CROMORNE

wood wind-instrument, consisting of long straight pipe, the lower end being curved like the handle of a walking-stick; used throughout Europe XIV. to XVII. cent’s. England; cotton mills and collieries, Pop. 14,000. Eng. cotton spinner; invented spinning mule for muslin yarns. SON (1840-1917), American naval officer; 6. Georgia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1861 and immediately entered on active service with the South Atlantic blockading squadron, 1861-63, and the Hast Gulf squadron, 1863-65. He was made a commander in 1874, captain in 1889 and rear admiral in March of the same year. In 1901 he commanded the United States fleet in South American waters and later in the same year took command of the European station, reane on reaching the age limit in 1902. Eng. administrator; younger s. of Oliver C.; able and reforming ruler in Ireland; made Lord-Deputy, 1657; Lieut. Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England; 6. at Hunting don; great grandson of Richard Williams, who a umed name Cromwell after patron and kinsman Thomas, minister of Henry VIII.; nephew of Sir Oliver Cromwell of Hin chin brook, and cousin of Hampden and St. John; educated at Su ex Coll., Cambridge. He underwent long period of religious repre ion, which ended in ‘light;? he was member for Cambridge fn Short and Long Parliaments, 1640, and was already ‘much hearkened unto’ by anti-Episcopalians. He was foremost in securing military forces of country for Parliament, often acting without previous authorization. Cromwell commanded under E ex at Edge hill, 1642; became colonel, 1643; and then perceiving the wealme of the Parliamentary levies in cavalry, began organizing ‘the Ironsides’ from men ‘who made some conscience of what they did;’ appointed one of four colonels of horse under Manchester, and distinguished himself at Winceby, 1643; became lieut-general and member of Committee of Both Kingdoms; a isted in capture of Lincoln and other towns; commanded left wing at Marston Moor, and with his ‘Ironsides’ was generally considered to he the author of victory. j \ A dispute now arose between Cromwell and Manchester as to ultimate aim of war; the latter, having no idea of deposing Charles, was supported by Scots and Presbyterians in his army; rest of army, composed of Puritans of various new sects, looked to Cromwell (already called ‘the great Independent’), whose views went further. Cromvell persuaded Parliament to appeint committee to bring about. union between Presbyterians and Independents, but at end of year charged Manchester before House of Commons with wilfully obstructing military succe ; Manchester, in reply, accused Cromwell of and showing favor to Independents alone. Cromwell, however, secured ‘Self-denying Ordnance,’ 1645, for remodeling army. Sir Thomas Fairfax was appointed general, and Cromwell (exempted from new law) leut-general. Cromwell commanded right wing and all the cavalry at Naseby, 1645, routed king’s left, completed defeat of center, and pursued flying army. When the war ended, 1646, a quarrel ensued between army and Parliament, and in June, 1647, Cromwell joined army, the king having been seized, probably by his orders, in May. A council of war corresponded with Parliament and offered terms to the king. On flight of Charles to Car is bro oke, Cromwell forced Parliament to abandon attempt at compromise; and, exasperated by second Civil War which followed, he denounced ‘Charles Stewart, that man of blood.’ Di ensions followed in Parliament after king’s death; Pride’s ‘Purge’ made Independents supreme, and after suppre ion of fanatical ‘Levellers’ Parliament became Cromwell’s instrument. Appointed lord-lieutenant and commander-in-chief for Ireland, Cromwell subdued Drogheda, Wexford, and great part of sea coast, 1649; ruthle slaughter or transportation ove Prot. bloodshed by Irish; inland towns were con-, quered in 1650; laws against Catholicism were enforced. Cromwell was made commander-in-chief against party of Charles II. in Scotland, 1650; great victories of Dunbar, Sept. 3, 1650, and Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651, ended Civil War. Long Parliament was denounced and dismi ed by Cromwell, 1653, and he as commander-in-chief became dicment,’ which introduced anarchical measures, with result that Conservative members insisted on resignation of powers to Cromwell, again dictator, whe with a council of officers, drew up tho instrument of government by ‘which he became Protector, Dec., 1653. The S r ministers were examined by ‘ériers’— ents alone being eligible; oaths and other vices were prohibited. The Court of Chancery was reformed also, and condition of Scotland improved. Peace was made with Holland, which submitted to Navigation Act. Cromwell championed the Vaudois, and Blake's succe es against Spain led to acquisition of Dunkirk. England acquired a great name in Europe, and a large party besought Cromwell to become king; Cromwell refused the title owing to army’s objection. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, but his body was exhumed and hanged at Restoration. 1712), Protector of England, 1658-59; s. of Oliver C., and succ. his f. as Protector, but being violently opposed by army was forced to retire; moderately well-gifted, but without capacity for ruling; was unmolested after Restoration, and lived as a country gentleman.