Democratic Party

historically the most important of American political parties, having been in continuous existence for fifty years. The rise of such a party as soon as national politics began under the new Constitution, was natural. The love of individual liberty, rather than strong government, was native in the minds of most Americans. Those who felt this most strongly would be likely to look with apprehension upon the Federal Government, and the po ibility of its encroaching upon the States under cover of the new Federal Constitution. They were therefore likely tc be advocates of strict construction of the Constitution and of States’ rights. To these elements of party feeling, which had drawn the Anti-Federalists together in 1788, was added a few years later a strong sympathy of many Americans with the French Revolution and the desire that the government should aid France in her contest with England. Thomas Jefferson put himself at the head of the party drawn together by agreement in these sentiments and led them in opposition to the Federalists. The party took the name of Democratic-Republican, still its official title. Before Monroe’s administration its members were more commonly called Republicans, since then most commonly Democrats, From the first the party was strongest in the Southern States. Fron its origin in 1792 to 1801, it was in oppocition. In 1798 and 1799, upon the pa age of the Alien and Sedition laws, it took strong ground for States’ rights in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. The election of Jefferson in 1801 brought it into power. The chief tenets of the party were, belief in freedom of religion, of politics, of speech and of the pre , in popular rule, in peace, in economical government, in the utmost po ible restriction of the sphere of government, in hospitality to immigrants, and in the avoidance of foreign complications. Placed in control of the government, the majority of the party drifted away from its self-constructionist ground, and supported measures of a nationalizing character. After the War of 1812 the Federalist party went out of existence, and the Democratic party had complete po e ion of the field. In 1820 Monroe was re-elected without opposition. But opposing tendencies in the nation and in the party were already showing themselves, and preparing the way for a new party division, between the Whigs, advocates of protection and other nationalizing measures, and those Democrats who held to the old program of States’ rights and free trade and restricted government. With the acce ion of Jackson in 1829, new social strata came into power in the Democratic party, the widening of the suffrage giving it a more popular character. Managed by skillful politicians, not without the aid of the “spoils system,’’ the party won every Presidential election but two (1840, 1848) from this time to 1860, destroyed the U. S. Bank, annexed Texas, and carried the country through the war with Mexico. But meanwhile the slavery question, coming into increasing prominence, was gradually forcing a division between the Democrats of the South and the great body of those in the North, who were unwilling to go so far in the protection of slavery by national authority as was desired by their Southern allies. The final split came in the nominating convention of 1860. ‘T'wo candidates were nominated, Lincoln and the Republicans won the election, and the Civil War broke out. Though many ‘ War Democrats’? aided the administration in preserving the Union, the party was discredited in the eyes of many by its previous connection with the Southern leaders and the pro-slavery cause, and won no Presidential election till that of 1884, when in the minds of many the war i ues were extinct and economic questions had taken their place. Defeated in 1888, it was again succe ful in 1892. At present the party is hardly more strict constructionist than the Republican, nor more marked by devotion to States’ rights. Since the Chicago Convention of 1896, the party has been chiefly noted as the advocate of free silver, although not harmonious on this i ue. 216