United States minister to Russia 1830

He was reëlected (1872). Life by Prutz (1886). IMG:content-0962.png:[blocks in formation] Raphael western Perth shire, Scotland, 36 miles northwest of Perth. Its outlet is indirectly into the Tay. Length, 94 miles. Ranpur (run-pör'). A small native state in India, under British protection, intersected by lat. 20° N., long. 85° E. Ranqueles (rän-kā'lās). Indians of the Argentine Republic, in the southern part of Mendoza, San Luis, and Córdoba. They are of the Pampean or Araucanian stock, and are said to have immigrated from Chile. They have had little intercourse with the whites. Ransom (ran's om), Thomas Edward Greenfield. Born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834: died near Rome, Ga., Oct. 29, 1864. An American gen eral in the Civil War. He entered the Union army as a volunteer at the beginning of the Civil War, and served with distinction at Fort Do nelson, at Shiloh, and in the Atlanta campaign, attaining the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers in 1864. Rantoul (ran'töl), Robert. Born at Beverley, Ma ., Aug. 13, 1805: died at Washington, D. C., Aug. 7, 1852. An American politician, lawyer, and reformer: an opponent of slavery. He was United States senator from Ma achusetts in 1851; and chusetts 1851-52. Democratic and Free-soil member of Congre from Ma aRanz des Vaches (ron da väsh). [F., 'chime of the cows.'] A strain of an irregular description, which in some parts of Switzerland is sung or blown on the Alpine horn in June to call the cattle from the valleys to the higher pastures. Grove. A town in the Raon-l'Étape (ron'la-täp'). department of Vosges, France, situated on the Meurthe 37 miles southeast of Nancy. Here, Oct. 5, 1870, the French were repulsed by the Baden army. Population (1891), commune, 4,036. Raoul Island. See Sunday Island . Raoul-Rochette (rä-öl'rō-shet') (Désiré Raoul). Born at St.-Amand, Cher, France, March 9, 1790: died at Paris, July 3, 1854. A French archæologist. He wrote "His to ire critique de l'établi ement des colonies grecques" (1815), "Monuments inédits d'anti quités" (1828-30), "Peintures inédites" (1836), IMG:content-0963.png:[blocks in formation] Rapa. See Oparo . Rapallo (rä-päl'lō). A small seaport in the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 16 miles east of Genoa. It is a winter health-resort, and has a trade in oil. Rape of Lucrece, The. 1. A narrative poem by Shakspere, published in 1594.-2. A tragedy by Thomas Heywood, printed in 1608. It contains, singularly enough, comic songs. Rape of the Lock, The. A mock-heroic poem by Pope, published in two cantos in 1712, and in its present form in 1714. See Be linda , 5. Rape of the Sabines, The. 1. A group in marble by Giovanni da Bologna, in the Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence. A young Roman, bearing off a strug gling woman, strides over the crouching form of a Sabine warrior. 2. A vigorous painting by Luca Giordano, in the museum at Dresden. The Romans, in armor, are seizing the Sabine women, some of whom defend themselves with energy, in an open place adorned with an arch and Corinthian columns. Romulus, mounted, is in command. 3. A painting by Rubens, in the National Gallery, London. The scene is in the Forum, with the Pantheon and a triumphal arch in the background. Raphael (ra'fa-el or raf'ā-el). An angel mentioned in Jewish literature. He is the companion and instructor of Tobias in the Book of Tobit, and Milton represents him as a winged seraph sent by "heaven's high King" to converse as "friend with friend" with Adam. Raphael, Cartoons of. See Cartoons of Raphael . Raphael de Jesús (rä-fä-äl' de zhe-zös'). Born at Guimarães, 1614: died at Lisbon, Dec. 23, 1693. A Portuguese Benedictine monk and historian. He was made chronista-mor, or chief annalist, of the kingdom in 1681. His principal works are "Cast riot a Lusitana," a history of the war against the Dutch in Brazil (1679: 2d ed. 1844), and "Monarch i a Lusitana, parte septima," containing the reign of Affonso IV. (1683). His "Vida d' el rei D. João IV." remains in manuscript at Lisbon. Raphael of Cats, The. A name given to the Swi painter Gottfried Mind. Raphael (rä'fa-el) (or Rafael, or Raffaello) Sanzio (sän'ze-ō) or Santi (sän'te). Born at Urbino, Italy, March 28, 1483: died at Rome, April 6, 1520. A celebrated Italian painter. He studied under his father, Giovanni Santi, and after about 1499 under Perugino in Perugia, whose style he imitated for many years. He a isted in the decoration of the Sala del Cambio there. His first great work, still in the style of tures for the indicates Brera. In 1504 he established himself in Florence, but worked also at Perugia and Siena. To this period belongs the St. George of the Louvre. The works of the second or Florentine period are mainly Madonnas and Holy Families, also the portrait of himself in the Uffizi. Here he studied the great cartoons of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. In 1508, at the recommendation of his countryman Bra- mante, he went to Rome to decorate the Vatican for Julius II. In this third and last period Raphael emancipated him- self from the traditions of his predece ors and formed his own style. His activity at this time, during the remainder IMG:content-0964.png:[ocr errors] raphy, a city on the coast of Palestine, south- west of Gaza. Near it Ptolemy Philopator de- feated Antiochus the Great in 217 в. с. Raphoe (ra-fō'). An ancient episcopal city in Donegal, northern Ireland, 13 miles southwest Rapid an (rap-i-dan'). The chief tributary of the Rappahannock, in Virginia, which it joins 10 miles west-northwest of Fred ericks burg. Length, 75-100 miles. Rapp (rap), George. Born at Würtemberg, 1770: died at Economy, Pa., Aug. 7, 1847. A German- American socialist, founder of the Harmonists. He emigrated with his followers in 1803 to Pennsylvania, where he founded a religious communistic settlement, which received the name of Harmony. In 1815 the com- munity removed to Indiana. The new settlement was It is inhabited by Serbs. The name was for- merly applied to the kingdom of the Serbs. Rasgrad (räs'gräd). A town in Bulgaria, situ- ated on the Ak Lom 35 miles southeast of Rustchuk. It was the scene of engagements between the Turks and Ru ians in 1810 and 1877. Population (1888), 12,974. Rashi (ra'shē). [Contracted from the initials of the full name: Rabbi Salomoh Izhaki (i.e. 'son of Isaac').] Lived 1040-1105 at Troyes, in Champagne (northern France). One of the most eminent and influential men in Jewish talmud i cal and biblical literature. He studied in the celebrated schools of his time at Mainz and Worms on the Talmud (with the exception of three tracts) and on most of the books of the Old Testament. His commen- taries, especially that on the Talmud, are distinguished by clearne of language and sobriety of judgment. His commentary on the Talmud saved that monumental work from neglect, and has not been surpa ed; and his com- mentary on the Bible is still a great favorite with the Jews, and is constantly drawn upon by modern exegetes. Rasht. See Resht . Rask (räsk), Rasmus Kristian. Born at Brän- dekilde, Denmark, Nov. 22, 1787: died at Copen- hagen, Nov. 14, 1832. A Danish philologist and writer, one of the founders of the modern Copenhagen University without means, but obtained a subsidiary position in the university library, and eked out a support by giving private instruction while he contin- ued the linguistic studies to which he had devoted him- self. His earliest work was particularly in the direction Edda; in 1811 an Icelandic grammar. In 1813, with gov- ernment a istance, he made a journey to Iceland to study the language, returning by the way of Scotland in 1815. In the meantime he had been awarded the gold medal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries for an e ay on the ori- gin of the Old Norse language. In 1816, with public sup- port, he started on an extended journey to the East. He was first for some months in Stockholm, then in St. Peters- burg, whence he set out in the summer of 1819 for Tiflis. He traveled through Persia in 1820, and then went on to Bombay, everywhere actively engaged in studying the lan- Ratak Islands. See Radack Islands . guages of the countries through which he pa ed. In In- Ratazzi. See Rattazzi . dia he remained two years, engaged in linguistic study and Ratekau. See Ratkau . in collecting and copying MSS. He finally returned to IMG:content-0965.png:[blocks in formation] the union of the north and south branches in Somerset County, and flows into Raritan Bay at Perth Amboy. To- tal length, about 75 miles. Raritan Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of New Jersey, south of Staten Island. Ras-al-get hi (räs-al-ge'thi), also Ras-al-get i. [Ar. ras - al - jathi , the head of the kneeler (the gi- ant being represented as kneeling).] The third- magnitude magnitude variable colored double star a Her- a just recognition. A small pension was given him for three years by the government; in 1825 he was made profe or extra ordinar i us of the history of literature, but without a stipend. In 1829, however, he was appointed university librarian; and at the end of 1831, barely a year before his death, he finally received the profe orship of Oriental lan- guages which he had so long desired. His linguistic stud- ies covered a most extraordinary range. He published, among others, grammars of Icelandic, Anglo-Saxon, Sin- galese, Spanish, Friesian, Italian, Danish(in English), Lapp, and English, and wrote monographs on especial points of many languages and dialects. In numerous instances he cleared the way, by his preliminary labors and suggestions, for other workers in the same field. The principle of the rel- ative correspondence of consonants in the Indo-Germanic languages, for instance, was discovered by him, although it was formulated as a law by Jacob Grimm whose name it bears. His collected e ays ("Samlade Afhandlinger") were published at Copenhagen, 1834-38, in 3 vols. Ras Mohammed (räs mō-häm'ed). The south- ernmost headland of the Sinai peninsula, pro- jecting into the Red Sea. Raspail (räs-päy'), François Vincent. Born at Carpentras, France, Jan. 29, 1794: died Jan. 8, 1878. A French naturalist and radical re- publican politician. He took part in the revolution- ary movements of 1830 and 1848, in which latter year he was imprisoned. He was a member of the Corps Légis- lat if in 1869, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876. Among his works are "Nouveau système de chimie organ i que" (1833), "Nouveau système de physiolo- gie végétale" (1836), "His to ire naturelle de la santé et de la maladie" (1843), "Nouvelles études scient i fiques" (1864), etc. Raspe e (räs'pe), Rudolph Erich. Born at Han- nover, 1737: died at Muckro , Ireland, 1794. A German author. He was for a time profe or of archæ- ology and curator of the museum at Ca el, but was charged with stealing medals under his care, and fled to England to avoid prosecution. He was a ay-master and storekeeper scientific works, but is known chiefly as the compiler of "Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Ru ia" (1785), a German translation of which was introduced in Germany by the poet Bürger in Ra am (räs-säm'), Hormuzd. Born at Mosul, Turkey, 1826. A Turkish A yriologist, of Chal- dean Christian parentage. He a isted Layard in his archæological excavations at Nineveh 1845-47. Having at Layard's instance completed his studies at Oxford, he accompanied him on his second expedition in 1849, and in duct of A yrian explorations, a post which he held until the explorations came to an end in 1854. In 1864 he was sent by the British government on a mi ion to Theodore, king of Aby in i a, by whom he was kept imprisoned until 1868. From 1876-82 he conducted explorations in Me so pot am i a Ratisbon between Napoleon and the archduke Charles, April 19-23, 1809; and pa ed to Bavaria in 1810. Population (1890), 37,934. Ratisbon Interim. A provisional arrangement devised by the emperor Charles V. for the set tlement of the points of dispute between the Catholics and Protestants. It was based on a conference held during the Diet at Ratisbon, in 1541, between leading theologians (Me lanch thon, Bucer, Eck, etc.). Rat (rat) Islands. A group of islands in the western part of the Aleutian chain. Ratkau (rät'kou), or Ratkow (rät'kō), or Ratekau (rä'te-kou). A village 5 miles from Lübeck, Germany. Here, Nov. 7, 1806, Blücher, on the retreat from Auerstädt, surrendered with about 7,000 men to the French.