Lima, Oct

22, 1883. Pacification of Ghent. See Ghent, Pacific a tion of . Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. [F. Océan Paci fique , or Océan Austral ('southern ocean'), or Mer du Sud ('south sea'), Sp. Mar Pacifico , Like most gold-fields, that of the Pactolus, so celebrated at an early period, was soon exhausted. By the time of August us it had ceased to produce gold. Rawlinson , Herod., III. 301. Pacuvius (pa-kū'vi-us), Marcus. Born at Brundisium, Italy, about 220 в. с.: died about 129 в. с. А celebrated Roman tragic poet. Only fragments of his plays have been pre served. Padan-aram (pā'dan-ā'ram). Apparently the same as Aram Naharaïm . See Aram . Padang (pä-däng'). A seaport on the western coast of Sumatra, situated in lat. 0° 58′ S., long. 100° 20′ E. It is the capital of the Dutch government of the west coast. Population, est i mated, 15,000. a manufacturing center. Population (1890), 12,797. Padula (pä-dö'lä). A town in the province of Salerno, Italy, 52 miles southeast of Salerno. Population (1881), 8,938. Padus (pā'dus). The ancient name of the Po. Pæan (pe'an). In Greek mythology, a surname of Apollo and of other gods. Pæonia (pē-ō'ni-ä). In ancient geography, a region in the interior of Macedonia. Pæonius (pē-ō'ni-us). [Gr. Παιώνιος.] A Greek sculptor of Mende in Thrace. His statue of Nike on a pillar, described by Pausanias, was discovered in 1875 with its inscription, and gives a perfect idea of this master's style. The eastern pediment of the Zeus temple discovered at the same time, and ascribed by Pausanias to Pæonius, is much inferior. Paer (pä-ar'), Ferdinando. Born at Parma, Italy, June 1, 1771: died at Paris, May 3, 1839. An Italian composer of opera. He was appointed maître de chapelle by Napoleon, and went to Paris in 1807; was director of the Italian opera there 1812-27; and was director of the king's chamber music in 1832. His works include "Camilla" (1801), "Sargino" (1803), and "Eleonora" (1804). Paes (pä-as'), or (by a double plural) Paezes (pä-ä'zāz). An Indian tribe of Colombia, in the mountains of the Central Cordillera, de- partments of Tolima and Antioquia. They were formerly powerful, and were at war with the Chibchas before the Spanish conquest. At present about 2,000 re- main in a semi-independent state. They have fixed vil- lages, practise agriculture on a small scale, and are noted hunters; though living at high altitudes, they go nearly naked. Their language is closely related to that of the Pan i quit as (which see). See also Pijaos . Paesiello. See Paisiello . Pæstum (pes'tum), originally Posidonia (pos- i-dō'ni-ä). [Gr. Παῖστον , Ποσειδωνία .] In ancient geography, a city in Lucania, Magna Græcia, Italy, situated near the sea in lat. 40° 25′ N., long. 15° E. It was a Greek city, a colony of Sybaris, founded about 600 B. C., and brought under Roman dom i- nation after the failure of Pyrrhus's invasion in 273 в. с. Under Roman rule Pæstum dwindled, and it was finally destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. The site is now deserted. The Greek walls are still standing through- out their circuit of 2 miles, with 8 towers and 4 gates more or le ruined: the plan is approximately trapezoidal. Within the walls the three archaic Doric temples form, from their remarkable state of preservation, the most im- pre ive Greek architectural group existing, except the monuments of Athens. Besides these beautiful temples, little is visible except remains of a Roman amphitheater, theater, and temple, all very ruinous. The temples of Pæstum are not mentioned by ancient writers, and were unknown to modern scholars until described by Ant on in i in 1745. The temple of Neptune, so called, is one of the three best-preserved Greek Doric temples, retaining all its exterior columns and most of those of the interior, and majestic in its aspect. It is peripteral, hexastyle, with 14 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, mea- suring 85 by 190 feet. The columns are 74 feet in base diameter and 29 feet high. Entablature and pediments are practically intact. Both pronaos and opisthodomos have two columns in antis. The cella has two double ranges of 7 Doric columns, the lower tiers of which are still complete. The temple is built of the local travertine, which has a umed from age a rich yellow color. It dates from the 6th century B. C. The temple of Ceres, so called, is Greek Doric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 13 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, measuring 47 by 107 feet. There was an interior portico before the pronaos, and no opisthodomos; the cella, however, had a rear chamber occupying about one third of its length, with a door in the back. Though many architectural details ap- pear debased, the temple probably dates from the early 6th century B. C. The Basilica, so called, is a Greek Doric peripteral structure of 9 by 18 columns, measuring 80 by 178 feet, on a stylobate of 3 steps. There are 5 columns between antæ in the pronaos, and the cella is divided longitudinally by a central range of columns. A reason- able explanation of this unusual plan is that the tem- ple was double, one half being dedicated presumably to Demeter and the other to Perse phone. Despite some poor architectural details which have been thought to indicate a late date, the temple probably belongs to the first part of the 6th century B. C. Pæstum, Gulf of. See Salerno , Gulf of . Pætus (pē'tus). See Arria . Paez (pä'ath), José Antonio. province of Bar in as, June 13, 1790: died in New York city, May 7, 1873. A Venezuelan general and politician. He was a distinguished cav- alry leader in the war for independence; captured Puerto Cabello, the last Spanish post in Venezuela, in 1823; and under the Colombian republic was military commandant of Venezuela from 1823, and jefe superior , with military and civil powers, from 1827. In 1829-30 he headed the movement by which Venezuela separated from Colom- bia; was president March 18, 1831, to Feb. 9, 1835, and again Feb. 1, 1839, to Jan, 28, 1843: in the interval between these terms he commanded the army and put down two rebellions. In Jan., 1848, he declared against Monagas, but was eventually defeated, imprisoned Aug., 1849, to March, 1850, and banished for some years. On the deposi- tion of Gual (Aug. 29, 1860), General Paez was proclaimed dictator by the army. He a umed the office Sept. 9, and held it until his final defeat by Falcon and Guzman Blanco, May, 1863. New York in 1867. Paez, Ramon. Born about 1825. An author, son of General J. A. Paez. He has written "Wild IMG:content-0774.png:[blocks in formation] Pagani (pä-gä'ne). A town in the province of Salerno, Italy, 21 miles east-southeast of Naples. Population (1881), 13,290. Page, Thomas Jefferson. Gloucester County, Va., Jan. 4,1808. An Ameri- can naval officer. As lieutenant-commander he was en- gaged 1853-56 in explorations in the Platine region, South America. In Feb., 1855, his ve el, the Water Witch (then in charge of Lieutenant Jeffers), was fired upon by a Paraguay an fort, and one man was killed: the fire was re- turned. Page resigned early in 1861; entered the Confeder- ate service; was commi ioned commodore; and in 1862 was sent to England to take charge of a cruiser. His ship was not permitted to leave, and he took command of a small ironclad at Copenhagen, but it was soon after seized in a Spanish port, thus ending his Confederate service. Subsequently he resided in the Argentine and in Florence, Italy. He is the author of "La Plata, the Argentine Con- federation, and Paraguay" (1859). Page, Thomas Nelson. Born in Hanover County, Va., April 23, 1853. An American lawyer and author. He is chiefly noted for his tales and verses in the negro dialect. Among his works are "In Ole Virginia, or Marse Chan and Other Stories" (1887), "Two Little Confederates" (1888), "On Newfound River" (1890), "The Old South" (e ays, 1892), "Meh Lady" (1893). Page, William. Born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1811: died at Tottenville, Staten Island, Oct. 1, 1885. An American painter, best known for his portraits. Among his other works are "Ve- nus," "Moses and Aaron on Mount Horeb," "Flight into Egypt," etc. Pagès. See Garnier- Pagès . Paget (paj'et), Henry William, first Marquis of Anglesey. Born 1768: died 1854. An Eng- lish general and politician. He served with distinc- tion in the Low Countries and in Spain 1808-09; and com- manded the British cavalry at Waterloo. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1828-29 and 1830-33. Later he was made field-marshal. Pago Pahang (pä-häng'). A native state under Brit- ish influence, in the eastern part of the Malay peninsula, north of Johore. Pahlanpur, or Pahlampoor. See Palanpur . Pahouins. See Fan . 2,180 . Paimbœuf (pań-bèf'). A decayed seaport in the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, 23 miles west of Nantes. Population (1891), commune, Paine (pān), Elijah. Born at Brooklyn, Conn., Jan. 21, 1757: died at Williams town, Vt., April 28, 1842. An American jurist and politician, United States senator from Vermont 1795-1801. Paine, Halbert Eleazar. Born at Chardon, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1826. An American general in the Civil War. He was Republican member of Congre from Wisconsin 1865-71, and United States commi ioner of patents 1879-81. He has published " A Treatise on the Law of Elections to Public Offices" (1888). Paine, John Knowles. Born at Portland, Maine, Jan. 9, 1839. An American composer and organist. He went to Berlin in 1858 to study, and in 1861 returned to America, where he gave several organ concerts. He was instructor of music at Harvard University in 1862, and profe or from 1876. Among his are a ma and the oratorio "St. Peter." He has also written a "Symphony in C Minor" and another called "Spring," besides chamber-music, cantatas, songs, etc. Paine, Martyn. Born at Williams town, Vt., July 8, 1794: died at New York, Nov. 10, 1877. An American physician, son of Elijah Paine, His works include "Cholera Asphyxia of New York" (1832), "Medical and Physiological Commentaries" (1840-44), "Institutes of Medicine" (1847), "Review of Theoretical Geology" (1856), etc. Paine, Robert Treat. Born at Boston, March 11, 1731: died there, May 11, 1814. An American patriot, politician, and judge: a signer of the Declaration of Independence as member of Congre in 1776. Paine, Robert Treat. Born at Taunton, Ma ., Dec. 9, 1773: died at Boston, Nov. An imprisoned in 1794; and returned to the United States in 1802. His "Age of Reason" was published in 1794. Painesville (pānz'vil). The capital of Lake County, Ohio, situated on Grand River 30 miles northeast of Cleveland. Population (1890), 4,755. Painter (pan'ter), Gamaliel. Born at New Palais, Le Pakhoi (päk-hoi'), or Peihai (pi-hi'), or Pei- hoi (pi-hoi'). A seaport in the province of Kwangtung, China, situated on the Gulf of Tongking in lat. 21° 29′ N., long. 109° 6' E. It was opened to foreign commerce in 1876. Pop- ulation, about 25,000. Pakht (pacht). In Egyptian mythology, a lion- Haven, Conn., May 22, 1743: died at Middle e -headed or cat-headed godde , with diffibury, Vt., May 21, 1819. An American politi-culty distinguishable from Bast. She was honored cian, chief founder of Middle bury College. Painter, William. Born in Middle sex about 1540: died at London in 1594. The author of a collection of translations called "The Palace of Pleasure." He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1554, and in 1561 was made clerk of the ord nance in the Tower of London. In 1566 he published the first volume of "The Palace of Pleasure," containing 60 novels. He originally intended it to contain only translations of tales from Livy and the older writers, but altered his plan and added tales taken from Boccaccio, Bandello, Str a parol a, and other Italian and French novel. ists. The second volume was published in 1567, contain ing 34 novels; a third volume, although announced, did not that were 100 in all, It is the largest prose appearer in later cedi tions & more novels were added, se work between "Morte d'Arthur" and North's "Plutarch," and is the source from which the Elizabeth an dramatists took many of their plots. Paisiello (pä-e-ze-el'lō), or Paesiello (pä-a-zē- el'lo), Giovanni. Born at Taranto, Italy, May 9, 1741: died at Naples, June 5, 1816. An Ital- ian composer of operas and church music. went to Naples when young, and in 1776 to St. Petersburg, where he produced "Il Barbiere di Siviglia." About 1784 he returned to Naples by way of Vienna, where he wrote "Il Ré Teodoro," and was made chapel-master to Ferdi- He nand IV. Here he remained for about 13 years, produ cing some of his best music: after this he went to Paris to organize the music of the chapel of Napoleon, where he excited much jealousy. He returned to Italy in 1804. He composed between 90 and 100 operas, and more than 100 ma es, etc. Among the operas, besides those mentioned above, are "Il Marchese di Tulip a no" (written before he went to Ru ia), "Nina, o la Pazza d'Amore," "La Molinara," etc. Paisley (pāz'li). A city in Renfrewshire, Scotland, situated on the White Cart, near the Clyde, 6 miles west by south of Glasgow. It is noted for the manufacture of thread, cotton and worsted goods, muslins, prints, starch, soap, corn-flour, machineryees, and for bleaching and dyeing, and was formerly famous for its manufacture of shawls. Its abbey church is of in terest: the abbey (at first a priory) was founded about 1164. Population (1891), 66,420. Paititi. See Paytiti . Paiute, or Piute (pi'ût). [Also Pah - Ede , Pah nute, Pah-Utah, Payucha , Piede , Piutah , Pyeed. The name is from pai or pi , true, and Ute .] A tribe or group of North American Indians. The name strictly belongs to a small tribe on Corn Creek, southwestern Utah, but is generally given to a number of Shoshonean tribes, eight of which are in southwestern Utah, seventeen in southeastern Nevada, four (including the Chemehuevi) in northern and western Arizona, and nineteen in southeastern California from Owens valley along the sierras to the south of Tulare Lake and east of the Coast Range. They number about 2,500: in Utah, 500; in northern and western Arizona, 500; in southern Nevada, 1,000; in southeastern California, 500. See Digger and Shoshonean. Paix des Dames (pā dā dām). [F., 'Ladies' of Peace. A name often given to the treaty Cambray (1529). See Cambray . Paixhans (pāks'anz; F. pron. pāk-sons'), Henri at Joseph. Born at Metz, Jan. 22, 1783: died Jouy-aux-Arches, near Metz, Aug. 19, 1854. A French general of artillery. He invented the Paixhans gun, and published "Nouvelle force maritime" (1822), etc. Pajol (pä-zhōl'), Comte Claude Pierrede. Born at Besançon, France, 1772: died at Paris, 1844. A French general. He was distinguished in the campaigns of Napoleon, and was prominent in the revolution of July against Charles X. (1830). Pajon (pä-zhôn'), Claude. Born at Rom orant in, France, 1626: died 1685. A French Protestant theologian, founder of the liberal theological system named from him Pajonism . He denied all immediate and special interferences by God in either the course of events or the spiritual life of the individual. Pajou (pä-zhö'), August in. Born at Paris, Sept. 19, 1730: died there, May 8, 1809. A French sculptor. Pakamali. See Atsugé . Pakawa (pä-ki-wä'), or Pinto (pēn'tō). [Sp. Pinto , painted.] A tribe of North American works were published in 1812. Paine, Thomas. Born at Thetford, Norfolk, England, Jan. 29, 1737: died at New York, June 8, 1809. An Anglo-American political writer and free-thinker. He emigrated to America in 1774; published in 1776 the political pamphlet "Common Sense,' in which he advoeated the independence of the American colonies; took a prominent part in support of the American Revolution; published the periodical "Crisis" 1776-83; went to Europe in 1787; published the "Rights of Man" 1791-92, for which he was outlawed from England; was elected to the French National Convention in 1793; was Grande in Texas and in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Of the tribe but two women were known to survive in 1886. These lived at La Volsa, near Reynosa, Tamaulipas. The name Pinto was applied by the Spanish in allusion to their custom of tattooing. See Coahuiltecan . Pakenham (pak'en-am), Sir Edward Michael. Born in Ireland, March 19, 1778: killed at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. A British general. brother of the Earl of Long ford. He served in the Peninsular war, commanded the expedition against New Orleans in 1814, and was defeated by in the battle of New Orleans. at Memphis as the wife of Ptah, and was identified with Isis as a bringer of misfortune, and by the Greeks, like Bast, with Artemis. Pakington (pā'king-ton), Sir John Somerset, first Baron Hampton. Born Feb. 20, 1799: died April 9, 1880. An English Conservative politician. He was colonial secretary in 1852: first lord of the admiralty 1858-59 and 1866-67; and war secretary 1867-68. He was created a baronet in 1846, and raised to the peerage as Baron Hampton in 1874. Paks (poksh). A town in the county of Tolna, Hungary, situated on the Danube 60 miles south of Budapest. Population (1890), 11,803. Palace of Honour, The. A poem by Gawain Douglas, written in 1501. It is an imitation of Chaucer's "House of Fame." Palace of Justice. See Palais de Justice . Palace of Pleasure, The. See Painter , William . Palaces of the Cæsars. A vast congeries of constructions in Rome, begun by August us and added to by succe ive emperors, occupying the Palatine Hill. Though in very ruinous condition, the plans have been in large part recovered by excavation, with architectural fragments sufficient for a far-reaching restoration; and many imposing walls and vaults, with in teresting wall-paintings and graffiti, remain in position. Palacio, Diego Garcia de. See Garcia de Pa lacio . Palacio (pä-lä 'the-ō), Raimundo Andueza. Born about 1840. A Venezuelan politician. He was the principal minister of Rojas Paúl 1888-90, and succeeded him as president for two years, March 19, 1890. In 1892 the elections were postponed, Palacio remaining in office until deposed by the revolt of Crespo, June, 1892, and banished. Pala Palacio, Vicente Riva. See Riva Palacio . Palacky (pä-läts'kē), František. Born at Hodslawitz, Moravia, June 14, 1798: died May 26, 1876. A Bohemian historian, president of the Slavic congre in 1848. He was parliamentary leader of the autonomist Czech party. His chief work is a "History of Bohemia" (5 vols. 1836-67). He also wrote various other works on Bohemian history and literature. Paladilhe (pä-lä-dēy'), Émile. Born at Montpellier, June 3, 1844. A French composer. He produced "Susanne," an opéra comique (1878), "Diana" (1885), the music for Sardou's drama "Patrie" (1886), etc. Pala d'Oro (pä'lä dōrō). [It., 'golden retable.'] The retable of the high altar of St. Mark's in Venice, probably the finest existing specimen of Byzantine metal-work. It was made in Constantinople in 976, but has later alterations; is 55 inches high and 137 long; and is of silver gilt studded with jewels and with ornament in enamel. It has 85 panels with reliefs of scriptural scenes and personages, angels, portraits, and emblems. Palæmon (pa-lē'mon). [Gr. Παλαίμων .] In Greek mythology, a sea divinity into which Mel i certes was metamorphosed. Palæologus (pā-le-ol'ō-gus). [Gr. Παλαιολόγος.] A Byzantine family which furnished the rulers of the Eastern Empire during nearly the whole period from the acce ion of Michael in 1261 until the death of Const an tine in 1453. Palafox y Melzi (pä-lä-fōn'ēmāl'thē), José de, Duke of Sarago a. Born 1780: died Feb. 16, 1847. A Spanish general, captain-general of Aragon, and commander in the defense of Sarago a against the French in 1808. Palafox y Mendoza (men-dō'thä), Juan de. Born at Fitero, Navarre, June 24, 1600: died at Osma, Oct. 1, 1659. A Spanish prelate, administrator, and author. He was councilor of the Indies; was consecrated bishop of Puebla, Mexico, in Dec., 1639; and at the same time was made visit a dor-general of New Spain. In the latter capacity he had a dispute with the viceroy Escalona, and by order of the king succeeded him as viceroy June,-Nov., 1642. Owing to quarrels with the Jesuits he was deposed in 1647, and in 1649 returned to Spain. In 1653 he was made bishop of Osma. He published numerous historical, judicial, and theological works. Palaihnihan (pa-lih'ni-han), or Pit River Indians. A linguistic stock of North American Indians which formerly occupied the territory drained by Pit River and its tributaries, from Goose Lake to the mouth of Squaw Creek, northeastern California. The tribal divisions are Achomawi, Atsugé, Atuamih, Chumawa, Estakewach, Hantiwi, Humawhi, and Ilmawi: they are almost extinct. A few representatives of the stock are on Round Valley reservation. The name is adapted from the Klamath word p'likni , meaning 'mountaineers' or 'uplanders.' Palaik. Same as Palaihnihan . Palais (pä-la'), Le. The chief town of the island of Belle-Île-en-Mer, off the coast of Brit IMG:content-0775.png:[blocks in formation] 1620 embraced two separate regions, the Rhine (or Lower) Palatinate (distinctively the Palatinate), and the Upper the limits varied at different times. Palatinate (see below). The palsgraves on the Rhine, whose original seat was at Aix-la-Chapelle, were imp or- tant princes of the empire as early as 11th century. Early in the 13th century the Palatinate pa ed to the Bavarian dynasty of Wittelsbach, which soon after branched off into the Bavarian and Palatine lines. The Palatinate was enlarged early in the 14th century with a part of Ba- varia (the Upper Palatinate). The Golden Bull of 1356 designated the Palatinate as one of the seven electorates. In the 16th century Heidelberg, the capital of the electors palatine, became a great center of Calvin ism. The elector V., having accepted the Bohemian crown and having been overthrown in 1620, was stripped of his dominions. The electoral dignity was transferred to Ba- varia in 1623, and the Upper Palatinate was annexed to it. By the treaty of 1648 the Rhine Palatinate was restored to its former rulers, and an eighth electorate created for it, the Upper Palatinate being confirmed to Bavaria. The Rhine Palatinate was terribly ravaged by the French in 1674 and 1689. The Palatinate and the Bavarian lands were united in 1777. In 1801 the Rhine Palatinate was divided: all west of the Rhine was ceded to France; Baden received ete, fell to Heidelberg, Mannheim, etc.; and the rest fell to He e French portion west of the Rhine was restored to Ger- many: Pru ia and He e-Darmstadt received portions, but the greater portion fell to Bavaria. This part is the present Rhine Palatinate, or Lower Palatinate (G. Rhein- pfalz or Unterpfalz ): it is bounded by the Rhine on the east, and borders on He e, Pru ia, and Alsace-Lorraine. It forms a "Regie rungs-bezirk" of Bavaria, with Spires as capital. It is traversed by the Hardt Mountains, and pro- duces grain, wine, coal, etc. Area, 2,289 square miles. Population (1890), 728,339. The Upper Palatinate (G. Ober- pfalz ) forms a "Regie rungs-bezirk" of Bavaria, under the title Upper Palatinate and Ratisbon (Regensburg). It borders on Bohemia. Capital, Ratisbon. It has extensive forests and flourishing industries. Area, 3,729 square miles. Population (1890), 537,954. Palatine (pal'a-tin) Hill. [L. Mons Pal at in us , It. Monte Palatino .] One of the "seven hills" of Rome, situated southeast of the Capitoline and north-northeast of the Aventine. It borders on the Roman Forum; is the traditional seat of the city founded by Romulus; was the seat of private and later of imperial residences; and contains many antiquities. Palatka (pa-lat kä). A city, the capital of Put- River. Population (1890), 3,039. nam County, Florida, situated on St. John's Palawan (pa-li-wän'), or Paragua (pä-rä'gwä). An island in the Malay Archipelago, lying be- tween Borneo and the main group of the Phil- ippine Islands. It belongs partly to the Philippines and partly to the Sultan of the Sulu Islands. Area, 4,576 square ing the Revolution and the empire, until the revolution of 1848. It was damaged by the Commune in 1871, but has been restored. The state apartments are handsome. The gardens were surrounded by the duke Philippe Ega lité with houses and galleries (still used for purposes of Population, estimated, about 30,000. Palazzo Borghesi. See Borghese Palace . Palazzo Contarini Fasan. See Venice . Palazzo del Governo. See Siena . Palazzo dell a Ragione. See Padua . Palazzo Doria (dor i-ä). 1. A palace in Rome, 2. The capital of Palembang, situated on the river Musi in lat. 2° 59′ S., long. 104° 45′ Ε. It was taken by the Dutch in 1821. Population, about 50,000. Palencia (pä-län'the-ä). 1. A province in Old Castile, Spain, bounded by Santander on the north, Burgos on the east, Valladolid on the south, and Valladolid and Leon on the west. It is mountainous in the north and a plateau in the south. Area, 3,126 square miles. Population (1887), 188,954. 2. The capital of the province of Palencia, situ- ated on the Carrion in lat. 42° N., long. 4° 35' W.: the ancient Pall anti a. It has linen and other manu- factures. The first Spanish university, founded here about 1209, was removed to Salamanca in 1239. It has a cathedral, chiefly of the 14th century. Population (1887), 15,028. Palencia, Diego Fernandez de. See Fernandez de Palencia . Palenque (pä-lān'kā). [So called from a neigh- boring modern village.] A group of ruined buildings in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, about 60 miles north-northeast of San Cristobal. They are of calcareous stone, and consist of a large central build- ing, commonly called the "palace," with various smaller buildings, pyramids, etc. Hieroglyphic tablets and two sculptured figures of great interest have been discovered. The Palenque ruins were unknown to the Spaniards until formerly known as the Pamphili Doria. It faces broad; the central portion exhibited a cro -like structure toward the Corso and the Piazza di Venetia. It is very large and contains galleries of pictures and sculpture. 2. A palace in Genoa, on the Piazza del Prin cipe. It contains fine frescos, and the garden facing the harbor has a large arcaded loggia. It was presented Palamites (pal'a-mits). The followers of Gre- gori us Palamas, a monk of Mount Athos in the 14th century. Simeon, abbot of a monastery at Con- stantinople in the 11th century, taught that by fasting, prayer, and contemplation, with concentration of thought Palazzo Foscari. See Venice . on the navel, the heart and spirit would be seen within, Palazzolo Acreide (pä-lät'sō-lō äk-rā'e-de). A Palanpur, or Pahlanpur (pä-lan-pör'). 1. A native state in India, under British protection, intersected by lat. 24° 20′ N., long. 72° 20′ E. 2. The capital of the state of Palanpur. Pop- ulation (1891), 21,092. Palaprat (pä-lä-prä'), Jean, Sieur de Bigot. Born at Toulouse, France, 1650: died at Paris, Oct. 14, 1721. A French dramatist, collaborator town in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 19 miles west of Syracuse: on the site of the an- cient Acræ. It contains many antiquities, in- cluding a Greek theater and burial-ground. The theater is small but very perfect. There are 12 tiers of seats, divided into 9 cunei by 8 radial stairways. Parts of the stage structure remain. Population (1881), 11,154. Palazzo Pitti (pit'te). A palace in Florence, Italy, designed by Brunelleschi, and begun about 1435. It is a ma ive building: the chief façade is of quarry-faced ashler in three stories with series of round- arched windows having very long vou oirs. The front toward the Boboli Gardens has projecting wings inclosing a court, with superposed tiers of pilasters formed of blocks alternately large and small. It is at once a royal palace and the home of a world-famous gallery of paintings. Palazzo Valentino. A palace at Turin. Palazzo Pubblico. See Siena . Palazzo Vecchio (pä-lät'sō vek'kē-ō). [It., 'old palace.] A palace in Florence, begun in 1298 by Arnolfo as the official seat of the chief magistrates of Florence. It is an imposing castle- like building, with small windows, a heavy projecting machicolated and battlemented gallery above, and a great square tower rising from it, also having a machicolated The thing to be borne in mind in the early history of Palermo is that it never was, as the other great cities of Sicily were, a commonwealth of republican and pagan Hellas; nor did it ever fall into the hands of any tyrant of Hellenic Sicily.... Palermo, as it now stands, in the actual date of its streets, its churches, its palaces, carries us back to no date earlier than the days of the Norman counts and kings. Freeman, Hist. E ays, III. 438, 441. Palermo, Gulf of. A bay of the Mediterranean Sea, near Palermo. Pales (pā'lēz). 1. In old Italian mythology, a deity, protector of shepherds and flocks.-2. An asteroid (No. 49) discovered by Goldschmidt at Paris, Sept. 19, 1857. by royal permi ion in 1823. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1827, and in 1838 was appointed deputy keeper of the public records. He was knighted in 1832. His chief works are "Rise and Progre of the English Commonwealth" (1832) and "History of Normandy and England" (4 vols. 1851-64). Palgrave, Francis Turner. Born at London, Sept. 28, 1824. An English poet, son of Sir Fran- cis Palgrave. He was educated at the Charter house and at Balliol College, Oxford, and has been profe or of poetry at Oxford since 1885. He has published "Idylls and Songs" Poems" (1871), etc.; and edited "Golden Treasury of Eng- lish Lyrical Poetry" (1861) and "Treasury of Sacred Song" Palgrave, William Gifford. Born at London, Jan. 24, 1826: died at Monte video, Uruguay, Sept. 30, 1888. An English traveler, son of Sir Francis Palgrave. After serving for a time in the army, he entered the Jesuit order, and was employed in India, Palestine, and Syria. In 1862-63 he traveled extensively in the interior of Arabia, and in 1865 he was employed by the British government to negotiate for the release of prisoners in Aby in i a. Subsequently he held various British consular positions, and from 1884 was minister to Uruguay. He published "Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia" (1865), "E ays on Eastern Questions" (1872), "Dutch Guiana" (1876), etc. Paliano (pä-le-ä'nō). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 31 miles east by south of Rome. Population (1881), 4,915. Palikao (pä-le-kou'). ). A place in China, between Peking and Tientsin. Here, Sept. 21, 1860, the French and British forces under Consin-Montauban defeated the Chinese. Palikao (pä-le-kä-ō'), Comte de (Charles Guil- laume Marie A poll in a ire Antoine Cousin Montauban). Born at Paris, June 24, 1796: died Jan. 8, 1878. A French general. He served in Algeria; commanded the expedition against China in 1860; gained the victory of Palikao Sept. 21, 1860; and was premier and minister of war Aug. 10-Sept. 4, 1870. Palilicium (pal-i-lish'i-um). [L. Palilicius , per- taining to the Palilia, or feast of Pales.] A name given by the Romans to the Hyades, and especially to Aldebaran, the brightest of them, because this group of stars rose heliacally on the day of the Palilia (April 21), the anniversary of the founding of the city. Palinuro (pä-le-nö'rō), Cape, or Cape Sparti- mento (spär-te-men'tō). A promontory on the western coast of Italy, situated in lat. 40° 2' N., long. 15° 17′ E.: the ancient Palinurum. It was the scene of shipwrecks of Roman fleets in 253 and in 36 B. c. Palinurus (pal-i-nū'rus). [Gr. Παλινοῦρος .] In Greek cla ical legend, the helmsman of Æneas. He perished on the western coast of Italy. Palisades (pal-i-sādz'), The. A basaltic bluff extending along the western shore of the Hud- son in the States of New Jersey and New York. It commences opposite the northern part of New York city, and continues northward about 18 miles. Height, 200-500 feet. Pali y (pä-lē-sē'), Bernard. Born at Chapelle Biron, near Agen, probably about 1510: died in the Bastille, Paris, 1589. A celebrated French potter and enameler. He received an imperfect edu- cation, and applied himself to designing, civil engineering, and natural history, and made several journeys in France and Germany: he also made some of the earliest invest i- gations in chemistry. In 1539 he established himself at Saintes, where he married and practised the busine of surveying. In 1553 he chanced to see a glazed cup which suggested experiments with enamels. He at first sought only a white enamel, and for some time failed in his at- tempts, but at length succeeded. He then tried to pro- duce the various colors of nature. For 16 years he labored in extreme destitution before he succeeded in making the ware in high relief and rustic figulines a ociated with his name. He embraced the reformed religion, and was one of the principal founders of the Calvin is tic church at Saintes. In 1562 his atelier was raided and devastated as a place of politico-religious meetings. He was arrested and imprisoned at Bordeaux, but was saved from the lot of his coreligionists by the Connétable de Montmorency, who interceded with the queen, Catharine de' Medici. Set at liberty, Pali y attached himself to the king, the queen mother Catharine, and the Connétable de Montmorency. The connétable brought Pali y to Paris, where he set up his furnaces in the tile-yards (tuileries), where the Palais des Tuileries was built. Four of his furnaces have re- cently been discovered under the palace. He was also employed at Écouen. In 1566 he was charged by Catharine Tuileries gardens. He was engaged in this work in 1572 when the ma acre of St. Bartholomew occurred. His life was saved by the protection of Queen Catharine herself. In 1573 he opened a course of lectures in natural history, and continued this until 1584. He was among the very first to substitute positive experiment for the explanations of the schoolmen. He also investigated the geology of the Paris basin, and formed the first cabinet of natural history in France. In 1588 he was arrested and thrown Palitana (pä-lē-tänä). 1. A small state in In- dia, under British influence, intersected by lat. 21° 30′ N., long. 71° 45′ E. Population (1881), 49,271.-2. A city of temples in the state of Palladis Tamia. See Meres , Francis . Palladius (pa-la'di-us). [Gr. Παλλάδιος.] Born in Galatia, Asia Minor, probably about 367 A. D.: died about 431. A bishop of Helenopo- lis (in Bithynia), author of a historical work, "Lausiacum." Palladius. Lived probably in the 5th century. A Greek medical writer. Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Æmilianus. Lived in the 4th or 5th century. A Roman writer, author of a work on agriculture ("De re rus- Races," 1776-1802), and various scientific works. Pallas (pal'as), Albani. A beautiful Greek bust, of colo al size, in Pentelic marble, in the Glyptothek at Munich. The godde wears a small ægis and a Corinthian helmet with a serpent as crest. The head is bent forward. It is held to be from a bronze original. Pallas of Velletri. A good Roman copy of a fine Greek original, of colo al size, in the Louvre, Paris. The godde is standing, fully draped, with a narrow ægis and a Corinthian helmet. One raised hand held an upright spear; the left hand, perhaps, sup- ported a figure of Victory. Palla vic i no (päl-lä-ve-chēnō), or Palla vic in i (päl-lä-ve-chēnē), Sforza. Born at Rome, Pallee, or Pali (pä'le). A town in the state of Jodhpur, India, situated on a branch of the Luni 40 miles south-southeast of Jodhpur. Population, about 50,000. In 1842 he joined the Roman Catholic Church, entered the Dominican order in 1852, and took orders in 1859. He is known as Father Raymond. He has published "The His- tory of the Town and Castle of Tamworth, etc." (1845), "The Dominican Tertiary's Guide" (1866), "The Life of Philip Thomas Howard, O. P., Cardinal of Norfolk, with a Sketch of the "History. of the Collegiate Church of Tamworth" (1871), "History of the Baronial Family of Marmion" (1875), etc., and other works principally relating to the Dominican Palmer (päm'er), Edward Henry. Born at Cambridge, England, Aug. 7, 1840: murdered by Bedouins in the desert near Suez, Aug., 1882. An English explorer and Orientalist, He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, and was elected fellow in 1867. He joined the Sinai expedition, and in 1870 explored the Wilderne of the Wandering with Drake; in the same year he published the "Desert of Exodus." In 1871 he was appointed profe or of Arabic at Cambridge, and in 1876 published a Persian dictionary. In 1882 he accompanied the government expedition to the desert of Suez, where he was murdered. Palmer, Edwin. Born July 18, 1824: died Oct. 17, 1895. An English cla ical scholar, arch- deacon of Oxford. Palmer, Erastus Dow. Born at Pompey, N. Y., April 2, 1817. An American sculptor. In 1846 he began his career as a cameo-cutter. He has produced Palmer, James Shedden. Born in New Jersey, 1810: died in St. Thomas, West Indies, Dec. 7, 1867. An American admiral. He became a midship- man in the U. S. navy in 1825, and was promoted captain in 1832; commanded the Iroquois of Farragut's squadron in the pa age of the Vicksburg batteries in June, 1862; and was captain of Farragut's flag-ship when she ran the batteries Palmer, John McCauley. Born at Eagle Creek, Ky., Sept. 13, 1817. An American general and the War (major-general of volunteers 1862, corps commander under Sherman 1864), was Republican gover- nor of Illinois 1869-73, was elected United States senator (Democratic) 1891, and was nominated for the Presidency Palmer, Ray. Born at Little Compton, R. I., 29, 1887. An American Congregational clergy- Nov. 12, 1808: died at Newark, N. J., March man, noted as a hymn-writer. He wrote the hymn "My Faith looks up to Thee," and published "Closet Hours" (1851), "Complete Poetical Works" (1876), etc. Palmer, Roger, Earl of Castle main. Born at Dorney Court, Bucks, Sept. 3, 1634: died at Palma, Jacopo or Giacomo, surnamed "Palma Oswestry, July 21, 1705. An English diplo- Giovane" ('the Younger'). Born at Venice matist and writer. He was raised to the Irish peer about 1544: died there, 1628. A Venetian age at the Restoration to propitiate his wife, who was the painter, nephew of Palma Vecchio. He was dis- Palmer, Roundell, Earl of Selborne. Born at IMG:content-0776.png:[blocks in formation] Palmyra of the North, The. A name some- times given to St. Petersburg. Palni (päl'ne) Hills. A range of mountains in the southern part of the Deccan, India, con- necting the Eastern and Western Ghats. Height of highest summits, about 7,000 feet. Palo Alto (pä'lo ältō). [Sp., 'high pole.] A place near the southern extremity of Texas, 8 miles northeast of Brownsville. The first battle of the war between the United States and Mexico was fought here May 8, 1846. Taylor, commanding the United States troops, had fortified himself on the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoros; Arista, the Mexican general, manœuvered to cut him off from his base of supplies at Point Isabel, and Taylor attacked him with 2,300 men, the Mexicans having about 3,500. The battle was fought mainly with artillery, and the Mexicans were defeated, retiring next day to Re- sac a de la Palma. Palo Alto. A stock-farm in California, estab- lished by Leland Stanford. Experiments were made here by E. Muybridge about 1880 to determine, with the aid of instantaneous photography, the actual cond i Palo Alto. A bay trotting stallion by Election- eer, dam Winnie (thoroughbred). stallion record in 2:082, and held it until he died. His record was lowered by Stamboul (2:08). Mixbury, England, Nov. 27, 1812: died at Black- moor, near Peters field, May 4, 1895. An Eng- Palouse (pa-löz') River. A branch of the Snake lish jurist and hymnologist. He was solicitor-gen- eral 1861-63; attorney-general 1863-66; British counsel at the Geneva Court of Arbitration in 1871-72; and lord chancellor under Gladstone in 1872-74 and 1880-85. He was created Baron Selborne in 1872, and Earl of Selborne in 1882. He published "Book of Praise, from the Best English Hymn-writers" (1863), etc. Palmer, Walter Launt. Born at Albany, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1854. An American painter, son of E. D. Palmer: a pupil of F. E. Church and of Palmer in Romances, The. A series of eight Spanish romances of chivalry. The first, "Palmer in de Oliva," the work of a carpenter's daughter in Burgos, printed at Salamanca in 1511, and the sixth, "Palmer in de Inglaterra [England]," written by Luis Hurtado (Toledo, 1547), are the most noted. These romances are in imita- tion of the Amadis romances, and come near them in im- portance. The two mentioned were translated into Eng- lish by Antony Munday; the second was abridged by Robert Southey. Palmer Land, Land, or Palmer's Land. A land in the south polar regions, south of Tierra del Fue- go, about lat. 63° S. Palmers ton, Viscount. See Temple , Henry John . went to Oxford in 1531; and was presented to the living of St. Dunstan's in the East, London, by Cranmer in 1553. He wrote a book containing his method of instruction, a gram- mar and dictionary combined, entitled "L'Esclairci e- ment de la Langue Francoyse, composé par Maistre Jehan Palsgrave, Angloys, Natif de Londres, et Gradué de Paris," in 1530. It is a valuable record of the exact state of the French language at the time. In 1540 he published a translation of a Latin play entitled "Acolastus," by a Dutch schoolmaster, Willem de Volder (Full on i us). It was written about 1525, to be acted by school-boys, and was on the subject of the prodigal son. Palti (päl'te). A lake in Tibet, 50 miles south- west of Lha a. It is nearly ring-shaped. Length, about 30 miles. Paltock, Robert. See Peter Wilkins . Palmetto State. South Carolina: so named Paludan-Müller (päl'ö-dän-müller), Fred- from the palmetto on its coat of arms. Palmier i (päl-me-a're). Luigi. Born April 22, 1807: died Sept. 10, 1896. An Italian mat he- matician and physicist. He was appointed profe or of physics at the University of Naples in 1847, and director of the meteorological observatory on Vesuvius in 1848 (an office the duties of which he a umed in 1854). Palmyra (pal-mi'ra), or Tadmor (tad'mor). [Gr. Παλμυρά .] In ancient geography, a city sit- uated on an oasis in the desert east of Syria, about lat. 34° 18' N., long. 38° 10′ E.: said to have been built by Solomon. It early became an important commercial center; rose to prominence in the reign of Hadrian (about 130 A. D.); became a Roman colony about 212; became practically independent in the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus under Odenathus, and was the capital of the important kingdom of Palmyra. It became formally independent under Zenobia, who was defeated Palmer (päm'er), Charles Ferrers. Born at Tamworth, Staff ords hire, 1819. An English antiquarian. He studied at the Queen's College of Medicine, Birmingham, and practised as a surgeon for some time. captured Aurelian in 272. Palmyra was destroyed in 273. Later it was rebuilt, and is now in ruins. Palmyra is remarkable for its extensive architectural remains, which date for the most part from near the close of the Roman falls regularly southeastward to 40 or 50 feet near the At- lantic. There are occasional depre ions, occupied by sa- lines, but no high hills. The surface is everywhere open and, where not too dry, very fertile; portions are subject to floods. The name is often extended, especially by nat- uralists, to the open but hilly lands east of the Paraná and in Uruguay and southern Brazil. Pampas del Sacramento (päm'päs del säk-rä- men'to). A region of northern Peru, between the rivers Huallaga and Ucayale. From the little known of it, it appears to be a plateau varied with hills or low mountains, very fertile, and with a healthy and agreeable climate; much of the surface is free from forest. It was discovered and named by the Jesuit Simon Zara in 1732, and for many years was the seat of flourishing Jesuit mi ions. There are now few inhabitants except wandering Indians. Length, probably 300 miles. Width, 40 to 100 miles. Pamela (pam'e-li), or Virtue Rewarded. The first of the series of novels written by Samuel enne .] A name under which D'Orbigny (1839) Pamlico Sound. An arm of the Atlantic east of North Carolina, separated from the Atlantic by low narrow islands. It communicates with Albe- marle Sound on the north by Croatan and Roanoke sounds, and with the Atlantic by Ocracoke, Hatter as, and other inlets. Length, about 75 miles. Pammanas, or Pammarys. See Purupurus . Pampa (päm'pä). A territory of the Argentine Republic, west of Buenos Ayres. Area variously estimated at from 58,000 to 89,000 square miles. Population (1890), 38,500. Pampa Aullagas (päm'pä oul-yäʼgäs), or Aul- lag as, called also Poopo (po-o-pō'), etc. A swampy lake in Bolivia which receives the river Desaguadero from Lake Titicaca. It has no outlet. Length, 65-70 miles. included nearly all the South American Indian tribes known to him east of the Andes, except those of the Tupi and Tapuya stocks. He divided them into 3 races - the Pampean, Chi quite an, and Moxean. This cla ification was based on physical characteristics, and later ethnologists, relying mainly on the differences of language, have abandoned it. The tribes are now dis- tributed in many linguistic stocks. Pampean stock, or Aucanian stock (a-kā'- ni-an stok), or Araucanian (ar-a-kā'ni-an) stock. A linguistic stock of South Amer- ican Indians, on both sides of the Andes, in southern Chile and the Argentine Republic. It embraces, among other tribes, the Araucanians of Chile, and the Aucanos, Pehuenches, Puelches, and Querendis of the Argentine. They are all known as valiant warriors who long resisted the Spaniards; most of them are still Pampeluna. See Pamplona . Pamphylia (pam-fil'i-ä). [Gr. Παμφυλία , country of all tribes.] In ancient geography, a moun- tainous region in Asia Minor, bounded by Pi- sidia on the north, Cilicia on the east, the Med- i terrane an on the south, and Lycia on the west. It was succe ively under the rule of Lydia, Persia, Mace- don, Syria, Pergamum, and Rome. Pamphylian (pam-fil'i-an) Gulf, or Pamphyl- ian Sea. The ancient name of the Gulf of Adalia. Pamplona (päm-plō'nä), or Pampeluna (päm- pa-lö'nä), F. Pampelune (ponp-lün'). 1. A province of Spain. See Navarre .-2. The cap- ital of Navarre, situated on the Arga about lat. 42° 47′ N., long. 1° 40′ W. It is a fortre and str a- tegic point of importance. The cathedral dates from 1897, with a modernized west front. The cloister is of excellent Geometrical Pointed work, in part with openwork ped i- ments over the traceried arches. A refectory and several rooms and chapels older than the cathedral open on the cloister. Pamplona was an ancient town of the Vascones; was partially destroyed by Charles the Great in 778; suffered in the Moorish wars; became the capital of the kingdom of Navarre; was taken by the French in 1808, and re- taken by the Spanish in 1813; and suffered in the Car list wars. Population (1887), 26,663. Pamplona (päm-plō'nä). A town in the de- part ment of Santander, Colombia, 205 miles north-northeast of Bogotá. Population, about Pamunkey (pa-mungk'i). A river in Virginia, formed by the union of the North and South Anna, and uniting with the Matt a pony at West Point to form the York River. Length, with the South Anna, over 100 miles. Pan (pan). [Gr. Πάν.] In ancient Greek my- thology, the god of pastures, forests, and flocks. The original seat of his worship was in Arcadia, whence it gradually spread over the rest of Greece. He was repre sented with the head and body of an elderly man, while his lower parts were like the hind quarters of a goat, of which animal he often bore the horns and ears also. was fond of music and of dancing with the forest nymphs, and was the inventor of the syrinx, or shepherd's flute, hence called Pan's pipes or Pandean pipes . Sudden terror without visible or reasonable cause was attributed to his Panack. See Bannock . Panætius (pa-ne's hi-us). [Gr. Παναίτιος .] Born about 180 в. с.: died about 111 в. с. А Greek Stoic philosopher of Rhodes, the friend (at Panagia (pa-na'gi-ä). [Gr. πανάγιος , all-holy.] In the Greek or Orthodox Eastern Church, a title of the Virgin Mary. This title signifies literally all-holy, an intensive of the epithet "holy" applied to commenced in 1850 and completed in 1855. Length, 47 miles. Pan-American Congre . A congre of repre- sentatives from the United States, Mexico, Haiti, and all the states of Central America and South America, held at Washington 1889- 1890, for the purpose of consultation on matters common to the various states, and for the fur- the rance of international commerce and comity. Panamint (pan'a-mint). Atribe of North Amer- ican Indians in southeastern California. Num- ber, 150. See Shoshoni . Pananas (pä-nä-näs'). [Corruption of Pawnee .] The name given in New Mexico by the Span- ish settlers to the Pawnee tribe. Panaria (pä-nä-rē'ä). One of the Lipari Islands, northeast of Lipari. Panasht. See Bannock . Panathenaic Stadium. See Athens . Panama (pä-nä-mä'). 1. A department of Co- lombia, comprising (nearly) the Isthmus of Pa- nam a, and bordering on Costa Rica. It was independent 1859-61. Area, 31,571 square miles, Population, 285,000.-2. A cathedral city and seaport, capital of the department of Panama, situated on the Bay of Panama in lat. 8° 57′ Ν., long. 79° 32′ W. It is the seat of a large export and transit trade, the terminus of the Panama Railway, and a free port. It was founded in 1519 by Pedrarias, burned tween the river Paraná and the Atlantic on the east and the mountainous regions of the west. Northward these plains are continuous with the Gran they rise into the table and ran haco, and outgarding the river Salado as the northern boundary, and the Colorado as the southern, the pampas embrace the provinces of Buenos Ayres and Santa Fé, most of Cordoba, portions of Santiago, San Luis, and Mendoza, and the territory of La Pampa, to which the name is now commonly restricted in Argentina. This gives an area of over 300,000 square miles. The elevation in Cordoba is 1,200 or 1,300 feet; thence it from Delhi, from the foot of the Him a lay as to the Chambal"). They were divided into Northern and Southern Panchalas, the Ganges separating them. Pan chat antra Pan chat antra (pan-cha-tantra). [Skt., 'having five divisions or books.] A celebrated Sanskrit book of fables, one of the two sources of the Hitopadesha (which see), 25 of the 43 fables of the latter being found in it. From a now lost earlier Indian original of the Pan chat antra came a lost Pahlavi translation about 550 A. D.; from that the Syriac "Kalilag and Damnag" (570) and the Arabic "Kalilah and Dimnah" the Arabic, the unknown inter me- diary of Baldo's "Alter Esopus" of the 12th century, the Latin intermediary of Don Alfonso's Spanish version of 1299, the Hebrew of Rabbi Joel of 1250, the Persian of Nasr Allah 1130, and the Greek of Symeon Seth 1080; from Rabbi Joel's Hebrew version, John of Capua's "Directorium humanæ vitæ" 1270, a Spanish version ("Exempla rio") in 1493, an Italian by Doni in 1552, and from that again the English of Sir Thomas North of 1570, while from Rabbi Joel's Hebrew through John of Capua's "Directorium" came also Duke Eberhard's "Buch der Beispiele" of 1480; from the Persian of Nasr Allah 1130 came Abul Fazl's revision for Ak bar of 1590, and thence a Turkish rendered into French, and the "Anwari Suhaili," or "Lights of Canopus," translated into English by Eastwick 1854; from the Greek of Symeon Seth 1080 came a Latin version published in Rome 1666, and an Italian published at Ferrara 1583. This tabulation by Lanman of the results of Benfey, given by him in the introduction to his Pan chat antra (Leipsic, 1859), and in Benfey's introduction to Bickell's "Kalilag und Damnag" (Leipsic, 1876), shows the importance of the work in the history of folk-lore. It is the origin of the fables known throughout Europe as those of Pilpay or Bidpai. (See Pil pay.) Besides the German version of Benfey, there is a French translation by Lancer eau with a discu ion of the history of the fables. Pan chav at i (pan'cha-va-tē). In Sanskrit mythology, part of the great southern forest near the sources of the Godavari, where Rama during his exile pa ed a long period. Panches (pän chas). A name given by early historians of New Granada to Indian tribes in the valleys south of Bogotá included in the modern departments of Tolima, Cundinamarca, and Cauca. They were described as very savage and as cannibals. Probably the name was given to them by the Chibchas, and it may have been applied to many distinct tribes. Herrera states that the Panche language was widely extended, nearly surrounding the Chibcha territory - a statement which has led Dr. Brinton to include these Indians, with others, in the Paniquita stock (which see). Panch Mahals (panch ma-hälz'). A district in Guzerat, Bombay, British India, situated about lat. 22° 50′ N., long. 73° 50′ E. Area, 1,613 square miles. Population (1891), 313,417. Also Punch Mehsls. IMG:content-0777.png:[blocks in formation] Panckoucke, Charles Louis Fleury. Born at Paris, Dec. 23, 1780: died there, July 12, 1844. A French publisher, translator, and writer, son of C. J. Panckoucke. Pancras (pan'kras), L. Pancratius (pan-kra's hi-us), Saint. A martyr at Rome under Diocletian. He was only 14 at the time of his death, and was subsequently regarded as the patron saint of children. Pancsova (pän'cho-vo). A town in the county of Torontal, Hungary, situated on the Temes 10 miles east-northeast of Belgrad. Here, July 30, Austrians defeated the Hungarians. Population (1890), 1739, the Austrians defeated the Turks, and in 1849 the 17,948. Panda (pän'dä). See Igbira . Pandar eos (pan-dā're-os). [Gr. Πανδάρεως .] In Greek legend, a native of Miletus who stole the golden dog made by Hephæstus from the temple of Zeus in Crete, and gave it to Tantalus. For denying its po e ion Tantalus was buried under Mount Sipylus, and Pandar eos was slain. His daughters were brought up by Aphrodite. Pandar us (pan'da-rus). [Gr. Πάνδαρος .] In Greek legend, an ally of the Trojans during the siege of Troy, leader of the Zeleians or Lycians. He is represented in medieval romance, and by Chaucer, Shakspere, etc., as a procurer. See Cre id . Pan dataria (pan-da-ta'ri-ä). [Gr. Πανδαταρία .] In ancient geography, one of the Ponza Islands, situated in the Mediterranean west of Naples: the modern Vandotena. It was the place of banishment of Julia, A grip pin a, and Octavia. Pandavas (pän'da-vaz). [Skt.] Descendants of Pandu. See Pandu . on very slight evidence, but to be unquestionably, in the latter and more important circumstance, destitute of all foundation. Hallam , Lit., p. 53. Pandemos (pan-dēmos). [Gr. πάνδημος , common to all the people.] A surname of Aphrodite, alluding both to her sensual character and to her function as the uniter of the scattered population in one social body. Panderpur (pun-der-pör'), or Pandharpur (pundar-pör'). A town in Sholapur district, Bombay, British India, situated on the Bhima about lat. 17° 41′ N., long. 75° 23′ E. It has a temple of Vishnu. Population (1891), 19,954. Pandies (pan'diz). [From Hind. panda , a Brahman.] The Hindus; the Sepoys: bys: especially applied by the British troops to the Sepoys in the Indian mutiny of 1857-58. Pandion (pan-di'on). [Gr. Πανδίων .] In Greek legend, a king of Athens, father of Procne and Philomela. Pandora (pan-dō'rä). [Gr. Πανδώρα , all-gifted, or all-giver.] In Greek mythology, the first woman, created by Hephæstus at the command of Zeus in revenge for the theft of fire from heaven by Pro me the us. The gods endowed her with beauty, cunning, and other attributes fitted to bring misfortune to man. She was given to Epimetheus, who, in accepting the gift, brought down all the evils of life upon the human race. According to some accounts she became the mother of Pyrrha and Deucalion; according to others she was their daughter. In a later form of the legend she received from the gods a box containing the ble ings of life, which she opened, thus allowing all the ble ings (except hope) to escape. Pandosia (pan-do's hi-ä). [Gr. Πανδοσία .] In ancient geography, a place in Bruttium, Italy, near the modern Cosenza. Here, 326 B. c., Alexander, king of Epirus, was defeated by the Brut tians. Pandosto (pan-dos'tō), or the Triumph of Time. A romance by Robert Greene, published in 1588. It was based on a Polish romance. The second title is "The History of Dorastus and Fawnia": the later editions give this as the title. Shakspere founded his "Winter's Tale" on this story: the character of Pandosto was the original of Polixenes, king of Bohemia, in Shakspere's play. Pandrosos (pan'dro-sos). [Gr. Πάνδροσος.] In Greek mythology, a daughter of Cecrops. She had a sanctuary at Athens. Pandu (pän'dö). [Skt., 'the pale.'] Brother of Dhritarashtra, king of Hast in a pur a and father of the Pandavas or Pandu princes. See Maha bharata . Pandulf, or Pandulph (pan'dulf). Died 1226. A cardinal in the papal service, prominent in English politics in the reigns of John and Henry III. Paneas (pan-e-as'). See Cæsarea Philippi . Pangani (päng-gä'ne). A seaport on the eastern coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Rufu or Rufa, about lat. 5° 30′ S. Pangaum. See Goa , New . Panglo (pan'glos), Doctor. ['All-tongues.'] 1. In Voltaire's "Candide," an obstinately op- Pano stock the key to which must be acquired to make the rules intelligible. The first adhyaya or lecture explains the tech nical terms and their use. The whole work is, in fact, a sort of grammatical algebra. The great significance of it lies in the circumstance that the whole of the more modern San skrit literature has been pre ed into the mold prepared by Panini and his school. Panini has been edited, trans- lated, and explained by Böhtlingk in his "Paninis Gram- matik" (new edition, Leipsic, 1887). See also Goldstücker's "Panini: His Place in Sanskrit Literature" (London, 1861). Panipat, or Paniput (pän-i-put'). A town in the Panjab, British India, 56 miles north of Delhi. Here, in 1526, a victory was gained by Baber the Mogul conqueror over the Sultan of Delhi, which laid the foundation of the Mogul empire; here, in 1556, a victory was gained by Akbar; and here, in Jan., 1761, the Af ghans under Ahmed Shah Durani defeated the Mahrattas broke their power. Population (1891), 27,547. Pan i quit as (pä-ne-kē'täs). [So called from their principal modern village.] Indians of Colombia, department of Cauca, in the mountains near Popayan. They are perhaps descended from the ancient Panches (which see). Paniquita stock (pä-në-kē'tä stok). The name proposed by Dr. Brinton for a linguistic stock of Indians in Colombia. Besides the modern Pan i quit as and Paes or Paezes, he refers to it, provisionally, several old tribes whose languages are lost, including the Musos, Panches, Colimas, and Pijaos. Nearly all of these were at war with the Chibchas before the conquest, and they were le advanced in civilization than that tribe. Many of them flattened the head artificially. See Muspe , Pijaos , and Panches. Panixer (pä'nik-ser) Pa . A pa on the border of the cantons of Glarus and Grisons, Switzerland. It was the scene of the retreat of Suvaroff's army in Oct., 1799. Height, 7,907 feet. Panizzi (pä-nēt'sē), Sir Anthony. Born at Brescello, Modena, Sept. 16, 1797: died at London, April 8, 1879. Chief librarian of the British Museum. He took his degree at the University of Parma, and became an advocate. Implicated in the revolutionary attempt at Modena in 1821, he fled to England in 1823. He was made profe or of Italian in University College, London, in 1828, and in 1831 was appointed a istant librarian in the British Museum. In 1837 he became keeper of the printed books, and devised the catalogue. He was made principal librarian in 1856. The construction of the great reading-room from his design was finished in 1857. He retired in June, 1866. He was also active in the interests of the revolution in Italy. Panjab, or Punjab (pun-jäb'), or Punjaub (pun-jab'), or Penjab (pen-jäb'). [Hind., five rivers.'] The country of the five rivers, tribu taries of the Indus-the Sutlej, Bias, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum; in an extended sense. a lieutenant-governorship of British India, including the Panjab proper and adjacent regions, and situated northwest of the Northwest Provinces. Capital, Lahore. The surface is generally a plain. The Panjab is the seat of the Sikhs. It formed part of the Mogul empire, and was invaded by Nadir Shah and other conquerors in the 18th century. The Sikh power was consolidated under Ranjit Singh (died 1839). The first Sikh war with the British was fought in 1846; the second in 1848-49. The Panjab was annexed by Great Britain in 1849. Area, 110,667 square miles. Population (1891), 20,866,847. Panjandrum (pan-jan'drum), The Grand. A fictitious personage, invented by the dramatist Foote. timistic philosopher, the the tutor of Candide. His Panjim. See Goa, New. favorite maxim is that "all is for the best in this Panmure, Baron. See Ramsay, Fox Maule. best of po ible worlds."-2. In Colman the Panna, or Punnah (pun'ä). A state in Bun younger's play "The Heir-at-Law," a pedantic delkhand, India, under British control, inter but gay and amusing prig, the tutor of Dick Dowlas: a satire on the mercenary and disrepu table private tutors of the period. Pango-Pango (pang'go-pang'go). A large haven on the southern side of Tutuila in the Samoan Islands. It has been occupied by the United States as a coaling station since 1872. Pangu (päng'gö). See Kongo Nation. Pangwe (päng'we). See Fan . Panhandle, or Pan Handle (pan'han'dl). A popular name for: (a) The northern part of West Virginia, a projecting strip lying between Pennsylvania and Ohio. (b) The northern tension of Texas. (c) The northern extension of Idaho. Panhellenius (pan-he-lē'ni-us). [Gr. Πανελλή νιος , of all the Greeks.] In Greek mythology, a sected by lat. 24° 40′ N., long. 80° 15′ E. Area. 2,568 square miles. Population (1891), 239,333. Pannonia (pa-nō'ni-ä). [Gr. Παννονία .] In ancient geography, a Roman province, bounded by the Danube on the north and east, Mœsia and Illyricum on the south, and Noricum on the west. It corresponded to Hungary south and west of the Danube, Slavonia, and parts of Lower Austria, Styria, Carniola, Croatia, and Bosnia; was made a Roman province by Tiberius; was divided by Trajan into Upper Pannonia in the west and Lower Pannonia in the east; was subdivided by Diocletian; and pa ed later to the East Goths, Lombards, Huns, Slavs, and Magyars. Panom-Penh, or Panompeng. See Pnom-Penh. Panopolis (pan-op'o-lis). [Gr. Πανόπολις, city Pan.] The ancient name of Akhmim. Panoptes (pan-op'tēz). [Gr. Πανόπτης , all-seer.] A surname of Argus. Panormus (pa-nor'mus). [Gr. Πάνορμος, all haven.] The ancient name of Palermo. Panos (pä'nōs). Indians of Peru, in the forests near the Ucayale River, northeast of Cerro de Pasco. They were formerly numerous, and during the Pano stock Panini(pä'ni-ni). The greatest of Sanskritgrammarians. He is said to have been born at Shalatura in the Gandhara country (Kandahar), northwest of Attock on the Indus. "Respecting his period nothing really trustworthy is known, but he is with much probability held to have lived some time (two to four centuries) before the Christian era" (Whitney). His grammar consists of eight lectures, each divided into four chapters, and each of these into a number of sutras or aphorisms, the whole number of these being 3,996 or 3,997. It traces phenomena wherever found instead of cla ifying material, and is accordingly a sort of natural history of the language. To attain greater concisene an arbitrary symbolical language is coined, 17th century many of them were gathered into mi ion villages. The mi ionaries described them as savages of a rather low grade, but practising agriculture and po e ing, it is said, the art of hieroglyphic writing on bark. The mi ions were broken up in 1767, and most of the Panos returned to their wild life, forming numerous petty tribes. The few remaining are friendly to the whites. Pano stock (pä'no stok). A linguistic stock of South American Indians, mainly in northern Peru near the Ucayale and Huallaga Rivers. It includes, among others, the Panos, Cachibos, Conitos, Setibos, Remos, etc., in Peru, the Mayo run as on the river Javary, the Paca guar as of the Beni, and po ibly the Car i punas of the Madeira. Most of the tribes are very savage, and enemies of the whites. Pansa (pan'ză), Caius Vibius. Died 43 B. c. A Roman consul 43 B. c., the colleague of Hirtius. He was killed in the war against Antony. Pansa, House of. See Pompeii . Pantænus (pan-te'nus). [Gr. Πάνταινος .] Lived at the end of the 2d century A. D. The leader of the catechetical school in Alexandria. Pantagoros (pän-tä-gō'ros). An Indian tribe of Colombia, formerly populous and powerful in the valley of the Magdalen a, about lat. 7° N. They resisted the Spaniards with great courage, and many of them were killed or enslaved. A few remain in the marshy lands near the river. They have been referred to the Paniquita linguistic stock. Pant a gruel (pan-tag'rö-el; F. pron. pon-tä-grüel'). The king of the Dipsodes and son of Gargantua, in Rabelais's "History of Gargantua and Pant a gruel." See Gargantua . Pantalon (pan'ta-lon), or Pantalone (pän-tälõ'ne). A typical character in Italian comedy, of Venetian origin, represented as an old man; the English Pantaloon. Pan tellar i a (pän-tel-lä-rē'ä), or Pan teller i a (pän-tel-le-re'i), or Pan talaria (pän-tä-läre'ä). 1. An island in the Mediterranean Sea, situated in lat. 36° 48′ N., long. 12° E.: the ancient Cosyra or Co ura. It belongs to the prov. ince of Trapani, Sicily. The surface is volcanic. Area, 58 square miles. Population (1881), 7,178. 2. The chief town of the island, situated on the northwest coast. Population, about 3,000. Panthays (pan'thaz). The Mohammedans of the province of Yunnan, China. They proclaimed their independence in 1855, but were put down about 1872. Pantheon (pan' the-on). [Gr. Πάνθειον, neut. of πάνθειος, of all gods.] A building at Rome, now dedicated as the Church of Santa Maria Rotonda, completed by Agrippa in 27 B. c., and consecrated to the divine ancestors of the Ju La familiis peded by an octastyle pedimented Corinthian portico, with 2 ranges of 4 columns inside. The plan is circular, with large alternating rectangular and semicircular niches, whose entablature is upheld by columns. The interior diameter is 142) feet, and the height to the apex of the great hemispherical coffered dome is the same. The lighting of the interior is solely from an open circle, 28 feet in diameter, at the summit of the dome. The effect of the interior is unique and highly imposing. The construction is of concrete, lightly faced with brick, and incrusted (now almost exclusively in the interior) with marble. The dome is practically solid concrete, the familiar system of inset arches being merely one brick deep, and having served as a scaffolding during the erection. Raphael, Annibale Caracci, and Victor Emman uel II. are buried in the Pantheon. It has been proved that the temple never was connected with the baths of Agrippa. Panthéon (pon-ta-ôn'). The Church of Ste. Geneviève in Paris, a large cla ical building in the form of a Greek cro 276 by 370 feet, with a central dome 272 feet high and 75 in diameter. The Corinthian columns of the entrance portico are 81 feet high. The pediment is filled with a sculptured group, by David d'Angers, representing France distributing laurels to her deserving children. The interior is simple and well proportioned. Its walls are in large part covered with paintings, by some of the chief of modern artists, illustrating the development of French history and civilization. There are also some statues of distinguished men. Clovis built on this spot the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, where he was buried, as were afterward Stee Clotilde and Ste. Geneviève from whom it took its later name. This church was probably destroyed by the Normans in the 9th century. The monks of St. Victor established their cloister here in 1148, in the papacy of Eugenius III. Their Romanesque church was replaced by a late-Gothic building after 1489. In 1764 the present church was begun under Louis XV., and in 1791 was first set apart for its present purpose, - that of a mausoleum for famous French men, though it has since at times been used as a church. Abbey. Pantheon of the British, The. Westminster Pantibibla (pan-ti-bib'lä). See the extract. From the earliest period the literature of Chaldea was stored in public libraries. According to Berosos, Pantibibla, or 'book-town,' was one of the antediluvian cities of Babylonia, and Xisuthros had buried his books at Sippara-perhaps in reference to the Semitic sepher, 'book' - before the Flood, Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 166. Panticapæum (pan"ti-ka-pē'um). [Gr. Παντι κάπαιον.] The ancient name of Kertch. Pants chat antra. See Pan chat antra . Pánuco (pä'nö-kō). [Probably from the name of an Indian chief.] The name given by the Spanish conquerors of Mexico to a region on the Gulf Coast, about the Pánuco River (northern Vera Cruz and southern Tamaulipas). It was partially conquered by Cortés in 1522; was claimed by Francisco de Garay in 1523; and in 1526 was a igned to Nuño de Guzman. Somewhat later it was limited to 50 Spanish leagues in length and breadth, though Guzman claimed that it extended westward to the Pacific. Panurge (pa-nèrj'; F. pron. pä-nürzh'). [Gr. πανούργος, & rogue, lit. 'all-doer.] A character in Rabelais's "History of Gargantua and Pan tagruel." A very important personage in "Pant a gruel" is Panurge, a singular companion whom Pant a gruel picks up at Paris, and who is perhaps the greatest single creation of Rabelais. Some ideas may have been taken for him from the Cingar of Merlin us Coccaius, or Folengo, a Macaronic Italian poet, but on the whole he is original, and is hardly comparable to any one else in literature except Falstaff. The main idea in Panurge is the absence of morality in the wide Aristo tel i an sense, with the presence of almost all other good qualities, Saints bury , French Lit., p. 185. Panyasis (pa-ni'a-sis). [Gr. Πανύασις .] Lived in the first half of the 5th century B. C. A Greek poet of Halicarna us. Panyasis, uncle of Hero dot us, a man of political note at Halicarna us, where he fought for the freedom of the town against the tyrant Lygdamis, gained a good deal of temporary celebrity by another "Heracleia," in fourteen books. Considerable fragments of a social nature are quoted from it by Stobæus and Athenæus, which specially refer to the use and abuse of wine-drinking. They are elegantly written, and remind us strongly of the elegiac fragments on the same subject by Xenophanes and Theognis. He was also, according to Suidas, author of elegiac poems, in six books, called "Ionica," on the antiquities of Athens, and especially on the Ionic migration.