bar, barre

& a. [In Dan. barre; Dut. baara wave, a bier, an ingot, a bar; Ger. barre a bar, as of gold or silver; Fr. barre; Prov., Sp., Ital., Gael. & Irish barra; Arm. bar branch; barren = bar; Wel. bar = branch, bar. Cognate with SPAR (Q.V.). Primary meaning, the branch of a tree; hence a bar.] A. As substantive: (a) Ordinary Language: I. Literally: 1. Anything which, cro ing another, hinders or obstructs progre . (1.) A piece of wood, iron, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth, placed acro anything open to entrance, and intended to prevent ingre or egre . Specially (a) The transverse bars of a gate; the bolt of a door. hewed asunder the bars of the main gates to admit the whole column of Africans..."-Arnold: Hist . Rome , ch. xliv., vol. iii., p. 215. (b) A boom acro a river. (2.) Any material body shaped like such a transverse beam or bolt, for whatever purpose it may be designed. Spec ., an ingot, wedge, or ma of metal, such as gold, silver, . (3.) Anything natural, in place of artificial, constituting an obstruction. Spec., a bank of silt, sand, or other material deposited by a river at its mouth, and, unle cleared away from time to time, tending sooner or later to impede navigation. Also a similar bar laid down by the sea, even where there is no river. "A still salt pool, lock'd in with bars of sand." Tennyson: The Palace of Art . The " bars of the ocean," in Job xxxviii. 10, are its shores. In Jonah ii. 6, the " bars of the earth" are believed by Gesenius to mean imaginary bolts or bars descending deep into its lower parts. (4.) Any line or mark in writing, printing, painting, ., laid acro another one. (In this sense bar was formerly used specially of cro cheques placed acro garments, and differing from them in colour.) "Both the barres of his belt And other blythe stones, That were richely rayled In his aray clene." Gawayn & the Green Knyght, 292, (S. in Boucher.) 2. Anything fenced off by such pieces of wood, iron, or other obstruction. Spec ., part of a room railed or partitioned off from the rest to prevent intrusion. (a) In Inns , Taverns, Coffee-houses, and Refreshment Rooms: An enclosed place in which the barman, barınaid, or similar person stands to sell liquor or food. "I was under some apprehension that they would appeal to me; and therefore laid down my penny at the bar , and made the best of my way."-Add is on. (b) In Courts of Law . [See A. (b), I. 1.] 433 (c) In the Houses of Parliament : A partition dividing the body of both Houses, to which only the members and clerks are admitted, from a le sacred space just inside the door. To the bar of the House of Lords the Commons are summoned to hear the royal speech read or the royal a ent given to bills. When the House of Lords acts as a judicial body, counsel are heard at the bar. To the bar of the House of Commons those are summoned who are guilty of a breach of the privileges of the House. "The House of Commons agreed yesterday to the motion of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to summon to appear at the bar . The Select Committee appointed to consider the conduct of these persons reported that they.. were guilty of a breach of the privileges of the House. ' -Daily News , July 23, 1879. 3. The persons thus protected from intrusion. [See (b), I. 2.] II. Figuratively: 1. (Corresponding to A. (a), I. 1.): Anything which hinders, prevents, obstructs, or excludes; also the act of hindering and the state of being hindered. In this sense it may be followed by to , against , between , . "Must I new bars to my own joys create, Refuse myself what I had fore'd from fate?" Dryden. "And had his heir surviv'd him in due course, What limits, England, hadst thon found? what bar! What world could have resisted?" Daniel : Civil War. Fatal accidents have set A most unhappy bar between your friendship." Rowe. "Lest examination should hinder and let your proceedings, behold for a bar , against that impediment, one opinion newly added."-Hooker. 2. (Corresponding to A. (a), I. 3, & (b), I. 2.) A being, tribunal, or court of law with ability and right authoritatively to judge of conduct. ( Poetic .) "Say, to what bar amenable were man? With nought in charge, he could betray no trust." Cowper: The Progre of Error. (b) Technically: L. Law: 1. Of places. In Courts of Law : A spac partitioned off from the rest by wooden barriers so as to prevent intrusion from the crowd. It is designed to accommodate the counsel for and against the prisoner, and a ign himself a place, which he is required to occupy whilst his case is being tried. "The great duke Came to the bar , where to his accusations He pleaded still Not guilty. Shakesp.: Hen. VIII., Il. L "Some at the bar with subtlety defend, Or on the bench the knotty laws untye.' Dryden Hence, to be called to the bar signifies to obtain a licence to plead as an attorney in suitable law courts. 2. Of persons: A particular lawyer at the bar pleading a cause; or the lawyers of any particular court, or of the whole country taken collectively. the storm of invective which burst upon him from bar, bench, and witne -box,..."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. iv. 3. Of trials and pleas : (a) A plea in bar means a plea in bar or pre vention of a plaintiff's demand. A release, fine, nonage, legal permi ion to do what was done, the statute of limitation, ., are all pleas in bar. ( Black stone : Comment., bk. iii., ch. 20; bk. iv., ch. 26.) A plea may be in bar not of an action, but of an execution. ( Ibid . , ch. 31.) "It is divided into a bar to common intent, and a bar special; a bar to a common intent is an ordinary or general bar , that disables the declaration or plea of the plaintiff; a bar special, is that which is more than ordinary, and falls out in the case in hand, upon some special cir circuinstance of the fact."- Cowel . "Bastardy is laid in bar of something that is principally commenced." - Aylife . (b) Trial at bar : A trial before all the judges of that particular court in which the action is brought or the indictment laid. A trial at bar is reserved for the more important cases. (c) Bar of dower : That which prevents a widow obtaining or retaining her dower. Jointure is the most frequent method of achieving this result. II. Commerce : 1. Gen. Bar of gold or silver : A lump or wedge from the mines, melted down into a sort of mould, and never wrought. (Johnson.) 2. Spec. (in African traffic ): A denomination of price; payment being formerly made to the negroes almost wholly in iron bars. (Johnson.) 434 III. Music : 1. A stroke, one of a series, drawn at right angles acro the five lines to show the position of the primary accents. The position of the bars is indicated by the time-signature, which gives the contents of each bar. The spaces between every two such strokes contain notes of equal duration in the aggregate, until a change is directed by a new time-signature. Bars were first introduced into musical notation about A.D. 1574. 2. The portion of music contained between two such strokes. A double bar denotes the end of a complete section or movement; or the introduction of a change of time, or of key. IV. Her . An ordinary formed like a fe e, but occupying only one-fifth of the field. There is room for four bars, but not for more, on a shield. [BARRULET, CLOSET.] IMG:content-1049.png:[blocks in formation] Bar gemel. [From Lat. gemellus = double.] A bar voided, a bar with closets placed in couples. [CLOSET.] In bar: With the charges arranged in two It is opposed to in fe e, that or more rows. is, having the charges in a single row only. V. Mining: A vein running acro a lode. VI. Farriery: 1. The void space or interval on each side between the molar and the canine teeth in the upper jaw of a horse. It is into this space that the bit is inserted, with the view of governing the animal. (Generally used in the plural.) 2. Part of a horse's hoof. VII. Old Games: To play, or "pley" at bar: To play at prisoner's bars or base. [BASE (3).] ( Jamio son.) The term occurs as early as 1275. See also Myre's Instructions to Parish Priests (E. E. T. S.), p. 11, 1. nor pley at bar or any uther way in the oppre ion is of his nychbour."-Acts Jas. IV. (1491), ed. 1814, р. 227. B. As adjective: Pertaining, relating to, or connected with a bar of any kind. [BAR, S.] Chiefly in composition, as below. 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