Corcoran Scientific School

Columbia University. An institution of learning in the city of New York. It comprises an academic department, a law school, a medical school (the College of Physicians and Surgeons), a school of mines, a school of political science, a graduate department, and a department of architecture. It was originally founded as King's College in 1754, and its present name was adopted in 1784. The law school was opened in 1858. Its main library (1897) contains about 235,000 volumes. It has 289 instructors and 1,921 students. Columbine (kol'um-bin). A conventional char acterin old Italian comedy, first appearing about 1560: the daughter of Pantaloon, or sometimes her coquettish maid-servant. She was the object of Harlequin's adoration, and so appears in English pantomime. Columbretes (kō-löm-brā'tes). A group of small volcanic rocks in the Mediterranean, east of Spain, in lat. 39° 54′ N., long. 0° 43′ E. Columbus (ko-lum'bus), Bartholomew, Sp. Bartolomeo Colon. Born probably in Genoa about 1445: died at Santo Domingo, May, 1515. A brother of Christopher Columbus. He was with Bartolomeu Diaz on the West African coast 1486-87, and went to England in 1488 to interest Henry VII. in his brother's project. He returned to Spain in 1493, after the admiral had sailed on his second voyage, but followed him in command of a supply fleet, arriving at Isabella in June, 1493. The admiral made him adelantado, and from 1496 to 1498 he governed the island during his brother's absence; founded Santo Domingo 1496; subdued an Indian revolt; marched to Xaraguá in 1497; and in 1498 had the first trouble with Roldan. In 1500 Bobadilla sent him a prisoner to Spain, where he was released with the admiral. He was with his brother on the fourth voyage, 1502-04, and was the leader where active work was required. In the struggle with Porras at Jamaica he was wounded. After the admiral's death he seems to have been in Rome, and in 1509 he accompanied Diego Columbus to Hispaniola, where he held important and lucrative offices. Columbus, Christopher. [It. Cristoforo Co lombo , Sp. Cristóval Colon, F. Chris top he Co lomb , L. Chris toph or us Columbus .] Born at or near Genoa, Italy, probably in 1446: died at Valladolid, Spain, May 20 or 21 (O. S.), 1506. The discoverer of America. His parents were wool combers, but he was fairly well educated, and early began to follow the sea. In 1473 (?) he went to Portugal, where he married and had a son, Diego; he also lived in the island of Porto Santo, near Madeira. It is probable that he joined in some of the Portuguese explorations on the African coast; and there is some doubtful evidence of a voyage made to Iceland. Impre ed with the idea, founded on the known rotundity of the earth, that Asia might be reached by sailing westward, he proposed to the Portuguese king to make an expedition in that direction. Failing, he went to Spain (1484?) and offered the enterprise to Ferdinand and Isabella. He was repeatedly put off with promises or rebuffed by adverse reports those set to inquire into the scheme, and lived in poverty. His brother was sent to ask aid of Henry VII. of England (1488), and Columbus himself was about pa ing to France when he obtained a personal interview with the sovereigns at Granada. The exce ive grants and honors which he demanded in case of succe led to a refusal; but as he was about leaving Granada his friends made a last effort with the queen, he was recalled, and on April 17, 1492, the king and queen signed a paper in which all the demands of Columbus were agreed to. He was made, for himself and heirs, admiral in all the regions which he might discover, Columbus, Diego and viceroy in countries acquired by him for Spain, with full powers and a generous share of the revenues. Partly with royal aid, partly with the help of the Pinzons, merchants of Palos, three small ve els were fitted out, the Santa Maria as flagship, and the Niña and Pinta, commanded respectively by Vicente Yañez Pinzon and Martin Alonzo Pinzon. With these and 120 (or 90?) men Columbus left Palos Aug. 3, 1492. He touched at the Canaries, thence steered west, and on Oct. 12 (O. S.), 1492, or Oct. 22 (N. S.), discovered the island of Guanahani or San Salvador, one of the Bahamas, but which one is uncertain. He landed and took po e ion for Castile, had some intercourse with the natives, and sailed on, discovering various islands and coasting part of the northern side of Cuba (Oct. 26-Dec. 22), and Haiti or Hispaniola, everywhere treating amicably with the natives, and obtaining small quantities of gold and island products. All these lands, he supposed, were outlying parts of Asia. The Santa Maria was wrecked on the Haitian coast, and he left there a colony of 40 men, building a fort called La Navidad in the land of a friendly chief. On Jan. 4, 1493, he started to return in the Niña. He narrowly es caped wreck in severe storms, parted company with the Pinta, touched at the Azores and in Portugal, where he was called to see the king; and finally reached Palos, March 15 (O. S.), 1493. Called to court, he was received with great honor, his privileges confirmed, and ample means given for a new expedition. He again embarked at Palos, Sept. 25, 1493, with 17 ve els and 1,500 men; discovered Dominica Nov. 3; landed on several of the Caribbee islands and had encounters with the Caribs; coasted Porto Rico; and on Nov. 27 reached the harbor of La Navidad. He found that his colony had all been killed by hostile Indians. On a new site, farther east, he founded Isabella (Dec.), the first European town in the New World. After some explorations in the interior he made an expedition westward (April, 1494), in which he coasted the south side of Cuba (supposed by him to be a peninsula of Asia), and after discovering Jamaica returned to Isabella, Sept. 29, 1494. Ill treatment by the Spaniards caused an insurrection of the Indians, but Columbus defeated them in a great battle on the Vega Real, April 25, 1495. Shortly before he had proposed a plan for enslaving hostile Indians, for which he has been much blamed. There was much suffering and discontent among the colonists, and some of them went to Spain to make complaints; they were supported by Bishop Fonseca, an enemy of Columbus, who was at the head of colonial affairs; and in 1495 Juan Aguado was sent as a royal commi ioner to Española. He collected complaints against the admiral, who, fearing the effect of the report, returned to Spain at the same time with Aguado (March, 1496), leaving his brothers in charge. He was well received by the sovereigns, and the charges dismi ed. After much delay he started on a third voyage (May 30, 1498), in which he kept farther south, discovered Trinidad (July 31), and the lowlands at the mouth of the Orinoco (Aug. 1), this being, in all probability, the first discovery of the continent South the Cabots ready seen North America. With much difficulty he pa ed the two straits between Trinidad and the mainland, and was convinced that the turbid water came from a continental (Asiatic) river. In a report at this time he argues that the earth is pear-shaped and the highest land at the head of this river, where also is the terrestrial paradise: this, and some other later reports, have been supposed to indicate temporary aberration of mind, caused by sickne . On Aug. 30 he reached Santo Domingo, which had been founded during his absence. Some of the colonists, under Roldan, had rebelled, and Columbus was forced to make a disgraceful peace with them. Disorders continued, and on Aug. 24, 1500, Francisco de Bobadilla arrived as royal commi ioner. He deposed Columbus and his brothers and sent them in chains to Spain (Oct., 1500): they were at once released, but Columbus could not obtain a reinstatement in his dignities; and only after much delay he obtained four caravels for a final exploration, in which, it appears, he intended to circumnavigate the globe. Leaving Spain March, 1502, he touched at Santo Domingo, thence sailed to Central America, discovering Honduras July 30, and coasting to the Isthmus of Panama, seeking for a pa age westward. After encounters with the Indians and a vain attempt to plant a colony (Feb., 1503), he returned to Jamaica. There his ships, worm-eaten and storm-beaten, gave out, and he and his men remained on the island, enduring great sufferings: some rebelled, and were subdued after a hard fight. A canoe sent out reached Española, and at length (June, 1504) ships were sent to take them off. Columbus reached Spain Nov. 7, 1504. Queen Isabella, who had always befriended him, died soon after. His repeated pet i He never knew tions for reinstatement had no effect, and he pa ed his remaining days in poverty and neglect. regions discovered by him constituted a new continent, always supposing them to be portions of Asia. called Columbus, Diego Giacomo Colombo: by at Genoa about 1450: date and place of death unknown. A brother of Christopher Columbus, who accompanied him in the second voyage (1493), and was at times left in command at Isabella or Santo Domingo. He was sent to Spain with his brothers in 1500, and about that time became a priest. In 1509 he accompanied his nephew to Santo Domingo, and probably died soon after. Columbus, Sp. Colon, Diego. Born probably at Lisbon about 1476: died at Montalvan, near Toledo, Feb. 23, 1526. A son of Christopher Columbus. In 1492 Queen Isabella made him a page at the Spanish court, where he remained until after his father's death. He was confirmed in 1509 as admiral of the Indies and governor of Hispaniola, but without the title of viceroy. He arrived at Santo Domingo, July 10, 1509; but the conflicting claims of jurisdiction, and di atisfaction with his rule, soon made the position an uneasy one. Velasquez, whom he sent to conquer Cuba in 1511, virtually threw off his authority; the establishment of a royal audience at Santo Domingo restricted his power; and though, in a visit to Spain, he obtained new favors Columbus, Diego (1520), he was finally called back by the Council of the Indies in 1523 to answer charges against him. His wife was left in charge of the government; but Diego followed the court, vainly seeking redre , until his death. Columbus, Ferdinand, Sp. Ferdinando Colon. Born in Cordova, Aug. 15, 1488: died at Seville, July 12, 1539. An illegitimate son of Christopher Columbus and Doña Beatrix Henriquez, a lady of Cordova. He was made page of Queen Isabella in 1498; was with his father on the fourth voyage, 1502-04; and by the admiral's will received an ample income, afterward increased by royal grants. He ama ed a library of over 20,000 volumes, which pa ed by will to the cathedral chapter of Seville, where it was known as the "Colombina": only about 4,000 vol umes remain. A history of the Indies by him is lost, as is the original Spanish of his biography of his father, which was used by Las Casas. Columbus, Sp. Colon (kō-lōn'), Luis. Born at Santo Domingo, 1521 or 1522: died in Oran, Africa, Feb. 3, 1572. A son of Diego and grand son of Christopher Columbus.ce. In 1536 he gave up all viceroy, in the island of Jamaica in fief, a large pension, lands in Veragua, and the titles of Duke of Veragua and Marquis of Jamaica. He was captain-general of Hispaniola 1540-51. He was imprisoned in 1559 for having three wives, and in 1565 banished to Oran. For descent of the titles, see Vera gua , Dukes of. Columbus. 1. The capital of Ohio, and of Franklin County, situated on the Scioto River in lat. 39° 57′ N., long. 83° 3′ W. It is an important railway center and manufacturing place, and is remarkable for its State capitol and other public buildings. It was made the State capital in 1816. Population (1890), 88,150. Situated capire Chattahoochee ityorgia 28′ N., long. 85°5′ W. It has manufactures of iron and steel. Population (1890), 17,303.-3. The capital of Bartholomew County in southern central Indiana. Population (1890), 6,719. -4. A town in western Kentucky, situated on the Mi i ippi River 16 miles south of Cairo. It was a strategic point of the Confederates in 1861-62.-5. The county-seat of Lowndes County, eastern Mi i ippi, situated on the Tombigbee River in lat. 33° 31′ N., long. 88°28′ W. Population (1890), 4,559. on the River in lat. 32° Columella (kol-u-mel'lä), Lucius Junius Moder at us. Born at Cadiz, Spain: lived about 40 A. D. A Roman writer on agriculture. He wrote "De re rustic a," in twelve books (edited by Schneider in the "Script ores rei rusticæ," 1794), and an earlier work on the same subject, of which one book, "De Arbor i bus," is extant. Column of July, F. Colonne de Juillet (kolon' dè zhüe-ya'). A monument in Paris, France, erected on the site of the Bastille in 1840, in honor of the citizens killed in the attacks on the royal government in 1830. It is a Corinthian column of bronze, 13 feet in diameter, rising from a square base and marble substructure, and capped by a gilded statue of the winged Genius of Liberty. Its total height is 154 feet. Column of Marcus Aurelius, or An to nine Column. A monument in the Piazza Colonna, Rome, erected in 174 A. D. in honor of the cam paigns against the Marcomanni. It reproduces type of the Column of Trajan, and consists of a Roman Doric column of marble raised on a square pedestal, the total height, without the statue of St. Paul of Sixtus V., being 123 feet. The shaft is sculptured in a spiral of 20 turns, with reliefs of the wars it commemorates. Column of the Congre , F. Colonne du Congrès (ko-lon' dü kôn-gra). A monument erected in Bru els, Belgium, in commemoration of the Belgian constitutional congre of IMG:content-0311.png:[blocks in formation] types of liberty. Column of Trajan. A monument in Rome, dedicated in 114 A. D. in honor of the emperor. It is a Roman Doric column of marble, on a square basement, the total height, exclusive of the present statue of St. Peter, being 127 feet. The base bears reliefs of warlike trophies and an inscription; the entire shaft is occupied by vigorous and lifelike reliefs ascending in a spiral, representing Trajan's campaigns. The reliefs contain about 2,500 human figures, besides those of animals and inanimate objects. Column of Vendôme (von-dōm'), F. Colonne Vendôme. A monument in the Place Vendôme, Paris, France. It is a Roman Doric column of masonry incased in bronze, in design imitating the Column of Frajan at Rome, and was erected by Napoleon I. in honor of his victories over the Ru ians and Austrians in 1805. The shaft is encircled with reliefs referring to the campaigns in question, ascending in a spiral, the height of the figures being 3 feet. The column is surmounted by a figure of the emperor. Its height is 142 feet, and its diameter 13 feet. It was overthrown by the Commune in 1871, but was restored in 1875. Columns of Hercules. See Pillars of Hercules . Columns of St. Mark and St. Theodore. Two columns in Venice, situated at the end of the Piazzetta toward the Grand Canal. The ma ive plain cylindrical shafts are of granite, the western pink, the eastern gray, resting on spreading, stepped bases. The capitals are ascribed to a Lombard architect. The figure of St. Theodore, with his crocodile, was erected on the western column in 1329. The eastern column bears the famous winged lion of St. Mark, in bronze, with eyes inlaid in precious stones. The existing lion is of the 15th century. Colville (kol'vil). A name, of European origin, applied to a Salishan tribe formerly dwelling near Kettle Falls on the upper Columbia River, near the Canadian boundary. The tribe now numbers 247 persons, dwelling on the Puyallup reservation, Washington. See Salishan . etc. Colwell (kol'wel), Stephen. Born in Brooke County, West Va., March 25, 1800: died at Philadelphia, Jan. 15, 1871. An American merchant, economist, and general writer. He wrote "Ways and Means of Payment" (1859), Coma Berenices (ko'ma ber-e-ni'sēz). [L., hair of Berenice.' See Berenice .] An ancient asterism (though not one of the 48 constellations of Hipparch us) situated north of Virgo and between Boötes and Leo, and supposed to represent the famous amber hair of Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. Comacchio (kō-mäkkē-ō). A town in the province of Ferrara, Italy, situated near the Adriatic 29 miles southeast of Ferrara. Population, 7,000. Comana (kō-ma'nä). [Gr. τὰ Κόμανα .] 1. In ancient geography, a city of Cappadocia, Asia Comines Of the 25 survivors in 1886 but seven spoke their native tongue. The name is said to signify 'raw eaters' (Sp. come-cru do), in allusion to their practice of cannibalism. Also called Carrizos. See Coahuiltecan . Comédie Française (ko-mā-dē' fron-sāz'), La. The official name of the Théâtre Français. The Comédie Française practically had its beginning in the Théâtre de l'Hôtel Bourgogne, established in 1552 and made théâtre royal under Henry III. in 1588: it was fol lowed by the Theatre du Marais in 1600. A few years after. ward the company of Molière was established in the great hall of the Hôtel Bourbon. In 1660 the Hôtel Bourbon was torn down, and in 1661 Molière was transferred to the theater of the Palais Royal. In 1673 Molière died; his company was disbanded and went to the Théâtre Guéné gaud. In 1680 there were three companies in Paris - that of the Hôtel Bourgogne, that of the Marais, and the company of Molière in the Théâtre Guénégaud: the two latter were amalgamated Oct. 21, 1680, and the Comédie Fran çaise organized by lettre de cachet of Louis XIV. as "L'Hôtel des Comédiens du Roi entretenus par Sa Majesté." The Comédie Française migrated frequently. In 1689 it had its home in the Rue des Fo és St. Germain des Prés (Rue de l'Ancienne Comédie): it was here and in this year that it first took the title of Comédie Française. In 1770 it removed to the Tuileries, and in 1782 the com pany played in what is now the Odéon. It was suppre ed in the Revolution in 1793, and reconstituted by Napoleon, then first consul, and established in the Théâtre Français. See Théâtre Français. Comédie Humaine (ko-mā-dē' ü-man'), La. A collection of Balzac's novels, arranged and connected with laborious cla ification by himself to form what he called a "complete society," the same persons and their relatives appearing and reappearing. "Each novel is in fact a page of the great work, which would be incomplete without it." It is a picture of the manners and morals of Minor, situated on the river Sarus. It was noted Comedy of Errors, The. A play by Shak for its temple to Ma, the moon-godde . Also called Chryse ('the Golden'). 2. In ancient geography, a city of Pontus, Asia Minor, situated about lat. 40° 20′ N., long. 36° 50′ E. It was perhaps a colony of the Cappadocian city, and it was sacred to the same godde . The modern Gu- menek is on its site. Comanche (kō-man'che), or Camanche (ka- man'che). [Pl., also Comanches.] A tribe of North American Indians, well known for their martial character. According to tradition and lin- guistic evidence they were formerly neighbors of the Shoshoni in Wyoming. In 1724 they were on upper Kan- sas River, and later were south of Red River, Texas, this southward extension doubtle being due to pre ure by Siouan tribes. Their later territory was the extensive plains from the Rocky Mountains eastward into Indian Territory and Texas as far as long. 97, although they raided the country from Kansas southward as far as Du- ran go, Mexico (a distance of 800 miles). They agreed to go upon a reservation in 1868, at which date they num- bered about 2,500. The Comanche now on the Kiowa, Co- manche, and Wichita reservation, Oklahoma, number 153. Their own name is Num , 'people.' Comanche , a name of unknown signification, was first applied by the Spanish Mexicans, while the French form, Padouca , is adapted from their Sioux name. They also have been known as Chouman , Comande , Kaumains, Neum, Padouca , and Pa- duca. See Shoshonean. Comande. See Comanche . spere, acted at Gray's Inn, Dec. 28, 1594. Its real title is "Errors." It is thought that another version not entirely by Shakspere was acted about 1590. The origi nal plot was probably suggested by Plautus's "Menæchmi" and "A mph i try on," and more directly by the "History of Error" acted by the chapel children in 1576. ( Fleay .) The plot consists in the extraordinary series of mistakes arising from the likene between twin brothers, both named Antipholus, and the likene between their two servants, named Dromio. Comely Bank (kum'li bangk). See the extract. The Carlyles, at the period of Thomas's famous visit to Jeffrey in George Street, were living at Comely Bank, in one of a row of two-storied, uninteresting houses, calling themselves "villa residences," at the northwest of Edinburgh, quite out of town even now, and facing a green called Stock bridge Public Park. Carlyle's cottage is numbered 21.