Sri ranga pat am

See Seringa pat am. St. For words beginning with St. , see Saint , Sankt , San , São , Santo , or Santa . Staal (stäl), Baronne de (Marguerite Jeanne Cordier): often called Mme. de Staal-Delau nay. Born at Paris, May 30, 1684: died June 16, 1750. A French writer of memoirs. She was the daughter interior whom ned for of her mother, Delaunay. She received her education at the convent of St. Louis at Rouen, and at 27 entered the service of the Duche e de Maine. In 1735 she married the Baron de Staal, but remained in the duche 's household. Her "Mémoires" were published in 1755. She also left two comedies and some letters. Stabat Mater (stā bat mā'ter). [So called from the first words of the Latin text, Stabat mater , 'The mother (sc. of Jesus) was standing."] In the Roman Catholic liturgy, a sequence on the Virgin Mary at the crucifixion, written about 1300 by Jacobus de Benedict is (Jacopone da Todi). It has also been ascribed to Innocent III. and others, and was probably modeled on older hymns such as the staurotheotokia of the Greek Church. It is sung after the Epistle on the feast of the Seven Dolours of the Ble ed Virgin Mary on the Friday before Good Friday and on the third Sunday in Sept. Music for it has been written by Pal estrin a, Per goles i, Ro ini, Dvořák, and others. Stabiæ (sta'bi-e). An ancient Roman watering place, on the Bay of Naples, 4 miles south of Pompeii, overwhelmed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A. D. It has been excavated in part. Castella mare occupies its site. Stabroek (stäb'rök). The old name of George town, British Guiana: given by the Dutch who were its original settlers in 1774. Stachelberg (stäch'el-berg). A watering-place in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland, situated on the Linth 9 miles south-southwest of Gla rus . It has sulphur springs. Stachys (stā'kis). [Gr. στάχυς , a spike of wheat.] A rarely used name for a Virgin is, ordinarily called Spica. Stade (stä'de). A seaport in the province of Hannover, Pru ia, situated on the Schwinge 22 miles west by north of Hamburg. It was for merly an important commercial place, and until recently a fortre . It pa ed from the archbishopric of Bremen to Sweden in 1648; was ceded to Hannover in 1719; and pa ed to Pru ia in 1866. Population (1890), 10,191. Stade, or Staden (stäʼden), or Stadt (stat), Hans. Born in He e-Homburg about 1520: died after 1557. A German soldier. He was in Brazil 1547-48; enlisted in a Spanish expedition for the Rio de la Plata 1549; was shipwrecked in Santa Catharina; and pa ed 3 years in captivity among the Indians. Ultimately (late in 1554) he escaped to a French ship. An account of his adventures was published in 1557 as "Geschichte eines Landes America genannt." There are later editions in several languages. Stadion (stä'dē-ōn), Count Johann Philipp Karl Joseph von. Born June 18, 1763: died at Baden, near Vienna, May 14-15, 1824. An Austrian statesman. He was minister of foreign af fairs from the peace of Presburg (Dec., 1805) to 1809, and later was minister of finance. Stadtlohn (stät-lōn'). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, situated on the Berkel 25 miles northeast of Wesel. Here, Aug. 6, 1623, the Imperialists under Tilly defeated the administrator Christian of Halberstadt. Of the army of the latter 6,000 fell and 4,000 were captured, including William, duke of Weimar. Staël-Holstein (stä'el-hol's tin; F. pron. stä'el ol-stan'), Anne Louise Germaine Necker, Baronne de: commonly called Madame de Staël. Born at Paris, April 22, 1766: died there, July 14, 1817. A celebrated French writer. She was the daughter of Necker, the minister of finance under Louis XVI. Already as a child she enjoyed in her own home the society of men like Buffon, Marm on tel, Grimm, and Gibbon, who were all personal friends of her father, and who stimulated her to mental activity. She especially admired J. J. Rou eau, and devoted to him her first serious e ay, "Lettres sur le caractère et les écrits de J. J. Rou eau" (1788). In 1786 she was married to the Baron of Staël-Holstein, amba ador from Sweden to France: he died in 1802. Madame de Staël spent a couple of years in Germany (1803-04), and met both Goethe and Schiller at Weimar. In 1805 she took a short trip to Italy. In 1800 she published one of her best works, “De la littérature considérée dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales." In 1802 appeared her novel "Delphine," and in 1807 "Corinne." She returned to Germany in 1808 to finish "De l'Allemagne," her best-known work. The first edition (Paris, 1810) was destroyed, presumably at the instigation of Napoleon, who at all times evinced a spirit of petty enmity toward the great writer. He was further more the cause of her exile from France (1812-14), when she visited Austria, Ru ia, Sweden, and England. She also wrote "Considérations sur la révolution française" (1818). Other posthumous works by her are "Dix années d'exil" and "E ais dramatiques " (1821), and finally her "Œuvres inédites" (1836). Staempfli. See Stämpfli . Staff a (staf'ä). A small island of the Inner He brides, Scotland, off the western coast of Mull, north of Iona and southwest of Ulva. It contains Fingal's Cave. Stafford (staford), or Staff ords hire (staford shir). [ME. Stafford , AS. Stæfjord , appar. from stæf , staff, and ford , ford.] A midland county of England, bounded by Cheshire on the northwest, Derby and Leicester on the east, Warwick Stamp ali a dica vera" (1707), "Experiment a et observationes chemice" (1731), etc. Stahr (stär), Adolf Wilhelm The odor. Born at Prenzlau, Pru ia, Oct. 22, 1805: died at Wiesbaden, Pru ia, Oct. 3, 1876. A German scholar and author. Among his works are "Aristo telia" (1830-32) and various other works on Aristotle, "Ein Jahr in It alien" ("A Year in Italy," 1847-50), "Die preu ische Revolution" (1850), "Torso, oder Kunst, Künstler, und Kunstwerke der Alten" (1854-55), "Le ing" (1858), "Bilder aus dem Altertum" (1863-66), etc. Stahremberg. See Star hem berg . Stainer (sta ner), Sir John. Born June 6, 1840: died March 31, 1901. An English composer of sacred music, and organist. He was organist and choir-master at St. Benedict and St. Peter's in 1854, and organist of the college at Tenbury in 1856. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1859; and was organist of the University of Oxford 1863-72, and of St. Paul's, London, 1872-88, when he resigned on account of failing sight. He was profe or of music at Oxford University 1889-99. He was the author of a manual on harmony and of one on the organ, and was editor with W. A. Barrett of a "Dicof Musical Terms" (1870). He was knighted in 1888. Staines (stanz). A town in the county of Middle sex, England, situated on the Thames 19 miles west-southwest of London. Population (1891), 5,060. on the southeast, Worcester on the south, and Stair, Earls of. See Dalrymple . Shropshire on the west. The surface is level or un dulating. Stafford produces iron, coal, clay, and marble, Stair of Sighs. See the extract. Stair, Viscount. See Dalrymple , James . manufactures iron wares, pottery, ale, etc. It was an ancient Druid stronghold. It formed part of the medieval Mercia. Area, 1,169 square miles. Population (1891), 1,083,273. Stafford. The capital of Staff ords hire, situated on the Sow in lat. 52° 48′ N., long. 2°6′ W. It has various manufactures, including boots and shoes. It was the birthplace of Izaak Walton. Population (1891), 20,270. Stafford, Henry, second Duke of Bucking ham. Born in England about 1440: beheaded at Salis- bury, Nov. 1, 1483. An English soldier, son of Humphrey, the first duke. He was the most prom- inent supporter of Richard III. in usurping the throne, and in 1483 was made hereditary lord high constable of England. Having joined a conspiracy to restore the Lan- castrians, he was betrayed and executed. He is a prom i- nent character in Shakspere's "King Richard III." Stafford, Humphrey, fourth Earl of Stafford, afterward Duke of Bucking ham. Born in 1404: killed at the battle of North amp ton, July 10, 1460. An English soldier. He was present at the coronation of Henry VI. as king of France in Paris in Dec., 1431. He was made lord high constable of England, and in 1444 was created duke of Bucking ham. Stafford, First Viscount (William Howard). Born in England, Nov. 20, 1612: executed on Tower Hill, Dec. 29, 1680. The chief victim of the Oates conspiracy, second son of Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel. He was brought up as a Roman Catholic. About 1634 he married Mary, sister and heir of Henry, Baron Stafford, through whom he acquired the title of Baron Stafford. He was created Viscount Stafford in 1640. He was a Royalist during the civil war. He was accused of complicity in the "Popish Plot" of Titus Oates, and of treason, and was convicted Dec. 7, 1680. Stagira (sta-ji'rä), or Stagirus (sta-ji'rus). [Gr. Στάγειρα .] In ancient geography, a city on the coast of Chalcid ice, Macedonia, about 43 miles east of The alonica: the birthplace of Aristotle. It was colonized from Andros. Stagirite (staj'i-rit), The. Aristotle: so named from his birthplace Stagira. Stagnelius (stäg-nā'lē-ös), Erik Johan. Born in Öland, Sweden, Oct. 14, 1793: died at Stockholm, April 13, 1823. A Swedish poet. Hestud. ied at Lund and Upsala. Subsequently he received a mi nor government position at Stockholm, where he died in his thirtieth year. His short life was embittered by physical infirmity, and his cares and sufferings reflected themselves in his poetry. His first important work was the epic "Wladimir den Store” (“Wladimir the Great"), which appeared in 1817. The year after he was awarded the prize of the Academy for the poem "Quinnorna i Norden" ("The Women of the North"). His greatest work is the cycle of poems, philosophical-religious in character, under the title "Liljor i Saron" ("The Lilies of Sharon"), published in 1821. Among his other works are the uncompleted epics “Blenda” and “Gunlög”; the dramatic poem "Martyr erne" ("The Martyrs"); the drama "Rid dart or net" ("The Knight's Tower"); and the trage dies "Bac chan to rna" ("The Bacchanals"), "Visbur," and "Sigurd Ring." His collected works were published at Stockholm, 1867-68, in 2 vols. Stagnone (stän-yō'ne) (stan-y Islands. A group of small islands off the western coast of Sicily, north of Marsala and south-southwest of Trapani. Stahl (stal), Fried rich Julius. Born at Mu- nich, Jan. 16, 1802: died at Brückenau, Bava- ria, Aug. 10, 1861. A noted German political philosopher and conservative politician: pro- fe or at Berlin from 1840. He was an advocate for close union between church and state. He wrote "Philo- sophie des Rechts" (1830-37), etc. Stahl, Georg Ernst. Born at Ansbach, Bava- ria, Oct. 21, 1660: died at Berlin, May 14, 1734. A noted German chemist, physician of the King of Pru ia from 1716. His works include "The or i a me The flight of steps which led from the door of the upper prison down to the Forum was called the Scalæ Gemo niæ : or, according to Pliny (Hist. Nat., viii. 145), Gradus Gem it or i i , 'the stairs of sighs'; see also Tac., Hist., iii. 74 and 85. On it the body of Sabinus, and a few days afterwards that of the murdered Vitelli us, were thrown (Suet., Vit., 17); and in the reign of Tiberius the bodies of Ælius Sejanus, his family and friends, after they were cruelly murdered by the Emperor's orders, were exposed on these Scalæ to the number of twenty in one day; see Suet., Tib., 61. Middle ton , Remains of Anc. Rome, I. 154. Staked Plain, Sp. Llano Estacado (lyä'nō estä-kä'do). An extensive sterile plateau in northwestern Texas and southeastern New Mexico. The name is derived from lines of stakes which were set up to guide travelers, or, according to another account, from the stalks of a yucca plant resembling stakes. Staleybridge. See Stalybridge . Stalybridge, or Staleybridge (stāʻli-brij). A town in Cheshire and Lancashire, England, situated on the Tame 7 miles east of Manchester. It has important cotton manufactures. Population (1891), 26,783. Stamboul (stäm-böl'). [Turk. Istambūl , from MGr. εἰς τὴν πόλιν, into the city.] The Turkish name of Constantinople, and also, in a narrower use, of the oldest part of it, southwest of the Golden Horn. Stambuloff (stäm-böʻlof), Stephen. Born 1853: died at Sofia, July 18, 1895. A Bulgarian liberal politician. He was president of the Sobranye 1884-86; one of the regents, 1886-87, between the abdication of Alexander and the acce ion of Ferdinand; and premier 1887-94. He was shot by an a a in July 15, 1895. Stamford (stam'ford). [ME. Stamford , AS. Stān ford , stone ford.] A town in Lincoln shire and North amp tons hire, England, situated on the Well and. It was one of the "five Danish boroughs." Population (1891), 8,358. Stamford. A town in Fairfield County, Connect i cut, situated on Long Island Sound. Popula tion (1900), 18,839. Stamford (stam'ford), Battle of. A victory gained by Edward IV. over the Lancastrian insurgents in 1470. Also called the battle of Losecoat Field. Stamford Bridge. A place in Yorkshire, England, 8 miles east-northeast of York. Here, Sept., 1066, the English under Harold II. defeated the army of Harold Hardrada of Norway and Tostig. Stammerer (stam'ér-ér), The. A surname of Louis II. of France, and also of Michael II., Byzantine emperor. Stamp Act. An act imposing or regulating the imposition of stamp duties; in American colonial history, an act, also known as Grenville's Stamp Act, pa ed by the British Parliament in 1765, providing for the raising of revenue in the American colonies by the sale of stamps and stamped paper for commercial transactions, real estate transfers, lawsuits, marriage licenses, inheritances, etc.: it also provided that the royal forces in America should be billeted on the people. The act was to go into effect Nov. 1, 1765; but it aroused intense opposition, led by the a emblies of Virginia, Ma achusetts, and other colonies. A "Stamp Act Congre ," with delegates from many of the colonies, met at New York in Oct., 1765, and a petition against this and other repre ive measures was sent to England. The Stamp Act was repealed in March, 1766, but the agitation was one of the leading causes in effecting the Revolution. Stamp ali a (stäm-pä-lē'ä), or A strop ali a (ästro-på-lē'ä). An island in the Ægean Sea, be Stamp ali a banner. Standish (stan'dish), Miles or Myles. Born in Lancashire, England, about 1584: died at Duxbury, Ma ., Oct. 3, 1656. One of the early of New England. He served in the Nether lands as a soldier; came over in the Mayflower to Plymouth in 1620, and was appointed captain by the Pilgrims; commanded various expeditions against the Indians, defeating them at Weymouth in 1623; was agent of the colony in England 1625-26; and was one of the settlers and a magistrate of Duxbury. He is the subject of a poem by Long fellow, "The Courtship of Miles Standish." Stan field (stan'fēld),William Clark son. Born at Sunder land, England, about 1794: died May 18, 1867. A noted English painter, chiefly of marine subjects. He was a sailor in his youth. In 1818 he painted scenery for the Old Royalty, a sailors' theater, in London. In 1826 he painted at Drury Lane. In 1827 he exhibited his first important picture, "Wreckers off Fort Rouge," at the British Institution. In 1830 he traveled on the Continent. He was made a ociate royal academician in 1832, and royal academician in 1835. Among his paintings are "The Battle of Trafalgar" (1836), "The Castle of Ischia" (1841), "Isola Bella" (1842), "Battle of Roveredo" (1851), etc. Stanford (stan'ford), Sir Charles Villiers. Born at Dublin, Sept. 30, 1852. A British composer and conductor. In 1872 he was appointed conductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society, and graduated there in 1874. He is profe or of composition and orchestral playing at the Royal College of Music, Lon don, and in 1887 was elected profe or of music at the University of Cambridge. Among his compositions are the operas "The Veiled Prophet of Khor as san" (1881), "Savonarola" (1884), and "The Canterbury Pilgrims" (1884). He has also written many overtures, songs, suites, etc., and some church music. He was knighted in 1902. Stanford (stan ford), Leland. Born at Watervliet, N. Y., March 9, 1824: died at Palo Alto, Cal., June 20, 1893. An American capitalist and politician. He was Republican governor of California 1861-63; first president of the Central Pacific Railroad (elected 1861); and United States senator from California 1885-93. He gave to California the Leland Stanford Junior University at Palo Alto, with an endowment of about $20,000,000. Stanhope (stan'op), Charles, third Earl Stanhope. Born Aug. 3, 1753: died at Cheven ing, Kent, Dec. 15, 1816. An English statesman and scientist. He was educated at Eton and Geneva. From 1780 to 1786, when he succeeded to the earldom, he was member of Parliament for Wycombe, Bucking hams hire, and was a supporter of Pitt, whose sister he married Dec. 19,1774. In the arbitrary measures of his later career Lord Stanhope opposed his brother-in-law. He was chairman of the "Revolutionary Society," formed in commemoration the revolution of 1688, which sympathized with the French Revolution; and in 1795 introduced a motion in the House of Lords deprecating interference with French af fairs. He was left in a "minority of one." a sobriquet which clung to him, and left Parliament for five years. He was caricatured by Sayers and Gillray. On March 17, 1781, he married as his second wife a niece of the first Earl Temple and George Grenville. Lady Hester Stanhope was a daughter of his first wife. He invented the Stanhope printing-pre and lens, improved canal-locks, and (1795-97) made experiments in steam navigation. He published "Principles of Electricity" (1779) and a reply to Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790). Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy. Born at London, March 12, 1776: died at Djoun in Mount Lebanon, June 23, 1839. Daughter of the third Earl Stanhope, and niece of William Pitt, and from 1803 the head of Pitt's household and his private secretary. She attended his death-bed. In Feb., 1810, she left England and established a small satrapy at Djoun in Mount Lebanon. In 1832 Ibrahim Pasha, when about to invade Syria, was obliged to secure her neutrality, Her "Memoirs, as Related by Herself in Conversations with her Physician" (Dr. Meryon), were published in 1845, and later (1846) the "Memoirs" were supplemented by her "Travels. Stanhope, James, first Earl Stanhope. Born at Paris, 1673: died at London, Feb. 5, 1721. An English general and politician, nephew of the second Earl of Chesterfield. He resided in Spain, where his father was minister; entered the army in 1694; was member of Parliament in 1702; served as brigadier-general at the siege of Barcelona in 1705; was commander-in-chief in Spain in 1708, when he captured Port Mahon; with Star hem berg defeated the Spaniards at Almenara July 17, 1710, and at Sarago a Aug. 20; and surrendered at Brihuega (1710). On the acce ion of George I. (1714) he was appointed secretary of state; in 1717 was first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer; and in April, 1718, was created Earl Stanhope. Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth Earl of Chesterfield. Born at London, Sept. 22, 1694: died March 24, 1773. An English politician, orator, and writer: famous as a man of fashion. He was a graduate of Trinity Hall, Cambridge; occupied a number of diplomatic positions; and was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1744-46. His chief work is "Letters to his Son,' which were not written for publication, but were published in 1774. These letters give instruction in manners and morals, and the method of "uniting wickedne and the graces," written by the man who of all others in Eng land desired to be considered the mirror of politene . It was to Chesterfield that Johnson wrote his celebrated invective about the dictionary in 1755, which is now thought to be unjust. Stanhope, Philip Henry, fifth Earl Stanhope, designated by the courtesy title Lord Mahon before his acce ion to the earldom. Born Jan. 31, 1805: died at Bourne mouth, Dec. 24, 1875. An English historian and politician, grandson of the third Earl Stanhope. He wrote a "History of Eng. land from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles" (1836-54); "The War of Succe ion in Spain" (1832); lives of Belisarius, Condé, Joan of Arc, and William Pitt; and a "History of England, comprising the Reign of Anne until the Peace of Utrecht" (1870). Stan i hurst. See Stanyhurst . Stanislaus (stan'is-lâs), or Stan is las (stan'is- las), Saint. Born 1030: killed 1079. Bishop of Cracow, and patron saint of Poland. Stanislaus I. Leszcynski (lesh-chün's ke). Born at Lemberg, Galicia, Oct. 20, 1677: died Feb. 23, 1766. King of Poland, elected as the candidate of Charles XII. of Sweden in 1704, and crowned in 1705. He was obliged to leave Poland in 1709; was again a candidate in 1733; and formally abdicated in 1735, but retained the title and received the duchies of Lorraine and Bar in 1737. Stanislaus II. August us (a-gus'tus) (Poniatowski). Born at Wolczyn, Lithuania, Jan. 17, 1732: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 12, 1798. King of Poland 1764-95. He was elected through the intervention of Ru ia. He was in 1795 forced to sign the third partition of Poland, which put an end to his kingdom. Stap let on of Living stone in 1869; started from Zanzibar March, 1871; found Living stone at Ujiji Nov., 1871, and returned 1872; was sent by the "Herald" and London "Telegraph" to central Africa 1874; left the coast Nov., 1874; circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza 1875; explored Albert Nyanza and Tanganyika; discovered the Albert Edward Nyanza, and descended the Lualaba (Kongo) 1876-77. To him is due the demonstration that the great system of waters immediately west of Lake Tanganyika, including the lake itself, lies in the upper basin of the Kongo, and is tributary to that river. He was sent under the auspices of the International African A ociation to develop the Kongo region 1879; was instrumental in founding the Free State of the Kongo; took part in the Kongo confer ence in Berlin 1884-85; was sent to the relief of Emin Pasha 1887; returned with Emin from the Nile to the coast 1889; and arrived in England in 1890. He wrote "How I Found Living stone" (1872), "Through the Dark Continent" (1878), "The Congo and the Founding of its Free State" (1885), "In Darkest Africa" (1890), "My Dark Companions, etc." (1893), "Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa" (1893), etc. He was made G. C. B. in 1899. Stanley, Sir Hubert. An impoverished squire in Thomas Morton's comedy" A Cure for the Heart Ache" (1797). The phrase "Approbation from Sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed" occurs in Act v., scene 2. Stanley, Thomas. Born in Hertfordshire, England, 1625: died at London, April 12, 1678. An English translator, poet, and miscellaneous author. He wrote a "History of Philosophy" (1655-62). Stanley Falls. [Named from Henry M. Stanley.] A series of falls in the upper Kongo, situated near the equator. Stanley Pool. [From H. M. Stanley.] A lake formed by the expansion of the Kongo, about lat. 4°5′ S. Stanovoi(stä-nō-voi ́)Mountains. A mountain chain in eastern Siberia, which extends from the borders of Mongolia and Manchuria to Bering Strait. It connects in the southwest with the Yablonoi Mountains. Height, 5,000-7,000 feet. Stanton (stan'ton), Edwin McMasters. Born at Steubenville, Ohio, Dec. 19, 1814: died at Washington, D. C., Dec. 24, 1869. A noted American statesman and jurist. He was educated for the bar; practised in Ohio, at Pittsburg, and at Washington before the United States Supreme Court; was attorney-general Dec., 1860,-March, 1861; was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln in Jan., 1862; was suspended by President Johnson in Aug., 1867; and was restored by the Senate in Jan., 1868. Johnson's attempt remove him in Feb., caused the impeachment of Stanislaus River. A river in California which joins the San Joaquin 22 miles south of Stock- ton. Length, over 150 miles. Stanislawow. See Stanislaus . Stanko (stän'kō). A modern name of Cos. Stanley. See Falkland Islands . Stanley (stan'li), Arthur Penrhyn. Born at Alderley, Cheshire, England, Dec. 13, 1815: died the President: on the latter's acquittal in May, 1868, Stan- at London, July 18, 1881. An English divine, historian, and theological writer. He was a tutor in Oxford 1841-51; canon of Canterbury 1851-56; and profe or of ecclesiastical history in Oxford 1856-63. He was appointed dean of Westminster 1863, and entered on the office in 1864. He traveled in Egypt and Palestine 1852-53, in Ru ia in 1857, in Egypt and Palestine with the Prince of Wales in 1862, and in America in 1878. He was a leader of the "Broad Church." His works include "Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold" (1844), "Sermons and E ays on the Apostolic Age" (1847), "Commentary on the Epistles to the Corinthians" (1855), "Sinai and Palestine" (1856), “Memorials of Canterbury" (1855), "Lectures on the Greek Church" (1861), "History of the Jewish Church" (1862-65), "Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey" (1867), "E ays on Church and State" (1870), "Church of Scotland" (1872), and "Christian Institutions" (1881). Stanley, Edward Geoffrey Smith, fourteenth Earl of Derby. Born at Know sley, Lancashire, England, March 29, 1799: died at Know sley, Oct. 23, 1869. A British statesman. He entered Parliament in 1821; was chief secretary for Ireland 18301833, and colonial secretary 1833-34 and 1841-45; was created Baron Stanley in 1844; succeeded to the earldom in 1851; and was premier in 1852, 1858-59, and 1866-68. He published a translation of the Iliad (1864). Stanley, Edward Henry Smith, fifteenth Earl of Derby. Born at Know sley, Lancashire, England, July 21, 1826: died there, April 21, 1893. A British politician, son of the fourteenth Earl of Derby. He was secretary of state for India 1858-59; foreign secretary 1866-68 and 1874-78; and colonial secretary 1882-85. Originally a Conservative, he acted with the Liberals from 1880 to 1886, when he joined the Liberal Unionists. Stanley, Frederick Arthur, sixteenth Earl of Derby. Born Jan. 15, 1841. An English nobleman, second son of the fourteenth earl. He was financial secretary of the treasury 1877-78; secretary war 1878-80; colonial secretary 1885-86; president of the board of trade 1886-88; and governor-general of Canada 1888-93. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Stanley of Preston in 1886, and on the death of his brother, April 21, 1893, succeeded to the earldom. Stanley, Sir Henry Morton (originally John Rowlands). Born near Denbigh, Wales, 1841: died at London, May 10, 1904. A noted African explorer. He was of obscure parentage; was thrown upon his own resources at an early age; and, it is said, worked his way as a cabin-boy to New Orleans, where he was employed by a merchant named Stanley, whose name he adopted. He served in the Confederate army, and later in the United States navy; went to Turkey as a newspaper correspondent; went with the British expedition to Aby in i a in 1868 as correspondent of the New York "Herald"; was sent by the "Herald" in search ton resigned. He was appointed a ociate justice of the United States Supreme Court, Dec. 20, 1869. He Stanton, Mrs. (Elizabeth Cady). Born at Johns town, N. Y., Nov. 12, 1815: died at New York, Oct. 26, 1902. An American reformer, a prominent advocate of woman suffrage. The first woman's rights convention was held at her house in 1848. Stanwix (stan'wiks), John. Born in England about 1690: lost at sea, Dec., 1765. An English general in the French and Indian war. erected Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk in 1758. Stanyhurst (stan'i-hėrst), Richard. Born at Dublin about 1545: died at Bru els, 1618. An Irish miscellaneous author and translator, an uncle of Archbishop Usher. He was educated at University College, Oxford, and studied law at Furnival's bert, Heerdere debe the chal a path Netherlands. He translated the first four books of Vergil's "Æneid," printed in Leyden in 1582, and the next year in London, with translations of the Psalms, etc. "This wonderful book (in which the spelling is only le marvellous than the phraseology and verse) shows more than anything else the active throes which English literature was undergoing; took later, and became of Al and though the result was but a false birth, it is none the le interesting" ( Saints bury ). He also wrote the description of Ireland in Holinshed's "Chronicles," a life of St. Patrick (1587), etc. Stanz (stänts), or Stans (stäns). The capital of the canton of Unterwalden nid-dem-Wald, Switzerland, 7 miles south-southeast of Lucerne. It was the scene of a battle between the French and the men of Unterwalden Sept. 9, 1798. Population, 2,458. Stanzerthal (stänt's er-täl). An Alpine valley in western Tyrol, 50 miles west of Innsbruck. Staple of News (sta'pl ov nuz), The. A comedy by Ben Jonson, acted in 1625. Staples (stā'plz), William Read. Born at Providence, R. I., Oct. 10, 1798: died at Providence, Oct. 19, 1868. An American historian and jurist, author of several historical and legal works relating to Rhode Island. Stap let on (stāʻpl-ton), or Stapylton, Sir Robert. Died in 1669. An English soldier, translator, dramatist, and poet. He was a student at Douai, but was converted to Protestant ism, and became gentleman usher to King Charles II. He translated Juvenal and Musæus, and wrote two plays, "The Slighted Maid" (acted in 1663) and "Hero and Leander," based on Musæus (printed in 1669). He translated Valcroisant's "Entertainments of the Course, or Academical Conversations" (1658) and De Stap let on Bergerac's "History of the World in the Moon" from the French, and "Strada di Bello Belgier" (1650) from the Italian. Star and Garter. A famous tavern formerly standing in Pall Mall, London. in Star buck (stär buk) Island. A small island the Pacific, in lat. 5° 38′ S., long. 155° 55′ W. It has deposits of guano. Star Chamber (star chamber). [So called, it is said, because the roof was orig. ornamented with stars: perhaps from Heb. shtar , a contract, the name of the financial documents executed between the exchequer of the Jews (who farmed the British revenues) and the early kings of England.] In English history, a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Westminster. It was constituted in view of offenses and controversies most frequent at the royal court, or affecting the interests of the such as maintenance, fraud, libel, conspiracy, or riots resulting from faction or oppre ion, but freely took jurisdiction of other crimes and misdemeanors, and administered justice by arbitrary authority instead of according to the common law. Such a jurisdiction was exercised at least early as the reign of Henry VI., the tribunal consisting of the privy council. A statute of 3 Henry VII. authorized a committee of the council to exercise such a jurisdiction, and this tribunal grew in power (although succe ive statutes from the time of Edward IV. were enacted to restrain it) until it fell into disuse in the latter part of the reign of Henry VIII. In 31 Henry VIII., a statute declared that the king's proclamation should have the force of law, and that offenders might be punished by the ordinary members of the council sitting with certain bishops and judges "in the Sterr Chamber at Westm. or elsewhere." In 1640 the court of Star Chamber was abolished by an act of 16 Charles I., reciting that "the reasons and motives inducing the erection and continu ance of that court [of Star Chamber] do now cease." Star hem berg (stä'rem-berg), Count Ernst Rüdiger. Born at Gratz, Styria, 1635: died in 1701. An Austrian field-marshal, celebrated as commander of Vienna during the attack by the Turks in 1683. Star hem berg, Count Guido. Born Nov. 11, 1654: died at Vienna, March 7, 1737. A noted Austrian field-marshal, cousin of Count E. R. Star hem berg: distinguished in the Turkish wars. As Austrian commander in Spain, he gained with Stan hope the victories of Almenara and Sarago a in 1710. Stark (stärk), John. Born at London derry, N. H., Aug. 28, 1728: died at Manchester, N. H., May 8, 1822. A noted American general. He was taken captive by the Indians in 1752; was an officer Rangers in the French and Indian war, distinguished himself in the campaigns near Lakes Cham plain and George. He was colonel of a regiment at the bat tle of Bunker Hill in 1775; served in the expedition against Canada, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton; won the victory of Bennington Aug. 16, 1777; and later was commander of the Northern Department. Hewasa member of the court martial which condemned André. Starnberg (stärnberg). A village and summer resort on the northern shore of the Starnber gersee. Starnbergersee (stärn'berg-er-zā), or Starenbergersee, or Stahrenbergersee (stä'renberger-za), or Würmsee (vürm'za). A lake in Upper Bavaria, 14 miles southwest of Munich. Its outlet is by the Würm to the Isar. Length, 13 miles. Star-Spangled Banner, The. An American national song, composed by Francis Scott Key, Sept., 1814, at the time of the bombardment of Fort McHenry (near Baltimore) by the British. It was set to the music of "A nacre on in Heaven." Start (stärt) Point. A headland in Devons hire, England, 25 miles southeast of Plymouth, projecting into the English Channel. Starucca (sta-ruk'a) Viaduct. Astone viaduct of the Erie Railway over Starucca Creek, near Lanes borough, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. Height, 110 feet. Length, 1,200 feet. Starvation Dundas. A nickname given to Lord Melville (Henry Dundas) because in 1775, in a speech on American affairs, he invented (or brought into notice) the word "starvation." Starveling (stärvʻling). In Shakspere's "Midsummer Night's Dream," a tailor who plays the part of This be's mother in the interpolated play. Sta furt (stäs'fört). A town in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, situated on the Bode 20 miles south of Magdeburg: one of the centers of salt-production in Germany. It has manufactures of chemicals. Population (1890), 19,104 Staten (stat'n) Island. An island forming Richmond County, New York, and the borough of Richmond in the enlarged city of New York. It is separated from Long Island by the Narrows, and from New Jersey (north and west) by the Kill van Kull, Newark Bay, and Staten Island Sound. Its surface is undulating, and hilly in the north. Length, 13 miles. Area, 58 square miles. Population (1890), 51,693. Staten (stat'n or stä'ten) Island. An island at the southeastern extremity of the archipel ago of Tierra del Fuego, separated from the main island by the Strait of Le Maire. Length, about 50 miles. Staten Island Sound. An arm of the Atlantic which separates Staten Island from New Jersey, and connects Newark Bay on the north with Raritan Bay on the south. States, The. 1. The Netherlands.-2. The United States of America. States, States, The. The legislative body in the island of Jersey. It consists of the bailiff, jurats of the royal court, constables, rectors of the parishes, and fourteen depu. ties. The lieutenant-governor has the veto power. Guernsey has a similar body, the Deliberative States, and a more popular a embly, the Elective States. States-General (stats'jen'e-ral). [F. Etats Généraux.] The name given to the legislative a emblies of France before the revolution of 1789, and to those of the Netherlands. States of the Church. See Papal States . State street. A street in Boston, Ma achusetts, noted as a financial center. Statira (sta-ti'rä). [Gr. Στάτειρα .] 1. The wife of Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia: put to death by Parysatis. - 2. The wife of Darius Codomannus, king of Persia: taken prisoner by Alexander the Great after the battle of I us.-3. The daughter of Darius Codomannus, and wife of Alexander the Great. She was put to death by Roxana. Also called Barsine . Statius, Cæcilius. See Cæcilius Statius . Statius (stā'shi-us), Publius Papinius. Born Steelyard Sea south of Astrakhan and the province of the Don Co acks. Area, 23,397 square miles. Population (1897), 873,863.--2. The capital of the government of Stavropol, about lat. 45° N. It was built as a military post about 1776. Population (1889), 34,838. Stead (sted), William Thomas. Born at Em blet on, North umber land, July 5, 1849. An English journalist, son of a Congregational minister. He was educated at home and at Wake field, leaving school at the age of fourteen in order to become office-boy in a mercantile office. He was appointed editor of the "Northern Echo" (Darling ton) in 1871, and in 1880 a istant editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette," of which he was editor 1883-89. In 1890 he founded the "Review of Reviews," of which he is the editor and publisher. Ste dinger (sted'ing-er). [From OS. stath , beach, shore.] In the middle ages, the dwellers along the lower Weser. They resisted the authority of the archbishop of Bremen in the first part of the 13th century, and were overthrown at Altenesch, May, 1234. Stedman (sted'man), Edmund Clarence. Born at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 8, 1833. A noted American poet and critic. He entered Yale in 1849, leaving in his junior year; was afterward employed in journalistic work; was war correspondent of the New York "World" 1861-63; and later became a stock-broker in New York city. He has published "Poems Lyric and Idyllic" (1860), "Alice of Mon mouth, and other Poems" (1864), "The Blamele Prince, and other Poems" (1869), "Hawthorne, and other Poems" (1877), "Lyrics and Idylls, etc." (1879), and various poems for public occasions, as "Gettysburg," " Dart mouth Ode," etc. His collected poems were published in 1884. His chief critical works are "Victorian Poets" (1875: revised ed., with supplement, 1887), "Edgar Allan about 45 A. D.: died about 96. A Roman poet: (1880), and "Poets of America" (1885). With Ellen Mackay court poet to Domitian. He wrote the epics "The bais" and "Achilleis" (unfinished), and the collection "Silvæ." Stator (sta'tor). [L., 'the stayer.] A surname of Jupiter as the stayer of flight. Staubbach (stoub'bäch). A waterfall in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, situated near Lauterbrunnen, 9 miles south of Interlaken. Height, 980 feet. Stauffacher (stouf'fächer), Werner. According to tradition, a patriot of Schwyz who, with Arnold von Melchthal and Walter Fürst, planned the liberation of Switzerland on the Rütli, 1307. Staunton (stân'ton). A river in southern Virginia which breaks through the Blue Ridge and unites with the Dan at Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, to form the Roanoke. Length, about 200 miles. Staunton (stän'ton), Sir George. The seducer of Effie Deans in Scott's "Heart of Mid loth i an." Also known as Gentle Geordie. Staunton, Sir George Leonard. Born in Ireland, 1737: died 1801. A British diplomatist in India and China. He published "An Authentic Account of an Emba y from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China" (1797). Staunton, Howard. Born about 1810: died at London, June 22, 1874. An English che player, writer on che , and Shaksperian com ment at or. He defeated the French che -player Saint Am ant in 1843, and was regarded as the strongest player of that time. He was for many years the che editor of the "Illustrated London News," and by his column there and his books did much to expound and popularize the game. He published an edition of Shakspere (1857-60), "Memorials of Shakspere" (1864), a facsimile of the folio of 1623 (1864), "The Great Schools of England" (1865), "Che -Player's Handbook" (1847), "Che -Player's Companion" (1849), "Che Praxis" (1860). Stavanger (stä-väng'ger). A maritime amt of southwestern Norway. Area, 3,531 square miles. Population (1891), 117,008. Stavanger. A seaport, capital of the amt of Stavanger, Norway, situated on Stavanger Fjord in lat. (lighthouse) 58° 58′ N., long. 5° 44′ E. It has important trade, and exports fish, especially herrings. The cathedral of Stavanger was founded nave-piers, of Byzantine character, belong to the original building. The choir is Pointed; it is flanked by four towers and has a fine east window. There are two noteworthy doorways on each side. The west tower is ruinous. The church measures 250 by 70 feet. Stavanger is one of the oldest towns in Norway. Population (1891), 23,899. the 11th century and rebuilt in the 13th. The ma ive Stavanger Fjord (fyord). A bay on the south western coast of Norway, near Stavanger. Stavenhagen (stä'ven-hä-gen), Bernhard. Born at Greiz, Nov. 24, 1862. A German composer and pianist. He studied at Berlin; in 1880 received the Mendel ohn prize; and in 1885 became a pupil of Liszt. He appeared at New York in 1894. He written Norse songs and piano pieces, etc. Stavoren (stä vō-ren). A small town in the province of Fries land, Netherlands, at the entrance to the Zuyder Zee, 22 miles south-southwest of Franeker. It was the ancient Friesian capital, and a prosperous seaport in the middle IMG:content-1063.png:[blocks in formation] Hutch in son he edited "A Library of American Literature, etc." (11 vols. 1888-90). Stedman, John Gabriel. Born in Scotland, 1745: died in 1797. An officer in the Dutch service. He was brevet captain in an expedition against the "bush negroes' of Dutch Guiana, 1772-77. He published "Narrative of an Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam" (2 vols. 1796). It is one of the stan dard works on Guiana. Steedman (sted'man), James Barrett. Born in North umber land County, Pa., July 30, 1818: died at Toledo, Ohio, Oct. 18, 1883. A Union general in the Civil War. He served in West Virginia and Kentucky; and was distinguished at Chicka mauga in 1863, and in the Atlantic and Nashville campaigns in 1864. Steele, Sir Richard. Born at Dublin, March, 1672: died near Car mar then, Sept. 1, 1, 1729. A British e ayist, dramatist, and Whig politician: companion of Add is on at the Charter house School, and later at Oxford. He did not graduate, but entered the army (1694), serving as a trooper under the Duke of Ormonde, and becoming a captain. He was gazetteer 1707-10, and later member of Parliament, but was expelled for seditious language in "The Crisis." He was knighted and held various offices under George I. He was a member of the Kit-Kat Club, and in 1707 is said to have first met Swift: by 1710 relations became strained, and in 179 quarreled with Add is on He was extremely carele in money matters and inc on sistent in morals, but warm-hearted and impulsive. He founded and edited the "Tatler" 1709-11, under the name of Isaac Bickerstaffe, and next to Add is on was chief contributor to the "Spectator" 1711-12. He founded and was chief contributor to the "Guardian" in 1713. To attack the Tory ministry he started "The English man" in Jan., 1714: his later ventures, "Town Talk," "The Tea Table," and "Chit Chat" were unsucce ful. In his most famous political periodical, “The Plebeian" (1718), he opposed Add is on on Sunder land's Peerage Bill. His last venture was "The Theatre" (1719-20), about this time he was patentee of Drury Lane. In 1714 he wrote "An Apology" for himself and his writings. He was an ardent Whig, and in 1710 lost his gazetteer ship on the acce ion of the Tories to power. He wrote the treatise "The Christian Hero" (1701: a manual of religious ethics at variance with his loose career), and the comedies (which were written with the avowed purpose of reforming the morals of the age) "The Funeral" (1701), "The Lying Lover"(1703), "The Tender Husband" (1705), "The Conscious Lovers (1722), besides pamphlets, etc. Steele Glas, The. A satire in blank verse by George Gas coigne, written in 1576 and published with "The Complaint of Philomene." It is the first English satire in blank verse, and holds up a mirror "true as steel" to the vices of his countrymen, the allusion being to the early mirrors made of polished metal. Steelton (stēl'ton). A borough in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna Dauphin near Harris burg. It has manufactures of steel. Population (1900), 12,086. Steelyard (stelyärd, colloq. stil'yärd). [Explained as orig. 'the yard in London where steel was sold by German merchants,' as if from steel and yard ; but in fact an imperfect translation of the MD. staelhof , later staalhof , = MLG. stalhof , an office or hall where cloth was marked with a leaden seal as being properly dyed; from MD. MD. stael , a sample, a sample, test of dyeing.] A place in London, comprising great warehouses called before the reign of Edward IV. Gildhall a Teutonicorum, Gildhall of the Germans,' where, until expelled in 1597, the mer Steelyard chants of the Hanseatic League had their English headquarters; also, the company of merchants themselves. The merchants of the Steelyard were bound by almost monastic gild rules under a separate jurisdiction from the rest of London, were exempt from many exactions and restrictions, and for centuries controlled most of the foreign trade of England. Steen (stān), Jan. Born at Leyden about 1626: died at Leyden, 1679. A Dutch genre-painter. Among his works are "Feast of St. Nicholas," "Human Life," "Marriage Feast," etc. Steen bergen (stan'berg"en). A town in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 25 miles south-southwest of Rotter dam. Population, 6,889. Steenie (stē'ni). A name given by James I., king of England, to the Duke of Bucking ham, on account of a fancied resemblance to St. Stephen. Steenkerke (stān'kerk "e), or Steenkerken (stan'kerk"en). A village in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, 20 miles southwest of Bru els. Here, Aug. 3, 1692, the French under the Duke of Luxembourg defeated the Allies under William III. of Eng. land. Also called the battle of Steinkirk. Steenwijk (stān'vik). A town in the province of Overy el, Netherlands, in lat. 52° 47′ N., long. 6° 7' E. It was defended against the Spaniards in 1581, and was taken by them in 1582. Population, 5,087. Steer forth (ster forth), James. The most prominent youth at Salem House, in Dickens's "David Copper field": a friend and protector of David Copper field, and afterward the lover and betrayer of Little Em'ly. Steevens (stē'venz), George. Born at Stepney, London, May 10, 1736: died at Hampstead, near London, Jan. 22, 1800. An English Shaksperian scholar. He was educated as a foundationer at Eton, and was a scholar at King's College, Cambridge. He pub lished "Twenty of the Plays Shakspere" (1766), and with Dr. Johnson edited Shakspere in 1773. His own edition (with Reed) of Shakspere, in which he adopted "the expulsion of usele and supernumerary syllables, etc., supplying what he thought nece ary, appeared in 1793 and 1803, and was an authority till Malone's "Variorum Shakspere," edited, after Malone's death, by Boswell in 1821, took its place. His life was one of constant quarrels from his habit of making anonymous attacks upon his friends in the newspapers, and his bad temper. Stefanie (ste-fä-nē'), Lake. A lake in British East Africa, northeast of Lake Rudolf. Steffani (stef'fä-ne), Agostino. Born at Castel franco, Italy, in 1655: died at Frankfort-on-the Main in 1730. An Italian composer, diploma tist, and ecclesiastic. He was court musician at Munich, and after 1688 kapellmeister at Hannover and diplomatist in the Hannoverian service, and later in the service of the Palatinate. He wrote operas and chamber-music. Steier. See Steyr . Steiermark (sti'er-märk). The German name of Styria. Steigerwald (sti'ger-vält). A mountain-range in Franc on i a, Bavaria, south of the Main, east of Würzburg, and west of Bamberg. Its loftiest summit is about 1,600 feet high. Stein (stin), Barone von (Charlotte Albertine Ernestine von Schardt). Born at Weimar, Germany, Dec. 25, 1742: died there, Jan. 6, 1827. A German lady, noted for her friend. ship with Goethe. The latter's letters to her were edited by Schöll and by Fielitz. Stein, Baron vom und zum (He in rich Fried rich Karl). Born at Na au, Germany, Oct. 26, 1757: died at Kappenberg, Westphalia, June 29, 1831. Anoted Pru ian statesman. He was educated at Göttingen; entered the Pru ian service in the department of mines in 1780; became head of the department of Hungary defeated the Poles, and on Oct. 11, 1633, Wal lens tein defeated the Swedes. Population, 3,552. Mülheim-an-der-Ruhr, March 7, 1855. A GerSteinen (sti'nen), Karl von den. Born at man traveler and ethnologist. He made a voyage round the world 1879-81; was naturalist of the German expedition to South Georgia, 1882; and in 1884-85 made a voyage through the central parts of South America, ascending the Paraná and Paraguay and making the first (modern) descent of the river Xingú. In its geographical and eth no graphical results this was one of the most important South American explorations of the century. Von den Steinen made a second trip to the upper Xingú 1887-88. He has published "Durch Central bras i lien" (1886), "Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Bras i liens" (1894), and other works on South America, with special reference to ethnology. Steiner (sti'ner), Jakob. Born at Utzendorf, Switzerland, March 18, 1796: died at Bern, April 1, 1863. A Swi -German geometer, noted for his researches in synthetic geometry. His chief work is "System at is che Entwickelung der Abhängigkeit geometrischer Gestalten von einander" (1832). Steiner Alpen (sti'ner äl'pen). A division of the Karawanken, situated near the frontiers of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria. Height, 6,000 8,000 feet. Stein ernes Meer (sti'ner-nes mār). [G., 'sea of rocks.] A wild mountainous region in the