Ala

See Igara. Alabama (al-a-bäʼmä). [Ind., 'here we rest,' or 'place of rest' (1).] A river in the State of Alabama, which is formed by the Coosa and Tall a poos a, above Montgomery, and unites with the Tombigbee to form the Mobile, about 32 miles north of Mobile. Its chief tributary is the Cahawba. Its total length is 312 miles, and it is navigable to Montgomery. Alabama. One of the Southern States of the United States, capital Montgomery, bounded by Tenne ee on the north, Georgia (partly separated by the Chattahoochee) and Florida (separated by the Perdido) on the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Mi i ippi on the west, and extending from lat. 30° 13' to lat. 35° N., and from long. 84° 53′ to long. 88°35′ W.: one of the Gulf States. It is mountainous in the north, hilly and rolling in the center, and low in the south; and is traversed by the Tenne ee river in the north, and by the Alabama and Tombigbee systems from north to south. It is rich in coal and iron in the mountainous region, and was the fourth State in the production of pig-iron in 1900. It has 67 counties, 9 representatives in Congre , and 11 electoral votes. It was settled by the French in 1702. The territory north of lat. 31° N. was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, and to the United States in 1783; and the remaining territory was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1819. It was admitted to the Union in 1819, seceded Jan. 11, 1861, and was readmitted July, 1868. Area, 52,250 square miles. Population (1900), 1,828,697. Alabama, The. A wooden steam-sloop of 1,040 tons built for the Confederate States at Birken head, England. Her commander was Captain Semmes of the Confederate navy. (See Semmes .) Her crew and equipments were English. She cruised 1862-64, destroy ing American shipping, and was sunk by the Kearsarge, off Cherbourg, June 19, 1864, The Century Cyclopedia of Names Alabama claims Alabama claims. Claims for damages preferred by the United States against Great Britain for lo es caused during the Civil War by the depredations on American commerce of ve els the chief of which was the Alabama-fitted out or supplied in British ports under the direction of the Confederate government. The adjustment of these claims was provided for by the treaty of Washington, concluded May 8, 1871, which referred them to a tribunal of arbitration to be composed of five members, named respectively by the governments of the United States, Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil. The tribunal a embled in Ge neva, Switzerland, Dec. 15, 1871, and was as composed of the following arbitrators: Count Federigo Sclopis, of Italy; Baron Itajuba, of Brazil; Jacques Staempfli, of Switzer- land; Charles Francis Adams, of the United States; and Lord Chief Justice Sir Alexander Cock burn, of Great Britain. The agent for Great Britain was Lord Tenter- den, the counsel Sir Roundell Palmer; the agent for the United States, J. C. Bancroft Davis, the counsel William M. Evarts, Caleb Cushing, and Morrison R. Waife. Count Sclopis was elected president, and Alexandre Favrot, of Switzerland, secretary. After having received the cases of the contending parties, the tribunal adjourned till June 15, 1872. The United States claimed, in addition to direct damages, consequential or indirect damages; while Great Britain contended against any liability whatever, and especially against any liability for indirect damages. Sept. 14, 1872, the decision of the tribunal was announced, a gro sum of $15,500,000 in gold being awarded the United States in satisfaction for all claims. The Geneva tribunal is of importance in the history of international law on account of the rules relating to neutrals which it adopted to guide its action. Alabama Claims Commi ion. A commi ion of representatives of Great Britain and the United States, for the settlement of the Ala bam a Earl Grey Ripa laimsfordts members were al de Grand Sir John Mac donald, and Profe or Montague Bernard, for Great Britain; and Hamilton Fish, Robert C. Schenck, Samuel Nelson, Ebenezer R. Hoar, and George H. Wil- liams, for the United States. They concluded the treaty of Washington, May 8, 1871. See treaty of Washington , and Alabama claims (above). A lab and a (al-a-ban'da). An ancient city of Caria, Asia Minor, on the site of the modern Hi ar. Alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), William. Born at Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, 1567: died in April, 1640. An English poet and divine, a gradu- ate and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, author of a Latin tragedy, "Roxana" (acted at Cambridge University about 1592, printed 1632), and of various learned works. He began book of which remains in manuscript in library of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1596 he went to Cadiz as chaplain to the Earl of E ex. bo epic poem, in Latin, in praise of Elizabeth, the first Alacoque (a-lä-kōk'), Marguerite Marie. Born at Lauthecour, Saône-et-Loire, France, July 22, 1647: died at Paray-le-Monial, France, Oct. 17, 1690. A French nun, founder of the worship of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Ala cranes (ä-lä-krä'nes). A group of coral islets in the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 22° 30′ N., long. 89° 40′ W. Ala-Dagh (ä'lä-däg'). A range of the Taurus in the southeastern part of Asia Minor, north of Adana, a continuation of the Bulgar-Dagh. Ala-Dagh, or Allah Dagh. A mountain-range in the northern part of Asia Minor, intersected by long. 32° E. Ala-Dagh. A mountain-range in Turkish Armenia, north of Lake Van, about 11,000 feet high, the source of the eastern Euphrates. Aladdin (a-lad'in). In the story of "Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp," in the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," the son of a poor widow in China, who becomes po e ed of a magic lamp and ring which command the services of two terrific jinns. Learning the magic power of the lamp, by accidentally rubbing it, Aladdin becomes rich and marries the Prince of Cathay through the agency of the "slave of the lamp" who also builds in a night a palace for her reception. One window of this palace was left unfinished, and no one could complete it to match the others. Aladdin therefore directs the jinns to finish it, which is done in the twinkling of an eye (hence the phrase "to finish Aladdin's window"; that is, to attempt to finish something begun by a greater man). After many years the original owner of the lamp, a magician, in order to recover it, goes through the city offering new lamps for old. The wife of Aladdin, tempted by this idea, exchanges the old rusty magic lamp for a brand-new usele one (hence the phrase "to exchange old lamps for new"), and the magician transports both palace and prince to Africa, but the ring helps Aladdin to find them. He kills the magician, and, po e ing himself of the lamp, transports the palace to Cathay, and at the sultan's death succeeds to the throne. Aladfar (al-ad-fär'). [Ar.] A name, not much used, for the star η Lyræ. Aladja-Dagh (i-läjä-däg'). A mountain near Kars, Ru ian Armenia, the scene of a vic- tory of the Ru ians under Grand Duke Michael over the Turks under Mukhtar Pasha, Oct. 13- 15, 1877. IMG:content-0041.png:[blocks in formation] fense of the Greek empire in Asia. Alaghez (ä-lä-gez'). An extinct volcano 30 Alambagh (a-lämʼbag), or Alumbagh (a-lum'bag). A fortification near Lucknow, India. miles northwest of Erivan, Transcaucasia, It was held by Outram against the Sepoys from Ru ia, 13,436 feet high. Also Ali -Ghez. Alagoas (ä-lä-gō'äs). A state of eastern Brazil, capital Maceió, bounded by Pernam- buco on the north and northwest, the Atlantic on the southeast, and Sergipe on the southwest. Its chief products are cotton, sugar, and to- bacco. Area, 22,583 square miles. Population (1890), 648,009. Alagoas. A town in the state of Alagoas, situated near the coast in lat. 9° 45′ S., long. 35° 50′ W.: formerly the capital of the province. Population, about 15,000. Alai, or Alay, Mountains. See Trans - Alai . Alain de Lille (ä-lan' de lēl), Latinized Ala- nus ab Insulis (a-lā'nus ab in'sū-lis). Born 1114: died at Citeaux, France, 1203 (?). A monk and celebrated scholar, surnamed "Doc- tor Universal is," author of an encyclopedic poem, treating of morals, the sciences, and the arts, entitled "Antic laud i an us" (published in 1536), etc. Alais (ä-lā'). A town in the department of Gard, France, situated on the Gardon 25 miles northwest of Nîmes. It has a fort built by Louis XIV. to intimidate the Huguenots. Population (1891), 24,356. Alais, Peace of. A peace (1629) which term i- nated the last of the religious wars in France, in which (1628) La Rochelle, the stronghold of the Huguenots, was taken by Richelieu, and the Huguenots were compelled to disband as a political party. Nov., 1857, until March, 1858. Alameda (ä-lä-ma'dä). [Sp., 'a grove or row of poplar-trees.' The name is now applied very generally in Spanish America to any large pleasure-ground or park.] A town in Spain, about 50 miles northwest of Malaga. Population, about 4,500. Alameda. A city in Alameda County, California, situated on San Francisco bay 9 miles east of San Francisco. Population (1900), 16,464. Alameda. Up to 1681, a pueblo of the Tigua Indians, 9 miles north of Albuquerque on the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. In 1681 the Indian pueblo was burnt by Governor Otermin on his expedition into New Mexico. Alamillo (ä-lä-mēl'yō). [Sp.] A small settlement on the At chis on, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, in New Mexico, south of Albuquerque and on the Rio Grande. Up to 1680 it was the site of a considerable village of the Piros Indians. The ruins of the village are still visible. Alaminos (ä-la-me'nos), Anton or Antonio. A Spanish navigator whose name is a ociated with many early expeditions in the Gulf of Mexico. It appears that he was with Columbus in 1499 and 1502, and he was chief pilot of the succe ive expeditions of Cordova, Grijalva, and Cortés to Mexico, 1517 Alamo (ä'lä-mō). A mi ion building, founded in 1744 at San Antonio, Texas. Until 1793 it was used as a parish church, and subsequently as a fort, being surrounded with strong walls. In Feb., 1836, it was oc to 1520. He discovered the Bahama channel in 1520. Alajuela (a-la-Hwa'lä). A town of Costa Rica, cupied by Colonel W. B. Travis with about 150 men in re about lat. 9° 55′ N., long. 84° 20′ W. Popula- tion (estimated, 1893), 12,000. Alaka (a'la-kä). In Hindu mythology, the capital of Kuvera and the abode of the gan- dharvas on Mount Meru. Ala-kul (ä-lä-köl'). A lake in Asiatic Ru ia, about lat. 46° N., near the Chinese frontier, without outlet. Alaman (ä-lä-män'), Lúcas. Born at Guana- juato, Oct. 18, 1792: died in Mexico, June 2, 1853. A Mexican historian and statesman. He traveled extensively in Europe, 1814–22, and was dep- uty in the Spanish Cortes for his native province. Re- turning to Mexico, he held various important offices, being secretary of the interior for the provisional government 1823-25, foreign minister under Bustamente, and again under Santa Anna until his death. Many important public works are due to him, including the Mexican museum. He is best known for his "Hist or i a de Méjico" and "Dis, ertaciones sobre la hist or i a de la República Mejicana," works published during the ten years before his death. Alamanni (al-a-man'i), le correctly Ale- manni (al-e-man'i). ['All men,' that is, 'men of all nations.] A German race of Sue- vic origin, which occupied the region from the Main to the Danube in the first part of the 3d century A. D. Their territory extended later acro the Rhine, including Alsace and part of eastern Switzer- land. They were defeated by Clovis 496. (See Swabia .) The Alamannic is the German dialect in old Alamannic territory in the region of the upper Rhine, approximately coincident with modern Alsace, the southern half of Baden and of Würtemberg, Swabia, and Switzerland. With Bavarian it forms the group specifically called High German. It is the typical form of Old High German, which exists in literature from the 8th to the end of the 11th century. Alamanni (ä-lä-män'nē), or Alemanni (a-le- män'nē), Luigi. Born at Florence, 1495: died at Amboise, France, 1556. An Italian poet, au- thor of eclogues, hymns, satires, elegies, a di- dactic poem "La Coltivazione” (1546), an epic poem "Girone il cortese" (1548), etc. He con- spired against Giulio de' Medici and escaped to Venice: thence he went to Genoa, and in 1523 to the court of Francis I. where, after returning to Florence for a short time (1527-30), he spent most of his after life. Through Wyatt, who imitated him, he exerted considerable in fluence upon English poetry. Alamannia (al-a-man'i-ä), or Alemannia (al-e-man'i-ä). A division of ancient Ger- many, which first appears about the end of the 3d century. It lay in the southwestern part of Ger- many and adjoining parts of Switzerland and Tyrol, the region settled largely by the Alamanni (ancestors of the Swabians, German Swi , etc.). For the duchy of Ala- mannia, see Swabia . Alamannic (al-a-man'ik), or Alemannic (al-e- man'ik), Federation. A federation of several against the government Mexico. After withstanding a terrible siege, it was taken by a ault on March 6, and the garrison (including David Crockett and Colonel Bowie) killed. One man had previously made his escape. Alamos (ä'lä-mōs), Los. A town in the state of Sonora, Mexico, about lat. 27° 25′ N., long. W. Population (1894), 5,808. Alamos de Barrientos (a'la-mos de bär-re-en'tōs), Balthazar. Born at Medina del Campo, Spain, 1550: died about 1635. A Spanish philologist. Alan, William. See Allen . Aland Islands (a'land i'landz). An arch i- pela go at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the government of Åbo-Björneborg, Finland, conquered by Ru ia from Sweden in 1809. The chief island is Aland (population, 9,000). It was occupied by the Allies in 1854. Alani (a-la'ni). A people of Scythian origin, dwelling originally in the Caucasus. With the Huns they defeated the East Goths about 375 A. D., and they invaded Gaul with the Suevi and Vandals in 406, and Spain in 409. They were defeated by the West Goths about 418, and disappeared as a nation in the 5th century. The Alani are a puzzling race, our accounts of whom are somewhat contradictory, but who may perhaps be most safely set down as a non-Aryan, or, at any rate, a non-Teutonic people, who had been largely brought under Gothic influences. But early in the fifth century they po e ed a dominion in central Spain which stretched from sea to sea. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 89. Alans. See Alani . Alantika (ä-län'ti-kä). A mountain-range of Adamawa, central Africa, from 7,000 to 9,000 feet high. Alanus ab Insulis. See Alain de Lille . Alaotra (ä-lä-ō'trä), Lake. The largest lake of Madagascar, north of Tamatave, 30 miles long and 5 wide. Alap all i, or All a pall i (ä-lä-päl'lē), or Alleppi (a-lep'i). A seaport in Travancore, India, in lat. 9° 30′ N., long. 76° 20′ Ε. Alapayevsk (ä-lä-pä-yevsk'). A town in the government of Perm, Ru ia, situated on the Neiva about 70 miles northeast of Yekaterinburg. It has large iron-foundries. Population, 8,384. Al Araf (äl ä'raf). [Ar., from ' arafa (?), to distinguish.] In Mohammedan theology, a partition between heaven and hell (described in the Koran, Surah vii. 44) on which are those who have not yet entered into heaven but desire to do so. It is regarded by some as a limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or other holy persons, and by others as a place of abode for those whose good and evil works are about equally balanced. Hughes, Dict. of Islam. IMG:content-0042.png:[blocks in formation] The Century Cyclopedia of Names in the Júcar, 43 miles south of Cuenca. It was an important medieval fortre , and was the scene of a Moorish victory over the Castilians in 1195. Alarcon (ä-lär'kon). In Ta o's "Jerusalem Delivered," the Kin King of Barca who fought IMG:content-0044.png:[blocks in formation] British America on the east, the Pacific Ocean Alb, or Alp. See Swabian Jura . on the south, and the Pacific and Arctic oceans, Alba (al'ba). Ancient Scotland north of the Bering Strait, and Bering Sea on the west. It includes many islands. The highest point is Mount St. Forth and Clyde. Elias, which lies near the boundary. Chief river, the Yu- Alba (älʼbä). A town in the province of Cuneo, kon. It has valuable fisheries, fur-trade, and extensive for ests, and is supposed to have large mineral deposits. By act of Congre , 1884, it constitutes a civil and judicial dis- trict, with a governor, clerk, judge, attorney, and marshal. It was discovered by the Ru ians in 1741, and was settled Alba, Duke of. See Alva . by them in 1801. It was purchased by the United States Alba de Liste, Count of. See Henriquez de from Ru ia for $7,200,000, by treaty of March 30, 1867, rat- Guzman , Luis . ined the United States Senate, 283, 1987. Area, 590,884 square miles. Population (1900), 63,592. Alaska Peninsula. A peninsula in the terri- tory of Alaska, extending into the Pacific, and partly inclosing Bering Sea, traversed by a vol- canic range. Alaska Strait. A sea pa age between the mainland of Alaska and Kodiak Island. Alasnam (a-las'nam). In the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," a man who became po e ed of eight magnificent golden statues, and on searching for the ninth, which was more singular and precious still, discovered it in the person of a beautiful woman, whom he married. Ala io (ä-läs'sē-ō). A small seaport in the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa about 48 miles southwest of Genoa. It is a bathing-place and winter health-resort. Alastor (a-las'tor). 1. In Greek mythology, a surname of Zeus as the avenger: also applied to any avenging deity or demon.-2. In med i- eval demonology, a spirit of evil, the executor Alardo (a-lär'do). The younger brother of Bradamant in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." Alaric (al'a-rik). [Goth. * Alareiks , from al , all, and reiks , ruler. Cf. Genseric, Theodoric, etc.] Born on the island of Peuce, in the Danube, 376 (7) A. D.: died at Cosentia, Italy, 410. A celebrated king of the West Goths, 395(?)-410, a member of the princely family Alasco, John. See Laski . Alasco Alashehr (ä-lä-sher'). A town in Asiatic Tur- key, the Philadelphia of Scripture, situated on the slope of Tmolus about 80 miles east of poem by Shelley, published in 1816, named from its chief character, "Alastor or the Spirit of Solitude." The poet's self-centred seclusion was avenged by the Furies of an irresistible pa ion pursuing him to speedy Preface to the Poem , Dec. 14, 1815. Alatau (ä-lä-tou'), or Sungar i an (sung-gar'- i-an) Alatau. A mountain-range in Semi- ryetchensk, Asiatic Ru ia, on the boundary be- tween that government and the Chinese prov- ince of Ili, about lat. 44° 46′ N. It reaches a height of about 13,000 feet. Alatau, or Kusnetzky (köz-net'skē) Alatau. A range of mountains in the governments of Tomsk and Yeniseisk, Siberia, extending about northeast and southwest. Alatau, or Trans-Ili (tranz-ē'lē) Alatau. A mountain system in Semiryetchensk, Asiatic Ru ia, south of the river Ili. It reaches a Ala the us (a-la'the-us), or Odotheus (ō-dō'the- us). Died 386 A. D. An Ostrogothic general. On the death of Vithimir, 376, he became with Saphrax the guardian of Vithericus, king of the Greuthungi, the chief tribe of the Ostrogoths. Ala the us and Saphrax fought under the Visigoth Fridigern at the battle of Adrianople in 378. Alatri (ä-lä'tre). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, about 45 miles east by south of Rome: the ancient Alatrium. There is an ancient temple beyond the Porta San Pietro, prostyle, with two Tuscan columns before the antæ, in plan 26 by 47 feet. At some time subsequent to its construction, a post i cum was added, of similar disposition to the pronaos. Population, about 5,000. Alatyr (ä-lä-tēr'). A town in the government of Simbirsk, Ru ia, on the Sura about lat. 54° 53′ N., long. 46° 30′ E. Population, 10,092. Also Alateer . Alava (ä'lä-vä). One of the Basque provinces in Spain, capital Vitoria, bounded by Biscay and Guipúzcoa on the north, Navarre on the east, Logroño on the south, and Burgos on the west. Area, 1,205 square miles. Population Alava, Miguel Ricardo de. Born at Vitoria, Spain, 1771: died at Barèges, France, 1843. A Spanish politician and general. He fought under Wellington in the Peninsular campaign, at the close of which he had obtained the rank of brigadier-general; was president of the Cortes May, 1822; fought in the same year under Ballast eros and Murillo in support of the Cortes against the rebels; went into exile 1823, on the restoration of Ferdinand French intervention; espoused the cause of Maria Christina against Don Carlos on the death of Ferdi- nand; was amba ador to London 1834, and to Paris 1835; Alava y Navarete (ä'lä-vä e nä-vä-ra tā), Ig- and retired to France after the insurrection of La Granja. nacio Maria de. Born at Vitoria, Spain, about 1750: died at Chiclana, near Cadiz, May 26, 1817. A Spanish admiral and explorer. He is best known for his voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, com- menced in 1794, in which he explored the coasts of South Alban Mountains (al'ban moun tānz), It. Monti Laziali. A mountain group southeast of Rome, near Albano. Its highest point is Monte Cavo. Albanenses (al-ba-nen'sēz). A small medieval sect, named from the city of Alba in Piedmont, which profe ed Manichæan doctrines. They were closely allied to the Albigenses. IMG:content-0045.png:[ocr errors] Albanian Gates Albanian Gates. The defile of Derbend between the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. Albano (äl-bäʼnō). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, situated on the slope of the Alban Mountains, 14 miles southeast of Rome, on the site of Pompey's Villa: the Roman Albanum. It pa ed to the Papal States in 1697. It contains the ruins of a pretorian camp built by Domitian, a large fortified of inclosure, quadrilateral in plans the walls are builttes remains. Population, about 6,000. Albano, Lake of, or Lago di Castello, or Alban Lake. A small lake near Albano, Italy, noted for its picturesque scenery, occupying the crater of an extinct volcano. Albano, Mount. See Monte Cavo . Albany (al'ba-ni). Same as Breadalbane . Albany. The capital of the State of New York and of Albany County, situated on the west bank of the Hudson in lat. 42° 39′ 50′′ N., long. 73° 44′ 56′′ W. (Dudley Observatory), near the head of navigation. It is an important commercial city, the terminus of lines of steamers to New York and other river-ports, and of the Erie and Cham plain canals, and a center of extensive systems of railroads. Besides the State Capitol, it contains the law and medical departments and the (Dudley) Observatory of Union University. It was settled by the Dutch in 164, fortified for orange) in 1624, obtained city charter in 1686, was the convention (under the lead of Franklin) to form a colonial union in 1754, and became the permanent capital of the State in 1797. Population (1900), 94,151. Albany. The capital of Dougherty County, Georgia, situated on Flint River, at the of navigation, 90 miles southwest of Macon. Population (1900), 4,606. Albany. The capital of Linn County, Oregon, situated on the Willamette 63 miles southwest of Portland. Population (1900), 3,149. Albany. A small seaport in western Australia, situated on King George Sound about lat. 35° S. It is a station of the Peninsular and Oriental IMG:content-0046.png:[blocks in formation] can Albert . Albany, Duke of. A character in Shakspere's "King Lear," the husband of Goneril, Foneril, Lear's eldest daughter. Albany Regency. cy. A name given to a clique of New York politicians who controlled the machinery of the Democratic party in the State of New York from about 1820 to about 1854. Among its members were Van Buren, Marcy, Wright, and Dix. Albany River. A river in Canada, about 500 miles in length, flowing into James Bay. Albas in (äl'bä-sen), or Yaksa (yäksä). A former fortified town in the Amur Territory, Siberia, on the northern bend of the Amur: a center of Ru ian colonization in the 17th century. Albategnius (al-ba-teg'ni-us), Mohammed ben Jabir. Born in Me so pot am i a about 850: died 929. A noted Arabian astronomer. He discovered the motion of the sun, and introduced into mathematical calculation the use of the sine, in place of the entire chord of the arc which had previously been employed. Among his works are commentaries on Ptolemy's "Almagest," a treatise on astronomy and geography, etc. One of his astronomical works was translated into Latin, under the title "De Scient i a Stellarum" (Nuremberg, 1537). Albay (äl-bi'). A town of Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands. Population (1887), 11,986. Albe (al'be). The ancient Alba Fucentia, now a small village near Avezzano, in central Italy. It contains an ancient amphitheater of the usual Roman elliptical plan, 114 by 305 feet, estimated to have seated 20,000 people. The arena measures 68 by 159 feet. Al-Beladori (al-bel"ä-dō'ri), Abul Ha an Ahmed. Died at Bagdad about 895. An Arabian historian, author of a history of the conquest of Syria, the island of Cyprus, Me so pot am i a, Armenia, Egypt, Africa, Spain, Nubia, and the islands of the Mediterranean by the Arabs. He describes the condition of the conquered countries and various towns founded by the Moslems, among them Bagdad. Also Albeladory . Albemarle (äl-be-märl'). See Aumale . Albemarle. See Albemarle Island . Albemarle, Duke of. See Monk . Albemarle, Earl of. See Keppel . Albemarle Club. A London club, established in 1874, composed of ladies and gentlemen. Headquarters, 13 Albemarle street. Membership, 750. IMG:content-0047.png:[blocks in formation] by sand beaches, and communicating with Pam lico Sound on the south through Croatan and Roanoke Sounds. It receives the Roanoke River, and is connected with Chesapeake Bay by the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal and the Dismal Swamp Canal. Albemarle, The. A Confederate iron-clad ram, built on the Roanoke River about 30 miles below Weldon, North Carolina, during 1863. She did much damage to Union steamers during the spring of 1864, but was destroyed by Lieutenant W. В. Cushing during the night of Oct. 27 of that year. He attacked her in a small launch carrying a torpedo. For cing his way within the chain of logs which formed part of her defense, he exploded the torpedo under the ram's overhang. She was afterward raised, towed to Norfolk, and in 1867 stripped and sold. Albendorf (äl'ben-dorf). A village and frequented place of pilgrimage (to the sanctuary of the New Jerusalem), in the province of Silesia, Pru ia, on the Glatzer Nei e, northwest of Glatz. Albenga (äl-beng'gä). A seaport in the province of Genoa, Italy, the Roman Albingaunum, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 44 miles south west of Genoa. It contains a cathedral, an early Pointed church with sculpture of Runic type about the doorways. The baptistery is octangular, of the 10th century, with Corinthian columns, some early mosaics, and a curious tomb. The bridge over the Centa, the Ponte Lungo, between the railway-station and the town, is Roman. All the piers of its ten arches, and much of the upper work, are antique. There are also medieval walls. The town contains a gymnasium and an episcopal seminary. Albères (äl-bar'). The eastern ramification of the Pyrenees, between Spain and the department of Pyrénées-Orient a les, France. Alberic (al'ber-ik) I. Slain by the Romans about 925 at Orta, Italy. A Lombard nobleman, patrician (also called senator, consul, and prince) of the Romans and duke of Spoleto, expelled from Rome by Pope John X. He married Marozia, daughter of The odor a. Alberic II. Died 954. A patrician and senator of the Romans, son of Alberic I. and Marozia. Alberoni (äl-bā-rōnē), Giulio. Born near Piacenza, Italy, May 31, 1664: died June 16, 1752. A statesman and cardinal, resident of the Duke of Parma at the Spanish court, negotiator of the marriage of Philip V. and Elizabeth Farnese, and prime minister of Spain, 1714 (or 1715) to 1719. His foreign policy led to the Quadruple Alliance and a war disastrous to Spain. Albers (äl'berz), Johann Fried rich Hermann. Born at Dorsten, Westphalia, Nov. 14, 1805: died at Bonn, May 12, 1867. A German physician and profe or at Bonn, author of "Atlas der pathologischen Anatomie" (1832-62), etc. Albert (al'bert), G. Albrecht (äl'brecht), surnamed "The Bear," from his heraldic emblem. Born at Ballenstädt, Germany, about 1100 (11069): died at Ballenstädt, Nov. 18, 1170. Margrave of Brandenburg, son of Otto the Rich, count of Ballenstädt. He received a grant of Lusatia 1125 (retaining it, however, but a few years), and of the Nordmark 1134; obtained the duchy of Saxony 1138, which he soon lost; attacked the Wends 1136-37 and later, and conquered a large part of their territory; and a umed the title of margrave of Brandenburg 1150. Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed “The Proud." Born 1158: died June 25, 1195. Margrave of Mei en from 1190 to 1195. In attempting to oppre his younger brother Diet rich, who had inherited Wei enfels, he incurred the enmity of the emperor Henry VI., and died by poison, administered, it is said, by an agent of the empeгог. Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed "The Tall." Born 1236: died Aug. 15, 1279. Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, son of the first duke, Otto the Child. He was captured by the sons of the margrave Henry, Oct. 27, 1263, in the war of the Thu ring i an succe ion, and was released in 1264, on the payment of 8,000 marks in silver and the ce ion of the Guelph cities and castles on the Werra. Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed "The Bad." Died 1314. Landgrave of Thu ring i a after 1265, and margrave of Mei en from 1288 to 1293. By his second wife, Cunegonde of Eisenberg, he was persuaded to exclude his sons by his first marriage from the succe ion in Thu ring i a in favor of Apitz, his son by Cunegonde. A war followed, in which he was taken captive by his son Frederick, and forced to sign a disadvantageous treaty at Rochlitz, Jan. 1, 1289. Albert I., G. Albrecht. Born about 1250: slain by a conspiracy at Windisch on the Reu , Switzerland, May 1, 1308. The eldest son of brother Otto from 1330, and after 1339 alone. Albert III., G. Albrecht. Died 1395. Son of of Austria. He alone as duke of Austria from 1379. Born about 1317: Albert I., G. Albrecht. died Feb. 18, 1379. The founder of the reigning house of Mecklenburg, created duke of Mecklenburg by the emperor Charles IV. in 1348. He came into po e ion of the duchy of Schwe rin in 1358 by the extinction of the ducal house, and secured the election of his second son Albert, by his first wife Euphemia of Sweden, as king of Sweden in 1363. Albert II., G. Albrecht. Died 1412. Son of Albert I. of Mecklenburg, elected king of Sweden in 1363. He was defeated by Queen Margaret of Denmark and Norway (widow of Hakon) at the battle of Falköping, Sept. 21, 1389, and taken prisoner. In 1395 he was released and renounced the throne of Sweden. Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed Achilles, and also Uly es, from his valor and sagacity. Born at Tangermünde, Pru ia, Nov. 9, 1414: died at An Frankfort-on-the-Main, March 11, 1486. elector of Brandenburg, third son of Frederick I. on whose death (1440) he succeeded to the principality of Ansbach. He inherited the princi pality of Baireuth in 1464 from his brother John, and received the electorate of Brandenburg in 1470 from his brother Frederick II., whose hearing had been destroyed by the discharge of a cannon. He carried on succe ful wars with Mecklenburg and Pomerania, and resisted the attempt of the Teutonic Knights to repo e themselves of Neumark. He was the author of the "Dispositio Achillea," a family ordinance providing for the separation of Brandenburg and Ansbach-Baireuth, and establishing primogeniture in each, according to Hallam the first instance of the legal establishment of the custom of primogeniture. Albert, G. Albrecht. Born at Ansbach, May 16, 1490: died March 20, 1568. Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, last grand master of the Teutonic Knights, and first duke of Pru ia: younger son of Frederick of Ansbach, who was the second son of Albert Achilles, elector of Brandenburg. He was elected grand master Feb. 13, 1511; made his entry into Königsberg Nov. 22, 1512; carried on war with his suzerain, the king of Poland, 15191525, in a futile attempt to regain the independence of Pru ia, the Or dens land of the Teutonic Knights; secured by the treaty of Cracow, April 8, 1825, the conversion of Pru ia into a secular duchy, hereditary in his family; and forby the was mally introduced the Reformation aided his ecclesiastical reforms advice of Luther. He was the founder of the University of Königsberg (1544), the third Protestant university. Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed "The Bold." Born July 17, 1443: died at Emden, Pru ia, Sept. 12, 1500. Duke of Saxony, younger son of Frederick the Gentle, and founder of the Albertine Saxon line. In the division of the Saxon dominions in 1485 he received Mei en. Albert IV., G. Albrecht, surnamed “The Wise." Born Dec. 15, 1447: died March 18, 1508. Duke of Bavaria, third son of Albert III. After the death of his oldest brother John he became (1465) со sole ruler. regent with the second brother Sigismund, and later (1467) Albert, G. Albrecht. Born June 28, 1490: died at Aschaffenburg, Sept. 24, 1545. The youngest son of the elector Johannes Cicero of Brandenburg, archbishop of Magdeburg 1513, archbishop and elector of Mainz 1514, and cardinal 1518. To him was intrusted the sale of indulgences in one district of Germany, and Tetzel acted as his commi ioner. See Tetzel , Luther . Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed Alcibiades. Born at Ansbach, March 28, 1522: died at Pforzheim, Jan. 8, 1577. A margrave of Brandenburg, partizan and later opponent of the emperor Charles V. He was defeated by Maurice of Saxony at Sie vers hausen, in Lüneburg, July 9, 1553. Albert, G. Albrecht or Albert. Born Nov. 13, 1559: died July, 1621. An archduke of Austria, sixth son of the emperor Maximilian II. He was educated for the church, and became a cardinal 1577, and archbishop of Toledo 1584. From 1584 to 1596 he was viceroy of Portugal, and was appointed governor of the Spanish Netherlands in 1596. In 1600 he was defeated by Maurice of Na au at Nieupoort, and concluded an armistice of 12 years with the Netherlands in 1609. Albert, Count of Geierstein. A character in Sir Walter Scott's novel "Anne of Geierstein," a restle intriguer and head of the Vehmgericht. Pursued by Charles of Burgundy, he takes refuge in a monastery and is known as the "Black Priest of St. Paul's." By order of the Vehmgericht he kills Charles of Burgundy in battle. Albert. In Goethe's "Sorrows of Werther," a young farmer who marries Charlotte, with Albert whom Werther is in love. He represents Kestner, one of Goethe's friends. See Werther . Albert (äl-bar') (original name, Alexandre Martin). Born April 27, 1815: died May, 1895. A French mechanic, noted as a revolutionist and follower of Louis Blanc. He was a member of Feb., 1848, and of Con the provisional erne ned May was sentenced to deportation for complicity in the rity of May 15, 1948; recovered his the amnesty of 1859. In 1870 he took a prominent part in the defense of Paris. Albert (al'bert). In Sheridan Knowles's play "The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green," the real Lord Wilfrid, appearing as the Blind Beggar. Albert (äl-bar'), formerly Ancre (änkr). A town in the department of Somme, France, on the Ancre 28 miles northeast of Amiens. Population (1891), commune, 6,169. Albert (al'bert), G. Albrecht (äl'brecht), Fried rich He in rich. Born Oct. 4, 1809: died Oct. 14, 1872. Prince of Pru ia, fourth son of Frederick William III. He commanded in the fourth cavalry division in the Franco-Pru ian war, and participated in the battles of Sedan, Artenay, and Orleans. Albert, G. Albrecht, Fried rich Rudolf. Born at Vienna, Aug. 3, 1817: died at Arco, Tyrol, Feb. 18, 1895. Archduke of Austria, eldest son of Archduke Charles, noted as a soldier and military writer. He served in Italy 1848-49, and as commander of the army of the south gained the victory of Cus tozza June 24, 1866. (See Custozza.) The same year he was made commander-in-chief of the Austrian army. Albert Francis August us Charles Emmanuel. Born at the Rosenau, near Coburg, Germany, Aug. 26, 1819: died at Windsor Castle, England, Dec. 14, 1861. Prince Consort of England, second son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg Goth a. He married Queen Victoria Feb. 10, 1840, and was made prince consort June 25, 1857. IMG:content-0048.png:[blocks in formation] central Africa, intersected by lat. 2o N., long. Albingians (al-bin'ji-anz). [Properly North 31° E., one of the main sources of the Nile, dis- covered by Sir Samuel Baker, March 14, 1864. Its length is 97 miles, and its area about 2,000 square miles. Alberta (al-ber'tä). A provisional district formed in 1882 in the Northwest Territories, Canada, bounded by Athabasca on the north, Saskatchewan and A in i boi a on the east, the United States on the south, and British Columbia on the west. It sends one representative to the Dominion Parliament. It is traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railroad. Chief town, Calgary. Area, about 100,000 square miles. Population (1901), 65,876. Albert i (äl-bar'tē), Leone Battista. Born at Florence, Feb. 18, 1404: died at Rome, 1472. A noted Italian poet, musician, painter, sculptor, and architect, author of "De re Ædif i cat or i a" (1485), etc. Albertine Line (al'ber-tin lin). The younger and royal branch of the Saxon house which descended from Albert (G. Albrecht), duke of Saxony (1443-1500). He ruled jointly with his brother Ernst (see Ernestine ) from 1464 to 1485, when they came into po e ion of Thu ring i a by inheritance, and agreed upon a division, Albrecht taking an eastern and a western portion, with the Ernestine lands intervening between them. Albert in ell i (äl-bar-ti-nel'lē), Mariotto. Born at Florence, Oct. 13, 1474: died at Florence, Nov. 5, 1515. A Florentine painter, an a ociate and imitator of Fra Bartolommeo. Albert randy (äl-ber-trän ́di), John (Jan) Baptist. Born at Warsaw, Dec. 7, 1731: died at Warsaw, Aug. 10, 1808. A Polish Jesuit and Albert, G. Albrecht, Kasimir. Born at Mor- itzburg, near Dresden, July 11, 1738: died at Vienna, Feb. 11, 1822. Duke of Saxe-Teschen, an Austrian general, son of August us III. of Poland. He was defeated by Dumouriez 1792. historian, of Italian parentage, librarian to Albert, G. Albrecht, Fried rich August. Bishop Zaluski in Warsaw, and later to Stanis- Born at Dresden, April 23, 1828: died at the laus August us, and a notable collector of manu- Castle of Sibyllenort, Silesia, June 19, 1902. scripts relating to Polish history. He was King of Saxony, son of King John of Saxony, appointed by Stanislaus bishop of Zenopolis. whom he succeeded 29,1873. As crown prince Albert us Magnus (al-ber'tus mag'nus). [L., he commanded in the Franco-German war an army corps, and later the Army of the Meuse. Albert the Great.'] Born at Lauingen, Swabia. and finally returned to Cologne. He was made bishop of Ratisbon in 1260, but soon resigned and retired to a convent where he died. Among his numerous pupils was Thomas A quinas. He was famous for his extensive learn ing which gained for him his surnames "The Great" and "Doctor Universal is," and was even reputed to be a magician; but his modern critics differ greatly in their estimates of his attainments and ability. "He was the first scholastic who reproduced the philosophy of Aristotle systematically, with thoroughgoing consideration of the Arabian commentators, and transformed it in accordance with the dogmas of the church" — to the practical exclusion of Platonic influences. His works fill twenty-one volumes, and relate chiefly to physical science: they in clude a sort of encyclopedia of the learning of his times. March 5, 1825: died there, May 5, 1886. A Ger- Albertville (äl-bar-vēl'). A town in the de- man photographer, inventor of the Albertype. part ment of Savoie, France, near the Arly, Albert (äl-bar'), Paul. Born at Thionville, 23 miles northeast of Chambéry. Population Dec. 14, 1827: died at Paris, June 21, 1880. A (1891), 5,854. French literary historian, profe or at Poitiers, Albi, or Alby (äl-be'). The capital of the de- and later (1878) at the Collège de France: a up art ment of Tarn, France, situated on the thor of "La littérature française" (1872-75), "His to ire de la littérature romaine" (1871), etc. Albert Edward Nyanza (nyan'zä). A lake in central Africa, south of Lake Albert Nyanza, and connected with the latter by the Semliki, discovered by Stanley in 1877 and revisited by him 1888-89. Its native name is Muta Nzige. Albert Chapel. See Windsor . Albert Embankment. See Thames Embank ments . Tarn: the ancient Albiga. It has a cathedral (of St. Cecilia) and an archiepiscopal palace, and is the seat of a bishopric. It was a stronghold of the Albigenses, to whom it gave their name. The cathedral is a unique monument, ma ively built of brick, with the base of its walls sloped outward, the openings all high above the ground, and otherwise fitted to serve not only as a church but as a citadel. It is chiefly of the 14th century. It has a ma ive and lofty western tower, and a beautiful florid triple porch on the south side, lavishly carved in stone. The interior, without aisles or transepts, is 262 feet long, 62 wide, and 98 high, surrounded between the buttre es by 2 tiers of chapels. The celebrated 15th-century roodloft and choir-screen are rich with delicate tracery and excellent figure and foliage sculpture. The roof and walls are covered with Italian frescos dating from about 1505. Albert Hall. A covered amphitheater in Lon- don, finished in 1871. Its axes are 270 and 240 feet, Population (1891), commune, 20,903. The exterior is of brick, with ornament of colored tiles those of the arena 100 and 70, and it can seat 8,000 persons. Albigenses (al-bi-jen'sēz). A collective name for the members of several anti-sacerdotal sects centuries: so called from Albi, in Langue doc, where they were dominant. They revolted from the Church of Rome, were charged with Manichæan errors, and were so vigorously persecuted that, as sects, they had in great part disappeared by the end of the 13th century. A crusade against them was preached by Pope Innocent III. in 1208, and was led by Arnold of Citeaux and Simon de Montfort. The war of extermination, which lasted for several years, was one of the bloodiest in history. Their Albert Memorial. A monument, in London, erected to the memory of the Prince Consort, Albert of Saxe-Gotha, on the south side of Kensington Gardens, built from the designs of Sir Gilbert Scott. It consists of a colo al bronze doctrines are known chiefly from the writings of their statue of the prince, seated, beneath an ornate spired orthodox enemies. Also called Cathari , and by many canopy in the Pointed style, which rises to a height of 175 other names. Albingians ; LL. Nordalbingi (cf. L. Albis , the Elbe), G. Nordalbingisch .] A Saxon tribe living north of the Elbe (whence the name) in the present Holstein. They were first made known to Europe by the campaigns of Charlemagne in the 8th century. Their language was the Low German dialect of Holstein. With the other closely related dialects, Westphalian, Middle Saxon, and East Saxon, it forms the group specifically called Saxon. Albini (äl-bēnē), Franz Joseph, Baron von. Born at St. Goar, May 14, 1748: died at Dieburg, Jan. 8, 1816. A German statesman, head of the government of the electorate of Mainz during the French revolutionary period. Albino van us Pedo. See Pedo . Albinus (al-bin us; G. pron. äl-bē'nös), or Wei (vis), Bernhard Siegfried. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Feb. 24, 1697: died at Leyden, Sept. 9, 1770. A German anatomist, profe or of medicine and anatomy in the University of Leyden: author of "Tabulæ Sceleti et Musculorum Corp or is Humani" (1747), etc. Albinus (al-bi'nus), Clodius (Decimus Clodius Ceionius Septimius A.). Died after the battle of Lyons, 197 A. D. A Roman commander, proclaimed emperor by the armies in Gaul and Britain in 193 A. D., and probably recognized as Cæsar by Severus in 194: said to have been called "Albinus" from the fairne of his body. He was defeated by Severus in 197. Albinus, Spurius Postumius. Roman consul 334 and 321 B. c., and commander at the defeat of the Caudine Forks. Albion (al'bi-on), or Alebion (a-lē'bi-on). [Gr. Ἀλβίων οι Αλεβίων .] In cla ical mythology, a i son of Poseidon and brother of Dercynus or Bergion. He and his brother lost their lives in an attack on Heracles as the latter pa ed through their country (Liguria) with the of Geryon. Albion abonen er albion , Gr. Αλβίων, Ἀλουίων , from Old Celtic * Albion , iōn , Ir. Alba , Alpo Elbu (gen. Alban , dat. acc. Albain ), W. Alban (see Albin ), lit. white land,' with reference to the chalk cliffs of the southern coast. Cf. Alps .] The ancient name of Britain: restricted in later poetic use to England. Alban and Albin were ancient names for the Highlands of Scotland. Albion. The capital of Orleans County, New York, 43 miles northeast of Buffalo. Popula- tion (1900), village, 4,477. Albion. A city in Calhoun County, southern Michigan, 38 miles south-southwest of Lansing. Population (1900), 4,519. Albion and Albanius (al-bā'ni-us). An operatic entertainment by Dryden, produced in 1685, allegorically representing the chief events of King Charles II.'s reign. Albion was Charles himself and Albanius was James, duke of York. It was not printed till 1691. Albion's England. A rimed chronicle of English history, by William Warner, published in 1586. It was seized as contraband by the order of the archbishop, of Canterbury, for no reason that is now asAlbion Knight. A comedy morality published signable. in 1565. It turns on the want of concord between the lords temporal and the lords spiritual. Albireo (al-bir'ē-ō). [Origin doubtful, but conjectured to be a corruption of ab ireo in the Latin version of the "Almagest."] The usual name for the yellow third-magnitude star B Cygni, in the beak of the swan. It is coarsely double with a fine contrast of color between the two components. Albis (al'bis). The Latin name of the Elbe. Albis (äl'bes). A low mountain-range in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland, west of Lake Albistan (al-bi-stän'), or Elbistan (el-bi-stän'). Zürich. Its best-known summit is the Ütliberg. A town in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey, on the Jihun 40 miles northeast of Marash. sultan Bibars defeated here the Turks con and Mongols in 1277. Population, 8,000 (?). Albitte (äl-bēt'), Antoine Louis. Died 1812. A French radical revolutionist, member of the Legislative A embly, 1791. He was demned to death for participation in the revolt of May 20, 1795, against the Convention, but succeeded in avoiding capture. Under the Directory he was appointed mayor of Dieppe, after the 18th Brumaire was engaged in military affairs, and finally perished in the retreat from Moscow. 4 231 IMG:content-0049.png:[blocks in formation] Albizzi (al-bēt'sē). A noted Italian family, Albret, Jeanne d'. Born at Pau, France, Jan. originally of Arezzo, which played a conspic-7, 1528: died at Paris, June 9, 1572. A queen uous part in Florentine affairs during the 14th and 15th centuries. They belonged to the democratic Guelph party. Albizzi, Bartolommeo, L. Bartholomæus Albicius Pisanus ('of Pisa'). Born at Rivano in Tuscany: died at Pisa, Dec. 10, 1401. A noted Francis can monk and religious writer: author of "Liber conform it a tum sancti Francisci cum Chris to" (first ed. folio, Venice, undated). Albo, Joseph (äl'bō). Born at Soria in Spain: died there, 1444. A Jewish physician, theologian, and philosopher. He wrote a work entitled "Ikkarim" (fundaments") which comprises a complete system of the Jewish religion. Alboin (al'boin). Died at Verona in 573. King of the Lombards from about 553 (5607) to 573, son of Alduin, whom he succeeded. He destroyed the kingdom of the Gepidæ (566), and married Rosamunda, daughter of the slain king Cunimund. In 568 he conquered Italy as far south as the Tiber, and established the kingdom of the Lombards with Pavia as its capital. He was murdered at the instigation of Rosamunda, whom, at a carousal, he had ordered to drink from her father's skull. She is said to have employed for this purpose a common soldier (Helmichis, Alboin's shield-bearer) whom she first allowed to become her paramour, whom she then offered the choice of perishing through the jeal ousy of Alboin or of becoming his murderer. This story is probably unhistorical. Albona (äl-bō'nä). A town in Istria, Austria Hungary, 42 miles southeast of Trieste. Popu lati on (1890), commune, 10,379. Alboni (äl-boʻnē), Marietta. Born at Cesena, Italy, March 10, 1823: died at Paris, June 23, 1894. A celebrated contralto singer. She studied under Madame Bertoletti and later under Ros. sin i (Grove), and made her début at the Communal Theater in Bologna with great succe , appearing immediately afterward at La Scala in Milan. She sang in all the Continental and English cities and in America until 1867, when her husband, Count Pepoli, a Bolognese, died. In 1872 she reappeared in "Il Matrimonio Segreto" at the It aliens. In 1877 she married again an officer of the Garde Républic aine, M. Zieger. Al Borak (al boʻrak). [Ar., 'lightning."] A legendary animal, white in color, in size between a mule and an a , with two wings, and of great swiftne , on which Mohammed is said to have made a nocturnal journey to the seventh heaven, conducted by the angel Gabriel. Albornoz (äl-bor'nōth), Gil Alvarez Carillo de. Born at Cuenca, Spain, about 1300: died at Viterbo, Italy, Aug. 24, 1367. A Spanish prelate (archbishop of Toledo) and soldier, a supporter of the papal authority in Italy. of Navarre, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre, and Margaret of Valois, wife of Antony of Bourbon, and mother of Henry IV. of France, noted as a supporter of the Huguenots. Alb right (al'brīt), Jacob. Born near Potts town, Pa., May 1, 1759: died 1808. An American Methodist clergyman, founder of the denomination named the "Evangelical A ocia tion." Albrizzi (äl-brēt'sē), Isabella Teotochi, Counte d'. Born in Corfu, 1763: died at Venice, Sept. 27, 1836. A Venetian patrone of literature and art, called by Byron "the Madame de Staël of Venice": author of "Descrizione delle opere di Canova" (1809-25), etc. Alcantara quered Rio Grande do Norte from the Indians 1598-99 and French, and was made captain-general of that colony. Čeará in 1613. In Nov., he took Maranhão from the Albuquerque, Mathias de. Said to have been born in Brazil: died at Lisbon, June 9, 1647. A Portuguese general, governor of Pernambuco in 1624, and, after the Dutch had taken Bahia (May, 1624), acting governor-general of north ern Brazil. He recovered Bahia in 1625. After visiting Madrid he returned to Pernambuco, in Oct., 1629, as governor, and in Feb., 1630, abandoned Olinda and Recife (Pernambuco) to the Dutch. In Dec.; 1635, he was ordered back to Madrid, whence he was sent to Portugal in disgrace. In 1640 Portugal threw off the Spanish yoke, and Albuquerque took a principal part in the war which followed. His decisive victory of Montijo or Campo Mayor (May, 1644) won for him the titles of Count of Allegrete IMG:content-0050.png:[blocks in formation] Albucasis (al-bu-kā'sis), or Abul-Casim (ä-böl of Jeronymo de Albuquerque Maranhão, ap- kä-sēm'), or Abul-Kasim el Zahrâwi. Born at Zahra al Tasrîf, near Cordova, Spain: Cordova about 1106. An Arabian physician, : died at pointed governor of Maranhão and Pará in 1642. Albuquerque Coelho, Jorge d'. See Coelho, Jorge d'Albuquerque . Arabian medical science. According to some he lived a century earlier. His work was partially translated Albyn. See Albion . into Latin and twice into Hebrew. ince of Badajoz, Spain, 12 miles southeast of Badajoz. Here, May 16, 1811, the Anglo-Spanish-Portu guese army (30,000) under Beres ford defeated the French (20,000) under Soult. The lo es were nearly even. Albufeira (äl-bö-fā'ō-rä). A small fishing port in the province of Algarve, Portugal, 21 miles west of Faro. Albufera de Valencia (äl-bö-fā'rä da vä-lān' the-ä). A lagoon, about 10 miles long, 7 miles south of Valencia, in Spain. Its revenues belonged to Godoy, later to Suchet (Duke of Albufera), and after him to the Duke of Wellington. Albula (äl'bö-lä). A pa in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, about 25 miles southeast of Coire, connecting the valleys of the Albula and Hinter-Rhein with that of the Inn. Its height is 7,595 feet. Albumazar (äl-bö-mä'zär). Born at Balkh, Turkestan, 805 (?): died at Wasid, central Asia Asia, 885. A celebrated Arabian astronomer, author of numerous works, including an introduction to astronomy, a "Book of Conjunction," and a treatise on astrology. Latin translations of the first two appeared at Augsburg in 1489, and again at Venice, the former in 1506 and the latter in 1515. The work on astrology was printed at Venice under the title "Flores Astrologiæ" (date unknown), and reprinted at Augsburg in 1588. His name is given to the leading character, a knavish astrologer, in a university play (in Alcacer-do-Sal (äl-kä'ser-dö-säl'). A trading situated on the Sado 50 miles southeast of Lisbon: the Roman Salacia. It has been the scene of various battles, particularly between Moors and Christians. Population, about 2,000. Alcæus (al-sē'us). [Gr. Ἀλκαῖος .] 1. A famous poet of Mytilene in Lesbos (about 611-580 B. c.), by some regarded as the first in rank of the lyric poets of Greece. He supported the nobles in their struggles with the tyrants of his native town, was banished, and led an eventful and wandering life. He was "the perfect picture of an unprincipled, violent, lawle Greek aristocrat, who sacrificed all and everything to the demands of pleasure and power" ( Mahaffy ). Fragments of his works remain. 2. In Greek legend, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. He was an ancestor of Hercules. Alcaforado (äl-kä-fō-rä'dō), Francisco. A. Portuguese navigator who took part in the expedition (of which he wrote an account) of João Gonzales Zarco to the island of Madeira in 1420. Alcalá de Chisbert (äl-kä-lä' da chēs-bārt'). [ Alcalá : Ar. 'castle.'] A town in the province of Cas tell on, Spain, situated near the Mediterranean 65 miles northeast of Valencia. Population (1887), 5,751. Alcalá de Guadaira (äl-kä-lä' da gwä-тніʻrä). A town in the province of of Seville, Spain, Spain, situated near the Guadaira 7 miles east of Seville. It contains a Moorish castle, an unusually fine example, tians. Population (1887), 9,055. Alcalá de Henares (äl-kä-lä' dā ā-nä'rās). A town in the province of Madrid, Spain, near the site of the Roman Complutum, situated on IMG:content-0051.png:[blocks in formation] Albrechtsberger (äl-brechts-ber'ger), Johann Georg. Born at Kloster-Neuburg, near Vienna, Feb. 3, 1736: died at Vienna, March 7,1809. An Austrian musician, distinguished especially as a contrapuntist: author of "Gründliche An We i sung zur Komposition" (1790), etc. Albrechtsburg (älbrechts-börg). An extensive castle at Mei en, Saxony, founded in 1471 by the princes Ernst and Albert. It is a picturesque pile, dominated by towers and lofty roofs, and by the openWork spire of its Johanniskapelle. The large banqueting hall is an imposing room, with wooden figures of Saxon princes. There is much excellent vaulting. Since 1863 the whole has been restored and decorated with IMG:content-0052.png:[ocr errors] acted by the gentlemen of Trinity College, Cambridge, be- fore King James I. in 1614. It is founded on "L'Astrologo" of Gian Battista del Porta, 1606. Dryden revived it in 1748. In 1734 a comedy called "The Astrologer" (pro- duced in 1744) was founded on it by Ralph. Albuquerque (äl-bö-kar'ke). A town in the province of Badajoz, Spain, 24 miles north of Badajoz. Population (1897), about 10,000. Albuquerque. The capital of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, situated on the Rio Grande 58 miles southwest of Santa Fé: an important railroad center. It consists of two set tlements, the old town and the new town. The latter was founded in 1881. The old town dates from the 17th century. Population (1900), new city, 6,238. Albuquerque, Affonso de, surnamed "The Great" and "The Portuguese Mars." Born at Alhandra, near Lisbon, 1452 (1453): died at sea near Goa, India, Dec. 16, 1515. A celebrated Portuguese navigator and conqueror, the founder of the Portuguese empire in the East. Appointed viceroy of India, he landed on the coast of Malabar in 1503, conquered Goa and afterward the whole of Malabar, Ceylon, the Sunda Islands, the peninsula of Malacca, and the island of Ormuz. King Emmanuel appointed a personal enemy of Albuquerque to supersede him. On his return, he died at sea. He was an extraordinary man, and made the Portuguese name profoundly respected in the East. Albuquerque, Duarte Coelho de. See Coelho de Albuquerque , Duarte . Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la Cueva, Duke of. See Fernandez de la Cueva . est on is ice. Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la Cueva Henriquez, Duke of. See Fernandez de lain manufactory was conducted here. Albreda (äl-bra'dä). A in Sene gambia, la Cueva Henriquez . situated on the Gambia River 20 miles above Albuquerque, Jeronymo de. Born about 1514: Bathurst. Population, 7,000 (?). Albret (äl-bra), House of. A Gascon family which arose in the 11th century, and derived its name from the Château d'Albret. Its best known members are Charles d'Albret, count of Dreux, who was killed in the battle of Agin court in 1415; Louis d'Albret (died 1465), cardinal bishop of Cahors; Jean d'Albret, who became king of Navarre by his marriage With Catherine of Foix in 1484; Jeanne d'Albret (see below); and César-Phébus d'Albret, marshal of France and the last descendant of the house in the male line. died at Olinda, near Pernambuco, about Feb. the Henares 17 miles east by north of Madrid: the birthplace of Cervantes. It was formerly famous for its university, founded by Cardinal Ximenes, which was removed to Madrid in 1836. Population (1887), 13,543.. Alcalá de los Gazules (äl-kä-lä' dã lōs gä-thö'las). A town in the province of Cadiz, Spain, 30 miles east of Cadiz. Population (1887), 9,802. Alcalá la Real (äl-kä-läʻlä rä-äl'). A town in the province of Jaen, Spain, 27 miles northwest of Granada. Population (1887), 15,802. Alcalá y Herrera, Alonso de. A Portuguese writer of Spanish origin, who published in 1641 five Spanish tales in each of which one of the five vowels is omitted. Ticknor . Alcamenes, or Alkamenes (al-kam'e-nēz). [Gr. Ἀλκαμένης .] Born at Lemnos, of Attic descent, or at Athens: flourished about 448-404 B.C. A Greek sculptor, according to Pausanias the most skilful pupil of Phidias. The same author ascribes to him the centaur conflict on the western pediment of the temple of Zeus recently recovered at Olympia. This must have been a very early work of the master. His recorded works were statues of gods and heroes mainly. His Aphrodite "of the gardens" was one of the great statues of antiquity. His statue of ivory and gold of Æsculapius may be represented in the beautiful head in the British Museum, found at Melos. Alcamo (äl'kä-mō). A town in the province of Trapani, Sicily, 24 miles west-southwest of Palermo. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Segesta. Population, about 37,000. Alcandre (äl-kon'dr). A character in Made moiselle de Scudéry's romance "Clélie": a wars against the Indians in Brazil, whither he went in 1535. In 1548 he was captured by the Cahetes tribe, but gained their good will and married the daughter of a chief. Albuquerque Maranhão, Jeronymo de. Born at Pernambuco, 1548: died at Maranhão, Feb. 11, 1618. A Brazilian soldier, son of Jeronymo de Albuquerque and an Indian mother. He con Alcántara Alcántara. [Ar., 'the bridge.'] A small town in the province of Cáceres, Spain, the ancient Norba Cæsarea, situated on the Tagus 31 miles northwest of Cáceres. The famous bridge of Trajan, over the Tagus, built in 105 A. D., exists to-day practically as the Romans left it. It is built without cement, and is one of the most imposing of masonry bridges. It is about 670 feet long, and 210 feet high from the river-bed, with six arches. The two central arches each have a span of 110 feet. A plain triumphal arch rises over the middle pier. Another notable structure is the monastery of the Knights of Alcántara, begun in 1506, and now in ruins. The florid Pointed church is divided by slender piers into lofty, gracefully vaulted aisles. The cloisters are fine, and the buildings, both for residence and for defense, of great extent and ma ivene . Population, about 4,000. Alcantara. A seaport in the province of Maranhão, Brazil, in lat. 2° 25′ S., long. 44° 25′ W. Alcántara, Francisco Martin. Born in the province of Estremadura, probably about 1480: killed at Lima, Peru, June 26, 1541. A Spanish soldier, half-brother of Francisco Pizarro on the mother's side. He left Spain with Pizarro in 1529, and was with him during part of the conquest of Peru. He received a large inheritance which was unjustly taken from the younger Almagro. Alcantara was killed with Pizarro. Alcantara, Doctor of. An operetta by Julius Eichberg produced in Boston in 1862, "the most succe ful work of any pretensions with an exclusively American reputation" ( Grove ) . Alcántara, Knights of. A religious and military order in Spain, created about 1156 by the brothers Don Suarez and Don Gomez de Barrientos to combat the Moors. In 1177 it was confirmed by Pope Alexander III. as a religious order of knighthood under Benedictine rule. It took its name from the fortified town of Alcántara, with whose defense it was intrusted about 1213, having hitherto been known as the order of the Knights of San Julian del Pereyro. In 1494-95 the grand mastership was vested in the crown, and in 1540 the knights received permi ion to marry. In 1835 the order ceased to exist as a spiritual body, though it still remains in its civil capacity. Alcantara, Pedro de. See Pedro I. and II . of Brazil. Alcatraz (äl-kä-träz'). A small island north of San Francisco, the seat of a military prison. Alcaudete (äl-kou-whā't (äl-kou-whā'tā). A town in the province of Jaen, Spain, situated on a tributary of the Guadalquivir 23 miles southwest of Jaen. Population (1887), 9,188. Alcázar (äl-kä'thär). [Ar. al qaer , the castle.] 1. The palace of the Moorish kings and later of Spanish at Seville. A the original Alhambresque architecture, and extremely beautiful, though restored and too highly colored. Other portions have been added by succe ive Spanish sovereigns, from Pedro the Cruel. The gardens were laid out by the emperor Charles V. 2. A palace in Segovia, Spain, originally Moorish, occupied by the sovereigns of Castile from the 14th century. It was a large and strong medieval castle, with picturesque towers and turrets, and contained rooms of much historical interest. It was burned in 1862, and has been restored. Alcázar, Battle of. See Battle of Alcázar . Alcázar de San Juan (äl-kä thär då sän hwän). A town in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, a railway and manufacturing center. Population (1887), 9,557. Alcazar-Quivir. See Ka r - el - Kebîr . Alcazava So to may or, Simão de. Born about 1490: died on the east coast of Patagonia early in 1536. A Portuguese explorer, from 1522 in the service of Spain as a naval officer. In 1534 he fitted out, at his own expense, two ve els and 240 men, with the object of reaching Peru by the Straits of Magellan. Leaving San Lucar Sept. 21, he touched at the Abrolhos Islands, Brazil, and arrived at the Straits in Jan., 1535; attempting to pa , he was driven back by a storm, and wintered at Puerto de los Lobos (probably St. Joseph's or IMG:content-0053.png:[ocr errors]