celibacy (selibasi)

[ [St. Patrick) informs us that his father was a Deacon, and his grandfather a Priest-a sufficient proof that the Celibacy , which Rome now enforces on her Clergy in Ireland, was no part of Ecclesiastical discipline in the age and country of Ireland's Apostle. Bp. Chr. Words worth , Church of Ireland, p. 32. A Monk (Ra'hib) must have submitted to a long trial of his patience and piety, and made a vow of celibacy , before his admi ion into the monastic order. E. W. Lane , Modern Egyptians, II. 316. No part of the old system had been more detested by the Reformers than the honours paid to celibacy . Macaulay . cel i bat a riant (sel"i-ba-tāʼri-an), n. [ celibate + -arian .] Same as cclibate , 2. Sp. Pg. It. celibato, L. cælibatus, celibacy, a single life, Bp. Hall , Honour of Married Clergy, p. 312. He... preferreth holy celibate before the estate of marriage. Jer. Taylor , Works (ed. 1835), I. 273. 2. One who adheres to or practises celibacy; a bachelor, especially a confirmed bachelor. II. a. Unmarried; single: as, a celibate life. celibate (sel'i-bāt), v. i.; pret. and pp. celibated, ppr. cel i bating. [ married; celibate. [Rare.] celidography (sel-i-dog'ra-fi), n. [ celine, a. See cœline . cell (sel), n. [ celle , selle = D. cel = G. celle, zelle = Dan. celle = Sw. cell, celle , mod. F. celle = Pr. cella = Sp. celda = Pg. cella = It. cella , cella , a small room, a hut, barn, granary (NL., in anatomy, biology, etc., a cell), = AS. heall , E. hall , a room, house, etc., = Gr. καλιά , a hut, barn, granary, = Skt. kal , çālā , a hut, house, room, stable (cf. çarana , a shed, hut, as adj. protecting), and related to L. celare = AS. helan , cover, conceal, = Skt. * çar , * çal , Cover, protect: see hall, helel, hole, and con- ceal .] 1. A small or close apartment, as in a convent or a prison. It was more dark and lone that vault, Than the worst dungeon cell. Scott , Marmion, ii. 17. 2. A small or mean place of residence, such as a cave or hermitage; a hut. Then did religion in a lazy cell , In empty airy contemplations dwell. In cottages and lowly cells True piety neglected dwells. Sir J. Denham . Somerville , Epitaph upon H. Lumber. 3. In eccles. hist., a dependent religious house founded on the estate of an abbey under the jurisdiction of the abbot of the mother church. About the middle of the eleventh century, owing to the creation of a new dignitary (the prior, in the abbey of Cluny), such establishments received the designation of priories. Walcott, Sacred Archæology. This lord was kepere of the selle . Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 172. A place called Woodkirk, where there was a cell of Austin Friars, in dependance on the great house of St. Oswald at Nostel. A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 35. 4. In arch. See cella, 1.-5. In biol.: (a) The fundamental form-element of every organized body. It is a bio plastic ma of protoplasm, varying in size and shape, generally of microscopic dimensions, capable under proper conditions of performing the functions of sensation, nutrition, reproduction, and automatic or spontaneous motion, and constituting in itself an entire organism, or being capable of entering into the structure of one. Such a cell as a rule has a nucleus, and is usually also provided with a wall or definite boundary; but neither cell-nucleus nor cell-wall nece arily enters into its structure. In ultimate morphological analysis, all organized ti ue is resolvable into cells or cell-products. See proto plasm, and cell theory, below. (b) Specifically, a nucleated capsulated form-element of any structure or ti ue; one of the independent protoplasmic bodies which build up an animal fab IMG:content-3349.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-3350.png:[blocks in formation] (c) In Polyzoa, one of the cases or cups of the ectocyst or exoskeleton of a polyzoarium, containing an individual zoöid or polypid. See cuts under Plum a tell a and Polyzoa.-6. In an at. and zoöl., some little cavity, compartment, camera, or hollow place; a cella or cellula; a vesicle; a capsule; a follicle; a corpuscle, etc.: as, the cells of honeycomb; the cells (not osteoblasts) of cancellous bone-ti ue; the cells (compartments, not form-elements) of cellular or connective ti ue; the cells, or cancelli, of the reticulated structure of an insect's wing (that is, the spaces between the nervures or veins); the cells of a foraminiferous or radiolarian shell; the cells (ventricles, cavities) of the brain; specifically, in entom., the basal inclosed space of the wing of a lepidopterous insect, bounded by the subcostal and median veins, which are joined exteriorly.-7. A division of the brain as the seat or abode of a particular faculty. [Poetical.] Manye [mania] Engendered of humour malencolyk Byforen in his selle fantastyk. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 518. Mine eyes he closed, but open left the cell Of fancy, my internal sight. Milton , P. L., viii. 469. 8. In elect ., a single jar or element of a voltaic battery. A simple cell ordinarily consists of plates of two different metals joined by a wire and immersed in a liquid (called the exciting liquid) which acts chemically upon one plate; this, the positive or generating plate, at the expense of which the electrical current is maintained, is usually zinc; the negative plate is often copper, but may be platinum, carbon, silver, etc. The exciting liquid is com- monly dilute sulphuric acid, but solutions of sal anmoniac, common salt, etc., are also used. The current flows through the liquid from the positive plate (zinc) to the copper, and through the wire from the positive pole to the negative pole. (See figure.) The current from simple voltaic cell soon loses its because strength, hydrogen bubbles, liberated in the chemical action on the negative plate, form a film over it. This polarization of the negative plate (see polariza- tion ) may be par- tially avoided by mechanical IMG:content-3351.png:[graphic] Simple Voltaic Cell. C, copper plate; Z, zinc plate. means in a single - fluid cell, by using platinum, or silver covered with finely divided platinum, as in the Smee cell, or plat i nized carbon, as in the Walker cell. It is more effectually prevented in a two - fluid cell by the addition of a second liquid (the depolarizing liquid), with which the hydrogen combines chemically. In the Grenet cell, or bottle - cell, bichromate of potash is mixed with the sulphuric acid (being hence called a bichromate cell ) in a ve el of bottle form, and the zinc and carbon are immersed in them; the zine, however, is raised out of the liquid when the cell is not in use. Practically, the depolarizing liquid is usually separated from the exciting liquid, as in the compound cell. One of the best of these is IMG:content-3352.png:[graphic] the Daniell cell, which consists of a zinc plate immersed in dilute sulphuric acid con tained in a porous ve el, outside of which is a perforated copper plate surrounded by a solution of copper sulphate. The action is as follows: The reaction between the zinc and sulphuric acid produces zinc sulphate and hydrogen; the latter, however, instead of collecting on the copper plate, unites with the copper sulphate, forming Daniell Cell. Z , zinc plate; P , porous ve el: C, sulphuric copper plate; R , receptacle for crystals acid and metallic cop of copper sulphate. per. The former goes to keep up the supply of acid in the inner ve el, and the latter is deposited on the copper plate. The consumption of copper sulphate is made good by a supply of crystals in a receptacle at the top. A modified form of the Daniell cell is the gravity cell , in which the porous ve el is done away with, and the two liquids are separated by their specific gravities; the copper sulphate surrounds the copper plate at the bottom, and the zinc sulphate the zinc plate at the top. This is the form of cell most used for telegraphic purposes in the United States. Other forms of the compound cell are the Grove , in which platinum and nitric The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary cell acid take the place of the copper and copper sulphate of the Daniell; the Bunsen , which is like the Grove except in Gravity Cell. C , copper plate; Z , zinc plate. the use of carbon instead of platinum; and there are many others. The Leclanché cell, much used in connection with electric call-bells (as also with the tele phone), consists of a rod of zinc im mersed in a solution of sal ammoniac, and a plate of carbon, sometimes, though not nece arily, in a separate porous ve el packed about with powdered manganese dioxid and carbon. This cell rapidly becomes polarized, but if left to itself soon regains its strength, and hence is especially valuable for intermittent use; it has also the advantage that there is no waste of the zinc by local action when not in use. The silver-chlorid cell , as devised by De la Rue, consists of zinc acted upon by sal ammoniac and a rod of silver surrounded by a cylinder of silver chlorid. The Latimer -Clark standard cell consists of zinc and pure mercury separated by a paste made from sulphates of zinc and mercury; when suitably arranged it maintains a very constant electromotive force, and hence has been used as a standard. 9. A structure of wrought-iron, consisting usually of four plates riveted to angle-irons. ron sisting -10. A small frame or box employed to hold or inclose a microscopic object. - A delo morpho us cells. Same as principal cells . - Alar cells. See alar .-Ameboid cell, amœbiform cell, a cell which has no determinate form, or which is capable of executing amœboid movements, and so of changing its form, and even of moving about, like an amœba. Corpuscles of chyle and lymph are of this character; so likewise are the white corpuscles of the blood. - Antipodal cells. See antipodal . - Apical cell. See apical . Beaker-cells. Same as goblet - cells . - Beale's ganglion cells, the bipolar cells of the abdominal sympathetic nerve of the frog, in which one proce is coiled spirally around the other. - Cell family, a row or group of uni cellular plants which have originated from a parent cell and still remain attached; a colony. - Cells of Purkinje, large branching cells in the cerebellar cortex. - Cell theory, the doctrine that the bodies of all animals and plants consist either of a cell or of a number of cells and their products, and that all cells proceed from cells, as expre ed in the phrase omnis cellula e cellula : a doctrine foreshadowed by Kaspar Fried rich Wolff, who died in and by Karl Ernst von Baer (born 1792); it was established in botany by Schleiden in 1838, and in zoology by The odor Schwannahme also, thesis of the present state of the biological sciences. - Chalice-cells. Same as goblet cells. Collared cell, a cell one end of which has a raised rim or border, like a collar, as that of a collar-bearing monad, or cho a no flagellate infusorian. - Condemned cell. See condemned . - Daughter-cell. See mother - cell , below. -Deiters's cells, certain cells intimately connected with the external hair-cells of the cochlea; also, the cells of the about 1839. Its complete form, including neuroglia: sometimes applied to the large cells of the anterior cornua of the spinal cord, which give off proce es. Named from Deiters, a German anatomist (1834-63). Electrolytic cell, a name sometimes given to the ve el in which a liquid is placed for electrolysis. Flagellate cell, a cell with only one flagellum. - Gobis distended with mucin, so that the cell presents the form of a goblet. Also called chalice- or beaker - cells. Granule-cell. See granule . - Gustatory cells. See gustatory .-Hair-cells, in an at ., cells having on their hair-like proce es, lying on the outer (external hair-cells) or inner (internal hair-cells) side of the rods of Corti (which see, under rod ). - Indifferent cells or ti ues, cells or ti ues not differentiated into any of the definite permanent forms. - Langer hans' cell, a certain peculiar structure embedded in the epithelium, in which the nerve-fibers terminate. - Latticed cells. See cambiform.-Mother-cell, a cell which multiplies itself by the division of its protoplasmic contents and the secre columnar epithelial cells which tion of a wall of cellulose about each portion. The new cells are called daughter - cells . - Peaucellier cell, in mech., a plane linkage discovered by Lieut. Peaucellier in 1864, which first solved the celebrated problem of parallel tion. It is composed of two long links of equal length, pivoted together at one end and at the other mo pivoted to the opposite angles of a rhombus composed of four equal and shorter links. IMG:content-3354.png:[blocks in formation] For use, the junction, A , of the two long links is fixed in position, and an extra link, BC , is attached to the angle of link is fixed in position, usually at a distance from A equal to BC . In this case, when BC turns about B as a center, the vertex, E , of the rhombus most distant from A will describe a right line. The production of this effect by link-work alone had been much sought after since the invention of the steam-engine. - Principal cells, the central cells of the cardiac glands of the stomach. Also called a delo morpho us cells . - Selenium cell. See resistance and photophone . the rhombus nearest to A. The other end, B , of the extra cell (sel), v. t. [ Myself a recluse from the world And celled underground.