sugar (shugar)

[Early mod. E. also suger; 2. A sweet crystalline substance, prepared chiefly from the expre ed juice of the sugar beet, but obtained also from a great variety of Saccharum of ficin arum , and of the sugar other plants, as maple, maize, sorghum, birch, and parsnip. The proce of manufacturing cane-sugar generally begins with extracting the juice of the canes, either by pa ing them between the rollers of a rolling mill (see sugar - mill ), or by the use of raspers or "defibrators" reducing the canes to pulp and expre ing the juice by subjecting the pulp to the action of powerful pre es. Maceration of the canes in steam or water, as a preparation for extraction of the juice, is also practised to some extent. Another method, now coming extensively into use, is that of diffusion, in which the canes or beets are cut in small pieces, and the sugar is extracted by repeated washings with hot water. (Compare diffusion ap paratus (under diffusion ), and osmose.) The extraction of the juice by the crushing and expre ing action of rollers in sugar-mills is, however, still more extensively practised than any other method. The juice is received in a shallow trough placed beneath the rollers, and defecated by adding to it while heated below the boiling-point either milk of lime, lime-water, bisulphite of followed by sul phur dioxid, sulphur dioxid followed by lime, alkaline earths, sulphur compounds, or chlorine compounds, milk of lime being more pre generally used than any of the other substances named. (Compare defecator.) The saccharine liquor is concentrated by boiling, which expels the water; lime-water is added to neutralize the acid that is usually present; the gro er impurities rise to the surface, and are separated in the form of scum. When duly concentrated the syrup is run off into shallow wooden coolers, where it concretes; it is then put into hogsheads with holes in the bottom, through which the mola es drains off into cisterns below, leaving the sugar in the state known in commerce by the name of raw sugar, or muscovado. Sometimes the mola es is immediately separated from the sugar by centrifugal force. The raw sugar is further purified by solution in water and filtration, first through cotton bags, diminished pre ure, and crystallization. Thus clarified, it layers of animal charcoal, boiling down under takes the names of lump - sugar, loaf - sugar, refined sugar, the form which it is placed on the market. The facture of sugar from beet-root is carried on to a very considerable extent in France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ru ia, etc. The sugar is mostly ex according to the different degrees of purification and tracted from the roots by diffusion, and the subsequent defecation and concentration are carried out in a manner entirely analogous to that described for these operations in the manufacture of cane-sugar. In the United States and in Canada great quantities of sugar are obtained from the sap of the sugar-maple, Acer saccharinum. (See cut under Acer.) The Gulf States and the West Indies are the principal sources whence the supplies of cane-sugar are derived; the sugar used on the continent of Europe is chiefly obtained from the beet. Sugar was only vaguely IMG:content-2431.png:[blocks in formation] from the trees is collected and manufactured into sugar. [U. S. and Canada.] sugar-candiant (shug'är-kan'di-an), n. Sugar- candy. If nor a dram of treacle sovereign, Or aqua-vitæ, or sugar - candian , Nor kitchin cordials can it remedy, Certes his time is come.. When shall we have any good sugar come over? The wars in Barbary make sugar at such an exce ive rate, you pay sweetly now, I warrant, sir, do you not? Bp . Hall , Satires, II. iv. 30. Dekker and Webster , Northward Ho, ii. 1. sugar-candy (shug'är-kan'di), n. Sugar clari3. Something that resembles sugar in any of its fied and concreted or crystallized. Compare properties.-4. Figuratively, sweet, honeyed, or soothing words; flattery employed to di ugar-cane (shug'är-kān), n. A saccharine guise something distasteful. - Bastard, beet-root, black, centrifugal sugar. See the qualifying words. -Brown sugar, common dark muscovado sugar. -Coffee-crushed sugar, a commercial name for crushed sugar in which the lumps are of convenient size for table use in sweetening coffee and tea. Confectioners' sugar, a highly refined sugar pulverized to an impalpable powder, used by confectioners for various purposes. - Crushed sugar, a commercial name for loaf-sugar broken into irregular lumps.-Cut sugar, a commercial name for loaf-sugar cut into prismatic form, generally cubes. - Diabetic sugar. See diabetic.- Ergot-sugar, a sugar obtained from ergot. Its crystals are transparent rhombic prisms. It is soluble in both water and alcohol, and the solution is capable of undergoing alcoholic fermentation. - Gelatin sugar. Same as glycocoll. - Granulated sugar. (a) A sugar which, by stirring during the crystallization of the concentrated syrup, is formed into small disintegrated crystals or grains, instead of compacting into a crystalline cake or ma as in loaf-sugar. (b) The coarse grains or dust of refined sugar formed during the operations of crushing or cutting loaf-sugar, and separated from the lumps by screening.-Inverted sugar. Same as invert -sugar. Liquid sugar, a name sometimes given to uncrystallizable glucose; this substance, however, is capable of solidifying into an amorphous ma . - Malado sugar, sugar conglomerated into a sticky ma , the crystalline form of the sugar being masked by the presence of a quantity of highly concentrated invert-sugar which cements the crystals together: distinguished from muscovado sugar, in which the sugar has a distinctly crystalline form-the small crys tals, however, being more or le colored by invert-sugar Pulverized sugar, a commercial name for refined sugar ground to a finene intermediate between that of granulated sugar and confectioners' sugar. - Rotatory power of sugar. See rotatory polarization, under rotatory. Starch-sugar. Same as dextrose. - Sugar of acorns, quercite. - Sugar of Barbaryt, the finest sugar, which was formerly supposed to be brought from Barbary, before the trade of the West Indies was fully established. ( Nares.) adhering impurities. - Maple sugar. See maplel. Ah sweet, honey, Barbary sugar , sweet master. Marston, What you Will, ii. 3. candy1. gra , Saccharum of ficin arum, the original source Sugar-cane (Saccharum of ficin arum), a, part of the inflorescence; b, a spikelet. of manufactured sugar, and still the source of most of the supply. The sugar-cane is a stout perennial with the habit of Indian corn and sorghum, growing from 6 to 20 feet high; the leaves are broad and flat, 3 feet or more long; the joints of the stalk are about 3 inches long near the foot, becoming longer upwardly, at length producing a very long joint called the "arrow," which bears a large panicle. Sugar-cane is propagated almost wholly by cuttings, the power to perfect seed being nearly lost through cultivation. Seedlings, however, have recently been observed in Barbados. The first growth from the cuttings is called plant - cane. The succeeding years the root sends up ratoons, which form the crop for one, two, or sometimes more years, its value decreasing from exhaustion of the soil. The cane requires a rich moist soil, preferring the vicinity of the sea. The plant is not known in a wild state, but is supposed to have originated in southern Asia, perhaps in Cochin-China or Bengal. Its cultivation in those regions began very early, and now extends throughout the tropics, the stalk being chewed where not otherwise used. It is grown in the United States in several southern States, but only in Louisiana in sufficient amount for the export of sugar. - African sugar-cane, an African var i of the common sorghum, Sugar of lead. See lead2 . - Sugar of milk, lactose. sugar (shug'är), v. [ sugren , sugar; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To season, cover, sprinkle, sprinkle, mix, or impregnate with sugar.-2. Figuratively, to cover as with sugar; sweeten; disguise so as to render acceptable what is otherwise distasteful. We are oft to blame in this - 'Tis too much proved - that with devotion's visage And pious action we do sugar o'er The devil himself. IMG:content-2432.jpg:[graphic] Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. 48. gar-cane. Same as sorghum, 1.- Sugar-cane beetle, a scarabæid beetle, Ligyrus ru giceps, which damages sugarcane in Louisiana by boring into the canes in the early spring and gnawing off the buds. It also damages sorghum and corn in the southern United States. - Sugarcane borer, the larva of a crambid moth, Chilo II. in trans. 1. To sweeten something, as tea, cham at is, which bores sugar with sugar. [Rare.] He sugared, and creamed, and drank, and spoke not. Mi Edge worth, Helen, xxxvi. ( Davies .) Canada.] 2. To make (maple) sugar. [U.S.and Canada.] To sugar off, in maple -sugar manuf., to pour the syrup into molds to granulate, when sufficiently boiled down. The sugaring off is the last proce , and is usually attended with some sort of frolic in the sugar-camp. [U.S. and Canada.]