willingne , pleasure, and zeal; with all one's heart; heartily. *will-le , a . Involuntary. "Join blind duty and will -le resignation."- Richard son: Clari a , i. 99. *will-worship, s. Worship according to one's own fancy; worship imposed merely by human will, not on divine authority; supe rogatory worship. "Which things have indeed a show of wisdom in will . worship ." Col. ii. 23. *will-worshipper, s. One who practices will worship. "He that says, God is rightly worshipped by an act or ceremony concerning which himself hath no way ex, pre 'd his pleasure, is superstitious or a will - worshipper." -Bp. Taylor: Rule of Conscience, bk. ii., ch. iii. will (2), subst. [See def.) An abbreviation of William. will-o'-the-wisp, will-with-a-wisp, s. 1. Ord. Lang.: An Ignis fatuus (q. v.). 2. Bot.: Tremella nostoc. will (pres. I will , I wol , thou willest , thou wilt (as v . i . & aux . ), he wills , he (you, we, they) will ; pa.t. would , * wolde ), v. i., t. & aux . [A. S. will an , wyllan (pa. t. wolde , pl. wold an , wold on , woldun ); cogn. with Dut. willen ; Icel. vilja (pa. t. vild a ); Dan. ville ; Sw. vilja ; Ger. wollen (pr. t. will , pa. t. wollte); Goth. wiljan (pa.t. wild a ) ; Lat. volo (inf in. velle , pa. t. volui ); Gr.boulomai = to wish, to desire; Sansc. vri to choose; to select, to prefer. From the same root come well , adv., weal , willful , wild , vol untary , .] A. Intransitive : 1. To determine by an act of choice; to form a wish or volition; to exercise an act of the will; to decide. "Not so the king of men: he will'd to stay." Pope: Homer's Ody ey, iii. 175. 2. To desire, to wish. "Neverthele , not as I will , but as thou wilt ."-Mat thew xxvi. 39. 3. To be willing; to consent. "Lord, if thou wilt , thou canst make me clean."- Mat thew viii. 2. *4. To dispose of one's effects by will or testament; to make one's will. B. Transitive : 1. To determine by an act of choice; to decide; to ordain; to form a volition of. "A man that sits still is said to be at liberty, because he can walk if he wills it."-Locke. C. As an auxiliary verb: 1. A word denoting either simple futurity or futurity combined with volition, according to the subject of the verb. "I am your wife, if you will marry me." Shakesp.: Tempest, iii. 1. (1) In the first person singular and plural, I (we) will , the verb denotes willingne , consent, intention, determination, or fixed purpose, thus differing from shall , which in the first person denotes simple futurity; as, I will go if you wish it, I will speak if I please. (2) In the second and third persons, will denotes simple futurity or certainty, the idea of volition, purpose, or wish being lost; as, He will certainly come. 2. Would stands in the same relation to will as should to shall , and is mainly employed in subjunctive, conditional, or optative senses, in the last case having often the functions and force of an independent verb; as (1) Subjunctive or conditional: "Backward she thrust him as she would be thrust." Shakesp.: Venus and Adonis, 41. (2) Optative: "I would my valiant master would destroy thee."Shakesp.: Tempest , iii. 2. (3) Also used, by omi ion of the pronoun, as an exclamation of wish, prayer, or desire. " Would to God we had died in Egypt."- Exodus xvi. 3. In such sentences as, It would seem , It would appear , ., would retains almost nothing of conditionality, having merely the effect of softening a direct statement. Would sometimes is used to expre a habit or custom; as, He would read all day. In such sentences as, He would go and you see the result, would has nearly the force of a simple past indicative, but is more emphatic. Will and would were formerly used elliptically with adverbs and prepositional phrases to expre motion or change of place, where we should now say will go , would go , or the like. IMG:content-0906.png:[blocks in formation] will-de-now-I-a, subst. Named after Charles Louis Willdenow (1765-1812), Profe or of Botany at Berlin. Bot.: A genus of Restiacee from South Africa. Stems rushlike, leafle , flowers diœcio us. will-em-ite, s. [After William I., King of the Netherlands; suff. -ite ( Min.).] Min .: A mineral belonging to the group of Uni silicates of Dana. Crystallization, rhombohedral. Hardne , 5.5; specific gravity, 3-89-4-18; luster, vitreous to resinous; color, pale honey-yellow, greenish-yellow, apple-green, flesh-red. Composition: Silica, 27'1; oxide of zinc, 72-9=100, corresponding to the formula (ZnO)2SiO2.