Catholic

The government is a centralized republic: the president is elected for 4 years, and congre consists of a single house, the members elected for one year. The territory of Salvador was invaded by Pedro de Alvarado 1524, and conquered by Jorge de Alvarado 1528. Independence was proclaimed in 1821, and from 1823 to 1839 the country was a state of the Central American Union. Since then there have been frequent revolutions and wars with the other Central American republics. The present constitution dates from 1886, Area, 8,300 square miles. Population (estimated, 1891), 777,895. Salvages (säl-vä'zhaz) Islands. A group of small islands in the Atlantic, north of the CaIslands, about lat. 30°8′ N., long. 15° 51′ W. Salvandy (säl-von-de'), Comte Narci e Achille de. Born at Condom, Gers, France, June 11, 1795: died at the Castle of Graver on, Eure, France, Dec. 15, 1856. A French politician, publicist, and historical writer. Salvatierra (säl-vä-te-er'rä). A town in Spain, 18 miles south-southeast of Cáceres. Salvation Army, The. An organization formed upon a quasi-military pattern, for the revival of religion among the ma es. It was founded in England by the Methodist evangelist William Booth about 1865, under the name of the Christian Mi ion: the present name and organization were adopted about 1878. It has extended to the continent of Europe, to India, Australia, and other British po e ions, to the United States, South America, and elsewhere. Its work is carried on by means of proce ions, street-singing and -preaching, and the like, under the direction of officers entitled generals, majors, captains, etc. Both sexes participate in the services and direction of the body on equal terms. Besides its religious work, it engages in various reformatory and philanthropic enterprises. It has no formulated creed, but its doctrines bear a general resemblance to those common to all Protestant evangelical churches, and especially to those of Methodism. Salvator (sal-va'tor). A famous American race-horse, chestnut with white legs and blaze, foaled in 1886. In 1890 he won the Suburban and the match against Tenny (by Rayon d'Or); and in a race against time on the straight course at Mon mouth he made the record for one mile 1:35. This is still (1895) the fastest time for the distance. Salvator Rosa. See Rosa . Salve Regina (sal'vē rē-jină). [So named from its first words, L. salve , regina misericord iæ , hail, queen of compa ion!] In the Roman Catholic Church, an antiphonal hymn to the Virgin Mary. Salviati (säl-vē-ä'tē), Antonio. Born at Vi- cenza, Italy, in 1816: died at Venice, Jan. 25, 1890. An Italian artist. He revived the ancient Venetian gla industry at Murano in 1860. Salvini (säl-vē'nē), Tommaso. Born at Milan, Jan. 1, 1829. A celebrated Italian tragedian. He studied dramatic art with Gustavo Modena. His repu- northwest of Me in in gen. It has salt-works. Population (1890), 4,161. Salzwedel (zälts'vā-del). A town in the provinces (Ezra iv. 2-10). Although priests were sent to in- ince of Saxony, Pru ia, situated on the Jeetze 53 miles north-northwest of Magdeburg. It is a very ancient place, noted in the Altmark; was a Hanse- atic town; and has old churches and other buildings. Population (1890), 9,008. Sam (sâm). One of the great heroes of the Shah- nam ah, son of Nariman, father of Zal, and grand- father of Rustam. The most striking episode of his history is his exposure near Mount Alburz of his infant son Zal, whom he disowned because his hair was white, and who was reared by the Simurgh. (See Simurgh .) One night Sam saw in a dream a horseman coming from the direction of Hindu stan, who gave him news of his son. Called to inter- pret the dream, the wise men of the realm advised Sam to seek his son, who was brought to Sam by the Simurgh, received with joy, and invested with distinctions by both Sam and King Minuchihr-Sam intrusting to him his realm. Samaden (sä'mä den). [Romansh Samedan .] A tourist center and health-resort in the Upper Engadine, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situ- ated on the Inn 28 miles southeast of Coire. Height, 5,670 feet. Samael. See Sammael . Samak (sä-mäk'). The chief island of the Bah- rein group, Persian Sea, situated in lat. 26° Ν. Capital, Menama. Length, about 30 miles. Population, 60,000 to 70,000. Samaná (sä-mä-nä'). A peninsula in the east- ern part of the Dominican Republic. Length, about 40 miles. Samaná, or Santa Barbara de Samaná (sän'- tä bär bä-rä da sä-mä-nä'). A seaport in the Dominican Republic, situated on Samaná Bay in lat. 19° 12′ N., long. 69° 19′ W. Population, about 3,000. Samaná Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of the Dominican Republic, island of Santo Domingo, south of the peninsula of Samaná. It forms one of the largest and finest harbors in the world. Samanids (sam'a-nidz). A Persian dynasty which reigned in Transoxiana, Turkestan, from Samar (sä-mär'). One of the Philippine Islands, Capital, Catbalongan. It is separated from Luzon on the northwest by the Strait of San Bernard i no, and from Leyte on the southwest by the Strait of San Juanico. Length, 120 miles. Area, 4,367 square miles. Population of province of Samar (including neighboring small islands), Samarrah, or Samara (sä-märä). A small town in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Tigris 70 miles north-northwest of Bagdad: a noted Shiite place of pilgrimage. Samary (sä-mä-re), Jeanne Léonie Pauline. Born at Neuilly, March 4, 1857: died at Paris, Sept. 18, 1890. A French actre . She was the Ru ia, situated east of the Volga. It is bounded Samaveda (sä-ma-va'da). See Veda . by the Astrakhan, Saratoff, Simbirsk, Ka- zan, Ufa, Orenburg, the territory of the Ural Co acks, and Sambalpur, or Sumbulpur (sum-bul-pör'). 1. the Kirghiz Steppes. The chief occupation is agriculture. Area, 58,321 square miles. Population (1890), 2,665,300. 2. The capital of the government of Samara, situated at the junction of the river Samara with the Volga, about lat. 53° N., long. 50° 12′E. It is one of the chief ports on the Volga, and has a large trade in grain. Population (1891), 99,856. Volga at Samara. Length, about 300 miles. Samara (sam'a-ra). The ancient name of the Samara (sä-märä), rä), or Samhara (säm-häʼrä). A region in eastern Africa, bordering on the Red Sea east of Aby in i a. Samara. See Samarrah . Samarang (sä-mä-räng'). A seaport, capital of the residency of Samarang, Java, situated on the north coast in lat. 6° 58′ S., long long. 110° 26′ E. It is one of the chief ports in the island, exporting sugar, coffee, etc. Population, about 70,000. Sam arc and. See Sam ark and . Samaria (sa-ma'ri-ä). [L. Samaria , Gr. Σαμά- ρεια , also Σεμαρεών , Heb. Shomron , city of She- mer (Gr. Σέμαρος ).] 1. A name sometimes given to the kingdom of Israel.-2. A name given about the beginning of the Christian era to the central division of western Palestine, lying north of Judea and south of Galilee.-3. An ancient city of Palestine, situated in lat. 32° 15' N., long. 35° 12′ E. It was founded by Omri (899- 875 B. c.). After a siege of three years by Shalmaneser IV. it was taken by his succe or Sargon in 722, and settled with transported colonists. John Hyrcanus destroyed it Sambre-et-Meuse (sonbr'ā-mėz'). A depart- ment of France during the period of the repub- lic and the first empire. Capital, Namur. Sambro (säm'brō), Cape. A cape on the south- ern coast of Nova Scotia, south of Halifax, in lat. 44° 27′ N., long. 63° 35' W. Sambwa (säm'bwä). See Nyamwezi . Samgar-Nebo (sam'gär-nē'bō). [A yr., 'be gracious, Nebo.'] An officer in the army of Nebuchadnezzar, mentioned in Jer. xxxix. 3. Samhar. See Tigré . in 109, but it was soon rebuilt. Pompey included Samaria Samhara (eastern Africa). See Samara . in the province of Syria, and from the proconsul Gabinius Samian Sage. The. See Sage of Samos . it obtained the name of Gabinia or Gabiniopolis. Herod changed its name to Sebaste (August a) in honor of Au- gust us, and adorned it with magnificent buildings. Grad- ually Sebaste was surpa ed in growth by Nablus (She- chem). Down to the 6th and again in the 12th century an episcopal see of Sebaste is mentioned, and to this day a Greek bishop derives his title from it. At present Sebaste is represented by the insignificant Mohammedan village Sebastich, in which are still seen the ruins of a church erected by the Crusaders over the supposed grave of John the Baptist. Samaritans (sa-mar'i-tanz). A religious com- The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Samnite Wars Capua, the Samnites Teanum. (b) In 326-304 B. C.: the Romans were in general succe ful, though an entire Roman army was captured at the Caudine Forks by Pontius in 321; the Samnites were joined in the last years of the war by the Etruscans, Umbrians, Marsi, Peligni, etc. (c) In 298290: the Samnites were allied with the Umbrians, Etruscans, Cisalpine Gauls, and Lucanians; the Romans gained a decisive victory at Sentinum 295, and the power of the Samuites was broken. Samnium (sam'ni-um). In ancient geography, a mountainous district in central Italy. It was bounded by the country of the Marsi, Peligni, and Frentani on the north, Apulia on the east, Lucania on the south, Camp an i a on the southwest, and Latium on the west, and was inhabited by the Samnites, a race of Sabine origin. The Samnite confederacy included also the Hirpini and Pentri, and Samnite stock settled in Lucania and Camp an i a. The first treaty with Rome was concluded in 354 B. C. (For the wars with Rome, see Samnite Wars.) Part of the Samnites sided with Hannibal in the second Punic war. They took a leading part against Rome in the Social War of 90-88 B. C., and as partizans of Marius were finally defeated in the battle of the Colline Gate (82 B. C.). The principal towns were Bovianum, Æsernia, and Ben even tum. Samoa. See Samoan Islands . Samoan (sa-mō'an or sä-mō'än) Islands, or Samoa (sa-mo'a or sä-mō'ä), formerly Navigators' (nav'i-ga-torz) Islands. A group of islands in the South Pacific, situated about lat. 13° 30′-14° 30′ S., long. 168°-173° W. They are mostly volcanic. The principal islands are Savaii, Upolu, and Tutuila; chief town, Apia. The leading exports are copra, cotton, and coffee. Trade is in German and British hands. Samoa was explored by Bougainville in 1708. Christianity was introduced in 1830. In 1872 the harbor of Pango-Pango was granted to the United States as a coaling-station. An opposition king, Tamasese, protégé of the Germans, was in 1886 set up against King Malietoa, and in 1887 Germany declared war with the islands. In 1889 a conference of British, German, and American representatives met at Berlin, and the neutrality of the islands was guaranteed. Malietoa was restored the same year. Area, 1,100 square miles. Population (1887), 35,565. See Aρία . Samogitia (sam-ō-jish'i-ä). A former division of Lithuania, bordering on the Baltic, Pru ia, and Courland. Capital, Ro ieny. Most of it is now included in the Ru ian government of Kovno. Samos (sā'mos). [Gr. Σάμος.] One of the principal islands of the Ægean Sea, situated about lat. 37o N., west of Asia Minor, from which it is separated by a narrow strait. Capital, Vathy. It is traversed by a mountain-range. The chief exports are wine and raisins. It is a principality tributary to Turkey, administered by a prince appointed by the sultan, a isted by an a embly. The language is Greek; the religion, Greek Catholic. Samos was early colonized by Ionians. It became an important center of Greek com merce, civilization, and art, especially under the despot Poly crates, in the 6th century B. C. It was freed from Persian domination in 479 B. C.; was besieged and taken by Athens in 439 B. C.; and was later under Persian, A then i an, Pergamene, and Roman rule in turn. It took an important part in the Greek war of liberation, but was restored to Turkey in 1830. The present government was constituted in 1832. It is the Turkish Susam Ada i. Length, about 27 miles. Area, 180 square miles. Population (1894), 48,666. Samos. In ancient geography, the principal city of the island of Samos, Samos, situated on the southern coast. Samos, or Same. Ancient city in Cephalonia, Samosata (sa-mos'a-tä). In ancient geography, a town in Comma gene, Syria, situated on the Euphrates about lat. 37° 32′ N., long. 38° 36' E.: the modern Samsat. It was the birthplace of Lucian. Samoset (sam'ō-set). Lived in the first half of the 17th century. An Indian chief, a firm friend of the Pilgrim colonists at Plymouth. Samothrace (E. pron. sam'ō-thrās; L. sā-mothrā'sē). [Gr. Σαμοθράκη .] An island in the northern part of the Ægean Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated in lat. 40° 25′ N., long. 25° 30′ E.: the modern Samothraki. It was in much vogne in antiquity as a religious center, especially noted for its cult and mysteries of the Cabiri. It was particularly popular during the Alexandrine epoch, from which date many of its interesting monuments, though there are also temples of the archaic period. On this island was found the famous statue called "the Victory of Samothrace," now in the Louvre. The existing remains have recently been scientifically explored by Conze and Niemann. The circular temple, 62 feet in diameter, dedi. cated by Arsinoë, queen of Ptolemy II., had a basement wall of masonry, surmounted by 44 square piers with ornate capitals, supporting a Doric entablature. The Doric temple, of unusual plan for its Hellenistic date, apparently foreshadowing Roman types, was prostyle, hexastyle, with 2 intervening columns between angle-column and anta on each flank. The cella was divided into 3 aisles, and ended within in an apse, though square outside. The plan measures 43 by 120 feet. The area of the island is about 71 square miles. There are few inhabitants. Mount Phengari rises to the height of 5,248 feet. Sampson (samp's on). Servant of Capulet, in Shakspere's "Romeo and Juliet." Sampson, Deborah. Born at Plympton, Ma ., Dec. 17, 1760: died at Sharon, Ma ., April 29, 1827. An American woman who served in the Revolutionary War disguised under the name IMG:content-0867.png:[blocks in formation] and Samsöe. Samson (sam's on). [From Heb. Shemesh , sun.] Son of Manoah of the tribe of Dan, and the fif teenth in order of the "judges," or deliverers, who managed the affairs of Israel before the monarchy was established. His exploits and adventures with the Philistines, the hereditary enemies of his people, are related in the Book of Judges xiii.-xvi. Some exegetes relegate them to the sphere of myth, considering Samson, both because of his name and his exploits, a Semitic form of the Greek Hercules. It is, however, likely that the accounts of his deeds, though embellished by popular legend, rest on a foundation of historical fact. Samson. An oratorio by Handel, produced in London in 1743. The words are compiled from Milton's "Samson Agonistes" and several other poems. Samson (son-son'), Joseph Isidore. Born at St.-Denis, France, July 2, 1793: died at Auteuil, March 28, 1871. A noted French actor. He was admitted to the Conservatoire in 1811, played at first in the provinces, and was engaged at the Odeon in 1819. In 1826 he made his debut at the Comédie Française. He played with succe in nearly all the principal parts of cla ical and modern comedy. He retired from the stage in 1863, and gave le ons in dramatic art as profe or the Conservatoire. He also wrote a number of plays. at Samson Agonistes (sam's on ag-o-nis'tēz). [Gr. ἀγωνιστής , struggler, champion.] "A cla ical drama by Milton, printed in 1671. Samson and Delilah. 1. A painting by Van Dyck, in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. Samson has sprung from his couch, and, forced down on one knee, is struggling with soldiers who are binding him. Delilah, robed in white and red, looks on from the couch, mocking. 2. A painting by Rubens, in the Old Pinakothek at Munich. Samson, with one knee resting on Delilah's bed, is struggling against six Philistines, who seek to bind him. Delilah reclines carele ly, holding the sci ors. Samson et Dalila (son-son' a dä-le-lä'). An opera by Saint-Saëns, first produced at Weimar in 1877. Samsun (säm-sön'). A seaport in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 20′ N., long. 36° 21′ E. Population, about 2,000. Samucus (sä-mö-kös'), or Zamucus (thä-mökös'). Indians of the department of Santa Cruz, eastern Bolivia, between lats. 18° and 20° S. (northern border of the Gran Chaco region). They were formerly numerous, and were divided into several small tribes (Morotocos, Tapios, Guar an ocas, Samucus proper, etc.). D'Orbigny was the first to apply the name to the whole group. Physically they are a fine race, tall, well formed, and rather light-colored. They are hunters and agriculturists, and brave warriors but not quarrelsome. Their language, closely allied in the different tribes, is soft and musical: it appears to constitute a distinct stock. The race is nearly extinct. Samuel (sam'u-el). [F. Samuel , It. Samucle , D. G. Samuel , LL. Samuel , Gr. Σαμουήλ, Heb. She muēl . ] A Hebrew prophet. He was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, of the tribe of Ephraim (according to 1 sanctuary of Shiloh, under the eyes of the high priest Eli. Chron. vi. 27, 34, of the tribe of Levi), and grew up in the In his early youth he felt himself called to the exalted vocation of prophet, and obtained a place in the history of Israel second only to that of Moses. He was the preserver of the work of Moses, reuniting the people and averting the threatening decay and internal corruption. After the fall of the sanctuary of Shiloh and the defeat of Israel by the Philistines, Samuel rallied the people in Mizpah (modern Nebi Samwil), renewed the covenant with Jehovah, and repelled the Philistines. He thus became the religious and political reformer of Israel. To spread a healthy and pure religious life in Israel, he established the so-called "Schools of Prophets," a special feature of which was the cultivation of sacred poetry and song. His sons Joel and Abijah shared with Samuel the management of the affairs of the people. They were disliked, being accused of misusing their power. In addition to this, need for a leader in case of war became more and more felt. This resulted in the demand by the people for Samuel to place king at the head of the Israelite community. With a heavy heart the aged prophet acceded to the wish of the people, in which he saw the lo of their liberty and in dependence, and anointed Saul. Saul's disobedience in the war against Amalek caused a rupture between the prophet and himself, and his virtual deposition. Later he anointed David as king, and this is the last act recorded of him. He died at an advanced age in Ramah. The time of his activity falls at the end of the 12th and the begin ning of the 11th century B. C. The books of Samuel owe their title to the circumstance that they begin with the history of the prophet: they were not composed by him, Sancho Panza nor does his history form the chief part of their contents, Like the books of Kings, the books of Samuel formed orig. inally one book: the division was introduced in the old Greek and Latin versions. The books of Samuel comprise the history of Israel from the birth of Samuel to the death of David (which, however, is not distinctly recorded in the book)i. e., a period of more than 100 years. The first book relates the birth of Samuel, the establishing of the monarchy in Israel, and the conflict between Saul and David, closing with the death of Saul. The second book gives the history of David's reign. San (sän). See Bushmen and Khoikhoin . San. See Zoan . San (sän). A river in Galicia, Austria-Hungary. It rises in the Car path i ans, and joins the Vistula, near the Polish frontier, in long. 21° 50 E. Length, 243 miles. San, or Saint. For Portuguese and Brazilian names, see São . Sana, or Sanaa (sä-nä'). One of the chief towns of Yemen, Arabia, situated about lat. 15° 20′ N., long. 44° 20′ E. It has active commerce and manufactures, and was formerly the most important city of Arabia. It was taken by the Turks in 1872. Population, about 20,000. San Antonio (san an-to'ni-ō). A city, capital of Bexar County, Texas, situated on the San Antonio River about lat. 29° 30′ N., long. 98° 25' W. It consists of the city proper, Chihuahua (Mexican), and Alamo (largely German). Its trade is in wool, cattle, grain, hides, It is a railway center, the chief commercial town of western Texas, and the second city in the State. A fort was built here in 1714; the mi ion of the Alamo was established in 1718. Population (1890), 37,673. São Antão . San Antonio, or Sant'Antão (Cape Verd). See San Antonio (sän än-to'nē-ō), Cape. 1. A cape in the Argentine Republic, at the southern entrance to the Rio de la Plata.-2. A cape on the eastern coast of Spain, in the province of Alicante, projecting into the Mediterranean. -3. A cape at the western extremity of Cuba. San Antonio (sän än-to'ni-ō) River. A river in Texas which flows into Espiritu Santo Bay. Length, about 200 miles. San ballat (san-bal'at). [A yro-Babylonian Sin - uballit , Sin (the moon-god) has given life.] The chief and most hostile opponent of Nehemiah in his endeavors to restore the city of Jerusalem and its walls. He was connected by marriage with the house of the high priest Eliashib. He was, very likely, head of the Samaritans, and himself, as his name would indicate, a descendant of one of the colonists transplanted by the A yrian kings to Palestine. See Samaria . San Bernard i no (sän ber-när-dē'nō). An Alpine pa in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland. It connects the valleys of the Hint err he in and the Moësa, branching from the Splügen road at Splügen, and leading to Bell in zona. It was known to the Romans. Height, 6,768 feet. San Bernard i no, Mount. The loftiest mountain of the Coast Range, California, giving name to the San Bernard i no range. Height, 11,604 feet. San Blas, Cape. A cape on the southern coast of Florida, 123 miles east-southeast of Pensacola. San Blas, Bay of. A small inlet of the Caribbean Sea, on the northern side of the Isthmus of Panama. San Buenaventura Indians. See Chumash an . San Carlo (sän kär'lō). The largest and most famous theater of Naples. It was built in 1737; was burned in 1816, but immediately rebuilt; and in 1844 was thoroughly restored. Since 1860 its popularity has declined. San Carlos. See Ancud . Sancho (sän'cho) I., King of Castile. See San cho III ., King of Navarre. Sancho II., "The Strong." King of Castile 1065-72. He conquered Leon and Galicia. Sancho IV., "The Great." Born 1258: died 1295. King of Castile, son of Alfonso X. whom he succeeded in 1284. He took Tarifa from the Moors. Sancho I. King of Navarre 905-926. Sancho III., surnamed "The Great." King of Navarre 1001-1035. His dominion ultimately included Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon. Sancho (säng'shộ) I. Born 1154: died 1211. King of Portugal 1185-1211, son of Alfonso I. Sancho II. King of Portugal 1223-48, son of Alfonso II. Sancho Panza (sang'kō panzä; Sp. sän cho pän'thä). The "round, selfish, and self-important" squire of Don Quixote, in Cervantes's romance of that name.