Neuilly, near Paris, Aug

14, 1818: died at Paris, of the Maccabees after the death of Judas. novel by Fielding, published in 1743. June 16,1900. The third son of Louis Philippe. Jon Bee. See Badcock , John. He was in the French naval service 1834-48, accompanied McClellan in the Peninsular campaign in 1862, and served (incognito) in the war of 1870-71. Jókai (yoko-i), Mór. Born at Komorn, Feb. 19, 1825: died May 5, 1904. A Hungarian novelist and politician. Among his novels are “ A Hungarian Nabob" (1854), "Black Diamonds" (1873), "The Romance of the Coming Century" (1874). Jokjokarta (jok-yō-kär'tä). 1. A residency in the southern part of Java, Dutch East Indies. - 2. The capital of Jokjokarta residency, situated in lat. 7° 48′ S., long. 110° 21′ E. Population, est., 58,284. Joktan (jok'tan). See the extract. Arphaxad was the grandfather of Eber or "Hebrew." "Unto Eber," we are told [in Genesis), "were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan." The tribes and districts of south-eastern Arabia traced their descent to Joktan. Among them we find Hazarmaveth, the modern Hadhramaut; Ophir, the famous sea-port and emporium of the goods of the further east; Havilah, 'the sandy region, compa ed by the river Pison (Gen. ii. 11), and occupied by the sons of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. 18); and Amalek (1 Sam. xv. 7), as well as Sheba, the Saba of the native inscriptions, whose ancient capital is now represented by the ruins of Mareb in the south-western corner of Arabia. Sayce , Races of the O. T., р. 65. Joliba. See Niger . Joliet (jo'li-et). A city and the capital of Will County, Illinois, situated on the Des Plaines River 34 miles southwest of Chicago. It is a railway and manufacturing center, and contains a State prison. Pop. (1900), 29,353. Joliet (zhō-lya'), Charles. Born at St.-Hippolyte, Doubs, France, Aug. 8, 1832. A French novelist and littérateur. He has written, under the pseudonym J. Telio and several others, for "La Vie Parisienne," "Charivari," and a number of other journals. Besides his novels he has written "L'Esprit de Diderot" (1859), Les pseudonymes du jour" (18672d ed. 1883), "Curios ités des lettres, etc." (1884), "Le trésor curios ités, l'argot, etc." (1891). Joliet, or Jolliet, Louis. Born at Quebec, Sept. 21, 1645: died in May, 1700. A French-Canadian explorer. He was intended for the priesthood, and took minor orders in 1662, but abandoned divinity in 1667, and became a merchant. In 1672 he was commi ioned by Frontenac, governor of New France, to explore the Mis. si ippi River; and, in company with the Jesuit mi ionary Jones (jōnz), Anson. Born at Great Barring ton, Ma ., Jan. 20, 1798: committed suicide at Houston, Texas, Jan. 7, 1858. A Texan politician, president of Texas 1844-45. Jones, Davy. The name given by sailors to the evil spirit who is supposed to rule over the sea demons (hence "to go to Davy Jones's locker" is to drown or to die). The name has been said to be a corruption of Jonah . Jones, George. Born Jan. 6, 1786: died at London, Sept. 19, 1869. An English painter. He entered the Royal Academy in 1801 and exhibited annually. He served in the Peninsular war and in the occupation of Paris after Waterloo. He was most succe ful in battlepieces. Jones, Henry. Born near Drogheda, Ireland, 1721: died at London, April, 1770. An Irish poet and dramatist. He published "Poems on Several Occasions" (1749), "The Earl of E ex," a tragedy (1752), etc. Jones, Henry. Born at London, Nov. 2, 1831: died there Feb. 15, 1899. An authority on whist and other games of cards, on which he wrote under the name of Cavendish. He also wrote on lawn-tennis, backgammon, dominoes, etc. Jones, Hugh Bolton. Born at Baltimore, Md., 1848. An American landscape-painter. Among his works are "The Return of the Cows" (Paris Exposition, 1878), "The Poplars" (Royal Academy, London), "Near Maple wood" (Metropolitan Museum, New York), "Break ing Flax" (Columbian Exposition). Jones, Inigo. Born at London, July 15, 1573: died there, June 21, 1652. A noted English architect, styled "the English Palladio." He went to Italy and resided there many years, especially in Venice, whence he was called to Denmark by King Christian IV. In 1620 he was appointed commi ioner of repairs of St. Paul's, which, however, were not commenced before 1631. In 1643 he was thrown out of his office, and in 1646 fined £345 for being a royal favorite and a Roman Catholic, hav. ing been taken in arms at the capture of Basing House. He is supposed to have died of grief, misfortune, and old age at old Somerset House on the Strand. He sat twice to Vandyck, and a portrait by this master has been sent with the Houghton collection to St. Petersburg. Among his works are the banqueting-hall, White hall (1619-22), Covent Garden Piazza, the famous gateway of St. Mary's, Oxford (1632), the equally famous portico of old St. Paul's and the reconstruction of that church (1631-41), etc. Jones, Jacob. Born near Smyrna, Del., 1770: died at Philadelphia, Aug., 1850. An American Jönköping (yên chė-ping). 1. A laen in south- ern Sweden. Area, 4,447 square miles. Popu- lati on (1893), 193,268.-2. The capital of the laen of Jönköping, situated at the southern end of Lake Wetter in lat. 57° 48′ N., long. 14° 13′ E. It is noted for its manufactures, especially of matches. A peace between Sweden and Denmark was concluded here in 1809. Population (1890), 19,682. Jonsbok (yōns'bok). [ON. Jónsbók .] The law code of Iceland under Norwegian sovereignty and later, brought from Norway to Iceland, in 1280, by Jon Eina r on, a lawyer, from whom it received its name. Like the Jarnsida, which it superseded, it was a compilation by King Magnus. Jonson (jon's on), Benjamin, usually known as Ben Jonson. Born at Westminster, 1573 (?): died Aug. 6, 1637. A celebrated English dram- atist. His parentage is not certainly known. His mother married, while he was still a child, a master bricklayer said to have been named Fowler. He was sent to a school at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, but was soon removed to Westmin- a somewhat obscure period he began to work for the stage: in 1597 he appeared in Henslowe's "Diary" as a player and a playwright to "The Admiral's Men." During a break with the Admiral's company his first extant comedy, "Every Man in his Humour," was offered to the rival company, the "Lord Chamberlain's Servants." It was accepted, and was performed at the Globe in 1598, Shakspere playing in it. Jonson ranked from this time with the foremost drama- tists of the period. He became involved in quarrels with Dekker and Marston, and in the plays of the two latter are characters attacking or ridiculing him, while he in turn satirized them in several of his plays. In 1603 he began to write " Entertainments," and in 1605 the first the court and his life now entered its most succe ful phase. The plays performed during 1605-16 ("Epicœne, "The Alchemist," "Cat i line," "Bartholomew Fair," and "The Devil is an A ") are among his best. In 1613 he went to France as tutor to a son of Sir Walter Raleigh, to Scotland. About this time he spent some weeks at the house of William Drummond of Hawthorn den, whose notes of his talk are the principal source of his biography. On his return he wrote a narrative in verse of his adven- tures ("Underwoods, No. 62'"). Between 1621 and 1623 the raised Jonson's pension to £200, and the greatest ca- Jordaens (yor'däns), Jakob. Born at Antwerp about 1593: died there, 1678. A Flemish painter of historical and genre scenes and portraits. Jordan. See Jordanes. Jordan (jôr'dan). [Heb. Yarden , the descend- er; Gr. Ιορδάνης, L. Jordanes , mod. Ar. Esh- Sheriah .] The chief river of Palestine. It rises in Anti-Libanus, traverses Lake Merom (Hûleh) and the Sea of Galilee, and flows into the Dead Sea 19 miles east of Je- rusalem. Its length is about 120 miles. Jordan. A river in Utah which flows from Utah Lake into Great Salt Lake. Length, about 40 miles. Jordan, David Starr. Born at Gainesville, N.Y., Jan. 19, 1851. An American naturalist and educator. He studied at Cornell University, receiving the degree of M. S. in 1872, and of LL.D. (honorary) in 1886. In 1875 he graduated in medicine at the Indiana Medical College. He was a istant on the United States Fish Com- mi ion 1877-91; profe or of zoology at the Indiana Uni- versity 1879-85, and its president 1885-91; and in the latter year was appointed president of the Leland Stanford Junior University. He has published "Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States" (1876 and later editions), "Contributions to North American Ichthyology" (1877- 1883), "Science Sketches" (1888), etc. Jordan, Mrs. (a umed name of Dorothy Bland). Born near Water ford, Ireland, about 1762: died at St.-Cloud, France, 1816. An Irish actre , known as Dolly Jordan. She became the mistre of the Duke of Clarence (William IV.) in 1790. As an actre in comody Mrs. Jordan can have had few equals. Genest says that she had never a superior in her line, and adds that her "Hypolita" will never be excelled. Rosalind, Viola, and Lady Contest were among her best characters. Dict . Nat . Biog . Jones, T. Percy. The pseudonym of Profe or Aytoun. Jones, William. Born in the parish of Llanfi- hangel, Angle sea, 1675: died at London, July 3, 1749. An English mathematician. He entered brary, which was one of the finest in England. In 1626 he was attacked with palsy, followed by dropsy, and was con- fined to his bed during his last years. He was appointed chronologer to the city of London in 1628, which increased his income; but his powers were failing and his next play, "The New Inn," was not heard to the end, and in 1631 his salary as chronologer was withdrawn. He brought out more plays and masks, and in 1634 his salary was re- stored. He lived three years longer, during which time he wrote little. "The Sad Shepherd," unfinished, was found among his papers. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, in the Poets' Corner. The political crisis at this time prevented the erection of an elaborate tomb which was intended, and a casual visitor, Sir John Young, caused "O rare Ben Jonson" to be cut on his tomb. Among his friends were all the people of culture of the time, no- tably Chapman and Fletcher. With Shakspere he was le intimate: but the theory of his jealousy of the latter has been completely refuted by Gifford. Among his plays are "Every Man his Humour" (acted 1598, printed 1601), "The Case is Altered" "(1599, printed 1609), "Every Man out of his Humour" (1599, printed 1600), "Cynthia's Revels" (1600), "The Poetaster, etc." (1601, printed 1602), "Sejanus, his Fall," with another (1603, printed 1605), "Eastward Ho,' with Chapman and Marston (1604, printed 1605), "Volpone, or the Fox (1605, printed 1607), "Epicœne, or the Silent Woman" (1609), "The Alchemist”(1610, printed 1612), “Cati- line, his Conspiracy" (1611), "Bartholomew Fair" (1614, tonshire, July 30, died at Nayland, Staple of News" (1625, folio 1631), "The New Inn, folk, Jan. 6, 1800. An English clergyman and theological and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are "Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity" (1756) and "Figurative Language of the Holy Scripture" (1786). Jones, Sir William. Born at Westminster, Sept. 28, 1746: died at Calcutta, April 27, 1794. A noted English Orientalist and linguist, young- est son of William Jones the mathematician. He entered University College, Oxford, in 1764, and be- came a fellow of that college in 1766. In 1770 he published a translation into French of the Persian life of Nadir Shah, brought to England by Christian VII. of Denmark. It was followed (1770) by the "Traité sur la poésie orientale." In 1771 he i ued his grammar of the Persian language, followed by "Poems, consisting chiefly of translations from the Asiatick languages, etc." (1772), "Poeseos Asiaticæ Comment a rio rum Libri Sex" (1774). He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1774. In 1778 he published a translation of the "Speeches of Isæus in Causes con- etc." (1629, printed 1631), "The Magnet ick Lady" (licensed 1632, folio 1640), "A Tale of a Tub" (licensed 1633, folio 1640), "The Sad Shepherd, etc." (folio 1641), etc. Besides ments," and poems: among the latter are included "Epi. these, he wrote a number of "Masques," "Entertain- grammes" (published 1616) and "The Forest," which con- tains his best songs, etc., up to 1616, most of which were subsequently published under the name of "Under- woods" (his own title) after his death (1640). The lines to the memory of Shakspere prefixed to the Shakspere folio (1623) were first included in Jonson's works by Gifford. He wrote several prose works, among which are "Timber, or Discoveries made upon Men and Matter," usually known as "Discoveries" (1641), and "The English Gram- mar made by Ben Jonson for the benefit of all strangers" (1640), etc. His works were first collected in a folio edition, of which the first volume, revised by himself, appeared in 1616, the second 1630-41. Whalley (1756) first edited him, Cunning ham in 1875. and in 1816 Gifford brought out an edition, reprinted by Jonzac (zhôn-zäk'). A town in the department of Charente-Inférieure, France, 45 miles north of Bordeaux. Population (1891), commune, 3,431. Joonpoor. See Jaunpur . Joplin City (jop'lin sit'i). A mining city in Jas- per County, southwestern Mi ouri, situated in lat. 37° 3′ N., long. 94° 35' W. Population (1900), 26,023. Jonesboro (jōnz'bur"ō). The capital of Clay- Joppa. See Jaffa . ton County, Georgia, 18 miles south of Atlanta. Joram (jō'ram), or Jehoram (je-hō'ram). King Here Aug. 31, 1864, the Federals under Howard repulsed of Israel 851-843 в. с. (Duncker), son of Ahab. died about 1685. An English actor, dramatist, and poet. He supported himself by promiscuous literary work, largely plagiarized, until 1671, when he was made part of the corporation of London in the capacity of poet to that body. Jordan conducted the lord mayor's shows for four- teen years with great succe . Among his works are "Poet- icall Varieties or Variety of Fancies" (1637), “A Pill to Purge Melancholy" (1637), "The Tricks of Youth" (1663), "A New Droll, or the Counter Scuffle" (1663), "Money is an A " (1663), "Rosary of Rarities" (1659), etc. Jordan (yor'dän), Wilhelm. Born Feb. 8, 1819 died Jan. 27, 1903. A German poet. He wrote "Die Nibelungen" (1st part, "Sigfridsage," 1868; 2d part, "Hildebrants Heimkehr," 1874), dramas, "Demiurgos," a poem (1852-54), translations, etc. Jordanes (jôr-dā'nēz), or Jordan is (jôr-dā'nis), or (erroneously) Jornandes (jôr-nan'dēz). A Gothic (Alan) historian and ecclesiastic of the 6th century: by a probably erroneous tradition, bishop of Ravenna. He wrote (in 551) "De Origine Getarum," often called the "Getica," a history of the Goths compiled from Ca iodorus and others, and "De sum a tem- porum vel origine actibusque gent is Romanorum," a uni- versal chronicle. The supposition that he may have been bishop of Croton in Italy is rejected. Jorg, Joseph Jörg, Joseph Edmund. Born at Immenstadt, Bavaria, Dec. 23, 1819: died at Land shut, Nov. 18, 1901. A Bavarian ultramontane politician and historian. His chief work is "Geschichte des gro en Bauernkriegs" (1850). Jorgenson (yor'gen-son), Jorgen. rgen. Born at Co- penhagen, 1779: died in New South Wales about 1830. A Danish adventurer, governor of Ice- Jornandes. See Jordanes. Jortin (jor'tin), John. Born at London, Oct. 23, 1698: died there, Sept. 5, 1770. An English church historian and critic. His father, Renatus Jortin, was a Huguenot exile. He was educated at Char- terhouse and at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he grad- uated in 1719. In 1749 he was Boyle lecturer, and became archdeacon of London in 1764. His chief works are "Lusus poetic i" (1722), "Life of Erasmus" (1758), and "Sermons and Charges" (1771-72). Jorullo (Hō-röl'yō). A volcano in the state of Michoacan, Mexico, 160 miles west by south of Mexico, formed in 1759. Height, 4,265 feet. Jörundfjord (ye'rön-fyôrd). One of the most noted fiords in Norway, on the western coast, southeast of Aalesund. Josaphat. See Barlaam and Josaphat . Joscelin. See Jocelin. Joscelyn One of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon. He graduated at Queen's College, Cambridge. He was Latin secretary to Parker, archbishop of Canterbury (1558), and at his suggestion made collections of Anglo-Saxon documents, which he annotated. Joseffy (yō-sef'i), Rafael. Born at Presburg, Hungary, in 1852. A noted Hungarian pianist and composer: a pupil of Tausig. He has published a number of pieces for the pianoforte. Joseph (jō'zef). [Heb., of doubtful meaning: perhaps from a verb 'to add'; Gr. Ιωσήφ, L. Jose phus , F. Joseph , It. Giuseppe , Sp. José , Josef , Pg. José, Jozé, G. Joseph .] The son of Jacob and Rachel. He played an important part in traditional Hebrew history He was sold by his brethren as a slave into Egypt, where he became prime minister and the progeni two Israel it ish tribes, Ephraim and Mana eh. cording to tradition his sale took place in the reign of the Hyksos or shepherd king Aphobis. See Aphobis . Joseph. The husband of Mary the mother of Jesus. Joseph I. Born at Vienna, July 26, 1678: died April 17, 1711. German emperor, son of Leopold I. He was crowned king of Hungary in 1689, and of the Romans in 1690, and succeeded to the empire in 1705. He continued the War of the Spanish Succe ion. Joseph II. Born at Vienna, March 13, 1741: died at Vienna, Feb. 20, 1790. German emperor, son of Francis I. and Maria The res a. He was crowned king of the Romans in 1764; succeeded to the empire in 1765; became co-regent with Maria The res a in the Hapsburg dominions in 1765; took part in the War of the Bavarian Succe ion 1778-79; and became sole ruler in 1780. He proclaimed the "Edict of Tolerance" in 1781; abolished serfdom; and joined with Ru ia against Turkey in 1788. Joseph, King of Naples, later of Spain. See Bonaparte. Joseph, Father (François Leclerc du Trem blay). Born at Paris, Paris, Nov. 4, 1577: died at Rueil, Dec. 18, 1638. A French Capuchin monk, confidential agent of Richelieu. Joseph of A rima the a. A rich Israelite who apparently was a member of the Sanhedrim at the time of the crucifixion. He was afraid to confe his belief in Jesus Christ. After the crucifixion, however, he went and begged the body of Jesus, and buried it in his own tomb. There is a legend that he was imprisoned for 42 years, which seemed but 3 to him on account of the Holy Grail which he kept with him in prison; and that he carried the Grail, after his release by Vespas i an, to Britain, where he built the abbey of Glastonbury. There is an alliterative English romance "Joseph of A rima the a," written about 1350 (edited by Profe or Skeat in 1871). Robert de Borron composed two versions of a "Legend of Joseph of A rima the a, or The Little St. Grail," in verse and in prose, which fell into the hands of Walter Map, who wrote the "Great Saint Grail" from them. Joseph of Exeter, L. Joseph us Is can us. Flourished about 1200. A native of Exeter, one of the best medieval Latin poets in England. He resided much in France, and in 1188 went with Archbishop Baldwin on a crusade to the Holy Land, returning to England in 1190. His chief works are "De Bello Trojano" in 6 books, "Anti oche is," a poem on the third Crusade, "Panegyric us ad Henricum.' Joseph Andrews (jō'zef an'dröz). The title of a novel by Fielding, published in 1742, and the name of its hero. He is represented as a young footman of great beauty who maintains his uprightne and chastity through a long series of trials. The most prominent and famous character in the book is that of the curate Parson Adams. (See Adams .) The book (said to have been suggested by the "Paysan Parvenu" of Marivaux) was at first intended to be merely a satire on Richardson's "Pa mela," but it grew as its author worked upon it. Joseph Bechor Shor (jo'zef be-chor' shōr'). A Jewish scholar and biblical commentator of the 12th century, in the north of France. Josephine (jō'ze-fen) (Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie). Born at Trois-lets, Martin i que, June 23, 1763: died at Malm a is on, near Paris, May 29, 1814. First wife of Napoleon I., and empre of the French. She removed to France in 1778; married, Dec. 13, 1779, the Vicomte de Beau harn a is (who died 1794); and became the wife of Napoleon March 9, 1796. She was crowned empre in 1804, and was divorced in 1809. Josephstadt (yō'zef-stät). A fortified town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 66 miles east by north of Prague. Population (1890), 6,097. Joseph us (jō-sē fus), Flavius (Jewish name Joseph ben Matthias). Born 37 A. D.: died about 95. A celebrated Jewish historian. He was of illustrious priestly descent, and related to the Maccabean house. A visit to Rome in his early years filled him with enthusiastic admiration for it and its institutions. At the outbreak of the Judeo-Roman war he was intrusted by the Sanhedrim with the governorship of Galilee, and as such took part in the war against Rome. But he weakened the province under his administration by sowing discord; and when the fortre Jotapata, after a most heroic res is tance, was taken by Vespas i an, he managed to save his own life after the remnant of the besieged had died by their own hands. Vespas i an, glad to have him on his side as a guide and adviser, received him with courtesy and friendline , and he remained with Vespas i an and Titus, following them after the initia Rome, and living in the sunshine of their favor. He received large tracts of land in Judea and an annual pension, and adopted "Esther" (1853). Josippon. The title of a history, in Hebrew, which originated in the 10th century in Italy, and which the author (under the pseudonym Joseph ben Gorion) claims to be a free translation of Joseph us's historical works. The his torical events are mingled with legends and tales which the author has drawn from the rabbinical literature, Hegesippus, the oldest compendium of the authentic Joseph us, and the patristic writings. It was written in a kind of poetical prose, and was a great favorite with the Jewish people; it has been translated into many languages. Josquin (zhos-kań') or Jo e Desprez (dā-prā'), or De Prés (dė prā), Latinized to Jodocus a Pratis (jō-dokus ā prātis), or a Prato, or Pratensis (pra-ten's is). Born at or near St.Quentin, Hainault, about 1450: died at Condé, Hainault, Aug. 27, 1521. A celebrated Flemish composer, "one of the greatest masters of the Nether land school," author of ma es, numerous motets, etc. Jo e (zhos), Monsieur. A jeweler in Molière's "L'Amour médec in." When asked how to cure a love-sick lady he recommends jewelry at once; hence the sarcastic phrase "Vous êtes orfèvre, M. Jo e" ('You are a jeweler, Mr. Jo e') - that is, you advise others for your own benefit. Jo elin (zhos-lan'). Atown in the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, on the Oust 23 miles northeast of Vannes. The castle, a seat of the Rohan family, and the former abode of the Connétable de Cli on, is a fine medieval stronghold with lofty walls overtopped by cylindrical, conical-roofed towers. The interior front, in the Flamboyant of the end of the Pointed style, is highly picturesque, with gables, canopied windows, openwork parapets, and flaming tracery. Jost (yōst), Isaak Markus. Born at Bernburg, Germany, Feb. 22, 1793: died at Frankfort-on the-Main, Nov. 25, 1860. A German-Hebrew historian, teacher in Berlin and later (1835) in Frankfort. He wrote "Geschichte der Israeli ten" (1820-29: "Neuere Geschichte der Israeli ten," 1846-47), "Geschichte des Judentums und seiner Sekten" (1857-59), etc. Jotapata (jō-tä-pä'tä). A fortre on the modern hill Tel Jefât in Galilee. During the JudeoRoman war it was held by Joseph us. Forced by want of food and water to surrender to Vespas i an, the garrison retired to a cavern and died by their own hands, with the exception of the general, Joseph us, and one other. Jotham (jotham). King of Judah 740-734 B. C. Jötunheim (yetön-him). [ON. Jötunheimr : Jö tunn , giant, and heimr , world.] In Old Norse mythology, the realm of the giants: also called Utgard (ON. Utgardhr ), the outer world. It was conceived to be situated in the extreme north. Jotunheim (yötön-him). A mountain region in Norway, about lat. 61° 30′ N. It contains the highest summits in the country, Galdhöppigen (8,400 feet) Joubert (zhö-bar'), Barthélemy Catherine. Born at Pont-de-Vaux, Ain, France, April 14, 1769: killed at the battle of Novi, Italy, Aug. 15, 1799. A French general. He served with distinction in Tyrol in 1797, and in Piedmont in 1798, and succeeded Moreau in Italy in 1799. and Glitter tind. Joubert, Joseph. Born at Montignac, Périgord, May 6, 1754: died at Paris, May 4, 1824. A French moralist and man of letters. Extracts from his manuscripts, under the title "Pensées," were Jovellanos edited by Châteaubriand, and later (1842), under the title "Pensées, maximes, et correspond ance," by Paul Raynal. Joueur (zhö-er'), Le. A comedy by Regnard, produced in 1696. Mrs. Cent livre's "Gamester" was adapted from it. Jouffroy (zhö-frwä'), Théodore Simon. Born at Pontets, Doubs, France, July 7, 1796: died at Paris, Feb. 4, 1842. A noted French philosophical writer, a pupil of Cousin, profe or at various institutions in Paris, and after 1838 librarian of the university. He translated Dougald Stewart and Reid, and wrote "Mélanges philosophiques" (1833), "Cours de droit naturel" (1835), etc. Jougne (zhöny), Col de. A pa over the Jura, on the borders of Vaud, Switzerland, and Doubs, France, connecting Lausanne with Pontarlier. Joule (jöl), James Jam Pre scott. Born at Salford, England, nd, Dec. 24, 1818: died at Sale, Sale, Oct. 11, 1889. An English physicist, noted for his researches in the mechanical equivalent of heat. His paper on "Electro-Magnetic Forces" (1840) describes one of the earliest known attempts to measure an electric current by a definite unit. In a paper "On the Production of Heat by Voltaic Electricity" (1840) he first announced the law "that when a current of voltaic electricity is propagated along a metallic conductor, the heat evolved in a given time is proportional to the resistance of the conductor multiplied by the square of the electric intensity." This discovery was largely suggested by Ohm's "Die gal. vanische Kette" (1827). In a paper (1843) "On the Heat Evolved during the Electrolysis of Water," he demonstrated that the mechanical and heating powers of the current are proportional to each other. These discoveries led to a long series of experiments on the equivalence of heat and energy, which occupied the remainder of his life. In a paper "On the Calorific Effects of Magnetic Electricity and the Mechanical Value of Heat" (1843) it is stated that "the quantity of heat capable of increasing the temperature of a pound of water by one degree of Fahrenheit's scale is equal to a mechanical force capable of raising 838 pounds to a perpendicular height of one foot." Joule made his final experiments in 1878, and the physical constant was determined to be 772.55 foot-pounds. Jourdain (zhör-dan'), Alfonse, Count of Toulouse. Born in Syria, 1103: died at Acre, Palestine, 1148. Ruler of the greater part of southern France 1125-48. Jourdain, Monsieur. In Molière's "Le bourgeois gentilhomme," a good, plain citizen, consumed with a desire to pa for a perfect gentleman. To this end he endeavors to educate not only himself but all his family. His astonishment at learning that he had been talking prose all his life has pa ed into a proverb. Jourdan (zhör-don'), Comte Jean Baptiste. Born at Limoges, France, April 29, 1762: died at Paris, Nov. 23, 1833. A French marshal. He was distinguished in the campaigns of 1792-93; became commander of the army of the north; defeated the Austrians at Wattignies Oct. 16, 1793, and at Fleurus June 26, 1794; was victorious at Aldenhoven; was defeated at Höchst Oct. 11, 1795; was commander of the army of the Sambre and Meuse; was defeated at Amberg Aug. 24, and Würzburg Sept. 3, 1796; was commander of the army of the Danube, and was defeated at Ostrach March 21, and Stockach March 25, 1799; was made governor of Piedmont in 1800, and marshal in 1804; and attended Joseph Bonaparte in Naples and Spain. Journey to London, A. The name given by Vanbrugh to the unfinished comedy afterward completed by Cibber and called "The Provoked Husband" (produced in 1728). Jouvenet (zhöv-nā'), Jean. Born at Rouen, France, Aug. 21, 1647: died at Paris, April 5, 1717. A French historical painter. Among his chief works are "Descent from the Cro " "Esther before Alha suer us," "Miraculous Draught of Fishes." Jouvet (zhö-vā'), or Jovet (zhō-vā'). A peak of the Tarentaise Alps, southeastern France, east of Moutiers, noted for its view. Height, 8,410 feet. Joux (zhö), Fort de. A fortre in the department of Doubs, France, 3 miles south-southeast of Pontarlier. Mirabeau was imprisoned here 1775, and To us saint Louverture died here 1803. Joux, Lac de. A lake on the borders of France and Switzerland, in the Val de Joux. Its outlet is the Orbe. Length, 5 miles. Joux, Val de. A valley in the Jura, in Vaud, Switzerland, on the border of the departments of Doubs and Jura, France, traversed by the Orbe and the Lac de Joux. Jouy (zhö-e'), Victor Joseph Étienne (called de Jouy). Born at Jouy, near Versailles, France, 1764 (1769?): died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Sept. 4, 1846. A French dramatist and man of letters. Among his numerous writings are "Ermite de la Chau ée d'Antin, ou observations sur les mœurs et les usages français au commencement du dix-neuvième siècle" (1812-14), librettos, comedies, tragedies, etc.