Boring collar

(Mech.) In Turning, a machine having a plate with conical holes of different diameters; the plate is movable upon a centre, which is equi-distant from the centres or axes of the conical holes: the axes are placed in the circumference of a circle. The use of the B. is to support the end of a long body that is to be turned hollow, and which would otherwise be too long to be supported by a chuck. Bor'ing-lathe, n. (Mech.) A lathe used for boring wheels or short cylinders. The wheel or cylinder is fixed on a large chuck, screwed to the mandril of a lathe. Boring-worm (THE), n. (Zool.) The common name of the Teredo naval is. This is a worm which enters wood in salt water, and there expands until it attains the size of a finger; it bores the wood into which it enters, during the whole of the pa age between high and low water mark, completely riddling it in those parts, and causing an infinite amount of damage to ships, or to piers, docks, and harbors, wherever wood enters the construction in the shape of piles, cills, . It is supposed that creosote is the only effective preservative against the ravages of this animal, though a coating of copper nails has been strongly recommended; but there is danger of the animals finding their way into the wood between the small spaces left by the heads of the nails, and then the destruction of the wood is inevitable. Of course great care and attention is required in the application of the creosote (which in the best work is injected after the extraction of the moisture from the wood) under a vacuum, to the extent of 4 lbs. per foot cube; it requires a pre ure of about 130 lbs. on the square inch to insure this quantity entering. - It is supposed that the teredo only attacks wood when it is exposed on shores able to yield the bicarbonate of lime; at any rate, it is far more destructive in them than in others. The animal also appears to have a distaste for the sewerage waters of towns, perhaps because they are not impregnated with the salts of the sea-water Bor'i of, a town of European Ru ia, govt. Minsk, on the Berezina, 45 m. N.E. of Minsk. This place has acquired celebrity from the disastrous pa age of the Berezina, effected near it, by the remains of the French army under Napoleon, on its retreat from Moscow, in Nov., 1812. Pop . 6,407. Bor'i oglebsk, a town of Ru ia in Europe, govt. Jaroslav, on the Volga, opposite to Roman of. It is surrounded by dense forests. Bork'hum, a small island in the North Sea, belonging to Pru ia, off the mouth of the Ems, about 9 m. from the mainland. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in the Northern whale-fishery. The lantern of the church, which serves as a light-house, is 150 feet above sea-level, and in Lat. 53° 35′ 20′′ N., 6° 40′ 26" E. Lon. Borland, in Arkansas , a post-office of Newton co. Born, ( pp . of BEAR, to bring forth.) Brought forth; produced; brought into being or existence. "I was born an American; I live an American; I shall die an American." - D. Webster. Born again. (Theol.) Regenerated; endowed with a renewal of spiritual life. -Born days . A vulgarism to denote one's lifetime; as, I never saw anything like it in my born days. Borne, (börn,) ( pp. of BEAR, to carry.) Carried; conveyed; supported; defrayed. "Ocean!... my joy Of youthful sports was on thy breast to be Borne, like thy bubbles, onward." Byron. Born'eene, n. ( Chem .) See BORNEO CAMPHOR. Borneo, (called by the natives Tanna Klemantan ,) the largest island in the world, Australia being reckoned a continent; occupying nearly the centre of the E. or Malayan archipelago; between Lat. 4° 10' S. and 7°4′N., and Lon. 108° 50′ and 119° 20′ E.; having N. and W. the China Sea; E. the Sea of Celebes and Straits of Macas- sar; and S. the Sea of Java; form compact; length, N.E. to S.W. 800 m., breadth 700 m.; area, 300,000 sq. m.- Desc . B. has several fine and spacious harbors; the shores consist usually of mud-banks, with numbers of minute and rocky islets around them; the land for sev- eral miles toward the interior continuing marshy and al- luvial, interspersed with gentle acclivities, covered with underwood. There are many isolated hills in B. , and a range stretching along the N.W. coast, of about 3,000 feet in height. There are numerous and extensive plains, especially in the N.; but the most important yet known to geographers is that of Montradok, near the W. coast. There are said to be upwards of 100 rivers, many being navigable, and some of considerable size. The principal is the Ban jar ma in, which takes a S. course nearly throughout the whole island, and falls into the sea not far from the town of the same name, on the S. coast. The Pa ir, Coti, and many others are met with on the E. coast; while on the W., the Sambas, Pontiana, and Succadan, are the principal streams. The soil of B. in the neighborhood of the European settle- ments, vies in richne with that of any other island of the archipelago. It is also rich in valuable minerals, B. being the only island in the archipelagic group where diamonds are found; one in the rough state weighing 367 carats, worth about $1,346,890, and found here, was, in 1815. the property of a petty chief. Gold is largely found, and inexhaustible mines of antimony of superior quality are worked at Sarawak. Tin is plentiful in some parts, and a little iron is procured from the interior. - Clim. On the whole, B. is temperate and healthy; but this must be taken with a reservation, the E. parts of the island being comparatively unexplored.- Prod . Al- though blest with a very fertile soil, B. has not, so far, cultivated grain enough for home consumption. Timber bra es of plummer-blocks, by means of a cutter fixed in it. is of a large growth, but unsuitable for ship-building purposes. No teak has yet been found; but iron-wood, ebony, rattans, camphor, damnter, the cocoa-palm, betel, cinnamon, sago, . flourish in luxuriance. Rice of excellent quality is produced, but the Dutch keep the ex. port of it in their own hands. Maize. the plantain, and the sugar-cane, as well as the best cla of tropical fruits, are extensively cultivated.- Zool . Elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, wild hogs, and oxen are indigenous, and endle varieties of the monkey tribe have their habitat on this island. The gorilla, "monarch of the forest," and the Ungka-putl, are also distinguished inhabitants; and the Sooloo Sea is a great resort for English whalers, it being frequented by the spermaceti whale. The seas abound with turtle, and plenty of fish, oysters, and other testacea . Inhab . The interior and part of the N.W. coast are peopled by Dyaks, and by a woolly-haired race like the Papuan negroes; the W. coast by Malays, Chinese, and Dutch colonists; the N. W. by half-caste descendants of the Moors of W. Hindostan; the N. by Annamese; N.E. by Suluks; and E. and S. coasts by Bugis of Celebes. Besides these, three tribes live, in small craft, in a wandering manner, about the shores; viz., the Lanuns, from Magindanoa; the Orang-badju, and Orang-tidong; source unknown. Exp . The leading exports are gold, diamonds, antimony, camphor, bees'-wax, deers' horns, dammar, ebony, wood-oil, rattans, pepper, bezoar-stones, sago, gutta-perch a, and iron. The latter is particularly good, or the Dyaks are able to temper it astonishingly well; for their steel scimitars, or kreeses , are capable of cutting through an iron nail without difficulty. Prin. towns. Sarawak (English settlement), Sambas, and Pontiana (Dutch stations), Montradok and Landok (Chinese settlements), Coti (Bugi town). and Ban jar ma in. Pop. Estimated at 3,000,000.- Hist . This island was first visited by Europe ans (Lorenzo de Gomez and Pigafetta) in 1518 and 1521 respectively. The first Dutchman who settled here was Oliver Van Noort, in 1598. In 1769, the English having captured Manilla, took po e ion of Bar lam bung an. On the capture of Java by the British, in 1811, the Dutch power in B. suffered an eclipse until the restoration to them of that island, in 1818. In 1839, an English man, Sir James Brooke, (q. v.,) established a British settlement at Sarawak, on the W. coast of the island, that is now the most civilized and commercial place in B. - Valuable and interesting accounts of this island may be found in Wallace's The Malay Archi pela go (London, 1869); and Bickmore's Travels in the East Indian Archipelago (New York, 1869). See BROOKE (RAJAH); DYAKS: SARAWAK, . IMG:content-0699.jpg:[graphic] Fig . 394. THE UNGKA-PUTL. pota ium are formed, the latter substance being washed away with a weak solution of chloride of ammonium. Boron thus prepared is a brownish-green powder, dis- solving slightly in water, forming a yellowish-green so- lution. It is rendered insoluble by being heated in close ve els; its specific gravity being at the same time changed from 1-183 to 1.844. It suffers no change, being neither volatilized nor fused. It may, however, be melted by the heat generated by a powerful galvanic battery. Like silicon, it is a non-conductor of electri- city. Alkalies and acids (except nitric acid) produce no effect on it. Nitric acid converts it into boracic acid. It does not decompose water at any temperature, and is constant under the action of air or oxygen until the temperature reaches 600°, when it burns brilliantly, forming boracic acid by the absorption of oxygen. Pre--Pledge; pared in the above way, boron is amorphous; but MM. Deville and Wöhler have obtained it in garnet-red trans- parent crystals, by fusing boracic acid with 80 per cent. of metallic aluminium in a powerful furnace. The crys- tals are extremely hard, scratching sapphire and co- rundum, and yielding only to the diamond, which is generally injured by the operation. Crystallized boron has never been fused, and resists the action of oxygen at very high temperatures. Boron is obtained in a gra- phitic form when borofluoride of pota ium is decom- posed by aluminium. It bears a close relation to the graphitic form of carbon, or ordinary graphite. Boron combines with several elements, forming borides with the metals. The close relation always supposed to exist between boron and carbon has been curiously confirmed by the fact of both these elements being capable of a uming the amorphous, crystalline, and graphitic forms. The only important compound of boron is bo- racic acid , q. v. Borough, Burgh, ( bür'rō ,) n. [A. S. burh , beorh , a hill, or mountain; 0. Ger. berg , a hill, burg , a city; Goth. baurgs ; Sansk. pur a , a house, a city; allied to Gr. pyr- gos , a tower.] Literally, a refuge; a place of defence or security; a fortified town. Specifically, a corporate town; a town that sends members to parliament, (in England). In the U. States, an incorporated town or village. Borough, n. [A. S. borg , bork , pledge, surety.] (O. Eng . Law . ) An a ociation of citizens or subjects, who gave pledges to the king for their mutual, and general, good behavior. -The surety or pledge given by them. Borough-English, n. ( Eng . Law.) A custom by which the younger son inherits the estate in preference to his elder brothers. It prevails in several cities and ancient boroughs, in different parts of England, and is founded in the fact that the elder children are usu- ally provided for during the life of the parent as they grew up, and removed, while the younger son usually remains. are rare, and the sheep have a hairy instead of a woolly covering. Almost all the species of water-fowl are found in great numbers; the ostrich scours the plains, and game and domestic poultry form the cheapest kind of animal Borough-holder, n. See BORS HOLDER. food purchasable in the country. Reptile and insect Borough-master, n . The mayor, or chief municipal life is here found in its most comprehensive aspect, and the waters teem with fish of many and peculiar species. Inhab. The natives of B. consist of two cla es, - the Shoas, descendants of Arab settlers from the N., and the Kanowries or Kanuri, (the native race proper,) who are true negroes. The former are the dominant people; they bear a strong physical resemblance to the Gipsy type, speak Arabic, cherish Mohammedanism, are shrewd, active, and courageous, and also thoroughly accomplish- ed di emblers and thieves. At least 10 different lan- guages or dialects are spoken in B. Fetichism prevails among the great bulk of the negro aborigines, which people, in most things, po e the common character is- tics of the African race in general.-Prin. towns. Konka, the cap., Deegoa, and Engornoo. Pop . No estimate can be made of the population of this kingdom; but as towns po e ing 30,000 inhabitants are frequently met with, and markets are said to be sometimes attended by 80,000 to 100,000 persons, and the shoa population alone being able to raise an army of 15,000 men, the number of inhabitants must be very considerable. officer of a borough. Borough-monger, n. One who traffics in the pa- tronage of a borough. Borough of Cambridge, in Vermont , a village of Cambridge township, Lamoille co. Borovsk', or BOROFSK', a town of Ru ia, 49 m. N.N.E. of Kalouga. Near it is one of the richest convents in the empire, founded in 1444. Pop . 6,870. Boro Buddor. See JAVA. Borodi'no. See MOSKOWA. Borodino, in New York , a post-village of Onondaga co., 18 m. S.W. of Syracuse. Borrell i ans, Borrel lists, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist .) A sect of Christians in Holland, so called from their founder, Borrell, who was a man of some learning, par- ticularly in the Greek and Hebrew languages. They re- ject all public acts of worship, public prayer, and the use of the sacraments. They a ert that the Christian churches have degenerated, because they have suffered the Word of God, which is infallible, to be interpreted by fallible men. They are said to lead austere lives, and to devote a considerable portion of their goods to charity. Bor'ris, or Bur'ris-idrone, a village of Ireland, co. Carlow, and 16 m. S. of Carlow town. "Though I am young, I scorn to flit On the wings of borrowed wit."- Wither . cost; the thing borrowed. (R.) "Yet of your royal presence I'll adventure The borrow of a week."- Shaks . Bor'row, GEORGE, an eminent English philologist and liter at eur, B. 1803. Не early devoted himself to the study of languages, and acquired a thorough knowledge of the Romany or Gipsy tongue. In 1833, entering the employ of the "British and Foreign Bible Society," he was sent to Ru ia, where, at St. Petersburg, he edited the New Testament in the Mantchu , or Chinese-Tartar language, and also a work called the Taryum , consist- ing of metrical translations from 30 languages. He next visited Spain, and was twice imprisoned in that country for circulating the Holy Scriptures. While here, he mixed much with the Zincali, (Spanish gitanos or Gipsies,) acquired their dialect, and translated St. Luke's Gospel into it. In 1841, he published, in Eng- land, the Zincali , or An Account of the Gipsies in Spain, a work which attained a world-wide celebrity. In 1842, appeared from his pen The bible in Spain ; in 1851, La- vengro; in 1857, The Romany Rye; and in 1862, Wild Wales. D. 1881. Bo'ry de Saint Vin'cent, JEAN BAPTISTE GEORGE MARIE, a French naturalist, B. at Agen, 1780. In 1798, he proceeded on a scientific mi ion to New Holland. Among the fruits of his travels were his E ai sur les Iles Fortunées de l'antique Atlantide , ou Précis de l'His- toire Générale de l'Archipel des Canaries (Par. 1803), and his Voyage dans les quatre principales Iles des Mers d'Af- rique (3 vols., Par., 1804). Having returned to his native country, he became a captain in the army, served at Ulm and Austerlitz, went to Spain, and became military in- tendant on the staff of Marshal Soult. In 1815, he served as a colonel, and after the battle of Waterloo made an eloquent but fruitle appeal to his colleagues in the Chamber against submitting to the Bourbons, and was compelled to go into exile. At Bru els he edited, along with Van Mons, the Annales des Sciences Physiques (8 vols.). He also produced an admirable work on the subterranean quarries in the limestone hills near Maestricht (Par., 1821). He returned to France in 1820, and in 1827 appeared his L'Homme , E ai Zoolo gique sur le Genre huma in. He wrote what relates to cryptogamic plants in Duperrey's Voyage autour du Monde (Par., 1828). He rendered an important service to science by editing the Dictionnaire Cla i que de l'His to ire Naturelle. When, in 1829, the French government sent a scientific expedition to the Morea and the Cyclades, the first place in it was a igned to B. de S.V .; and the results of his researches were given to the world in the Expédition Sient i fique de Morée (Par., 1832), and in the Nouvelle Flore du l'élop onèse et des Cyclades (Par., 1836). In 1839, he undertook the principal charge of the scien tific commi ion which the French government sent to Algeria. D. 1846. Bor'ris-in-Os's ory, a market-town of Ireland, Queen's co., 7 m. E.S.E. of Roscrea: pop . about 1,000. Bor'risleagh, a parish of Ireland, co. Tipperary. Bor'risokane, a town and par. of Ireland, co. Tippe- rary, 12 m. S W. of Birr; pop . of town about 1,800. Bor'risoleigh, a small town of Ireland, co. Tipperary, 6 m. S.S.W. of Temple more; pop . about 1,600. Borrome'an Islands. See MAGGIORE, (LAGO.) Borrome'o, (St. Charles,) nephew of Pope Pius IV., was B. in Italy, 1538. He studied at Pavia, and took his doctor's degree when 22 years of age. Shortly after- ward, his uncle called him to Rome, and made him a car- dinal, and archbishop of Milan. B. established an acad- emy in the Vatican for the promotion of learning, and published its conferences under the name of Noctes Va- ticana. In 1563, on the conclusion of the Council of Trent, he was commi ioned to draw up an exposition of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, as sanc- tioned by that council. This exposition is known by the name of Catechism us Trident in us. After the Pope's death in 1563, B. went to his diocese, and devoted him- self entirely to his episcopal duties. He reformed his expensive style of living, and employed the major part of his revenues in charity. He also enforced a reform in the clergy, especially among the rio nastic orders. One of the latter, having attempted the cardinal's a a i- nation, was suppre ed by the Pope, and its revenues appropriated to good works. When the plague broke Borysthenes. See DNIEPER. out at Milan, in 1576, B. , at the risk of his life, exerted himself to succor and tend his suffering flock. He shared in some of the prevailing errors of his time, and believed in sorcery, but his conduct was always tolerant, Bos, n. [Lat.] See BOVIDE. Bo'sa, a town of the island of Sardinia, 4 m. from Cag- liar i. Lat. 40° 17′ N.; Lon. 8° 27' E. It has a coral fishery. Pop . 6,568.