BULBUL

name given on account of their call to several common Indian garden-birds of family Timeliide; and Lo to the Persian Nightingale, Dautown and district, S.W. Berar, Central Provinces, India; rich in agricultural produce; well watered; exports, cotton and grain; area (district), 2,809 sq. miles. Pop. 430,000. 7’ E.), town, Konia, vilayet Asia Minor; chief industries, linen-weaving and leather-tanning. Amer. architect; succ. Latrobe as architect of the Washington Capitol; ate considerable influence on Amer. arch. 10’-28° E.); bounded N. by Danube, BK. by Black Sea, 8S. by Macedonia and Thrace, W. by Serbia; includes E: Rumelia. Bulgaria is drained by Maritza and affluents of Danube; cro ed by Balkans and Rhodope Mts. In N. be tween Tirnova and Rustchuk are gra covered plains, dotted with you sands of tumuli or burial mounds, which are also found on plains near Philippopolis. Country is almost entirely agricultural, about five-sevenths of population engaged on land. Wheat, the principal product, is largely exported; wine, tobacco, silk also produced. Minerals include coal, iron, gold, silver, lead, manganese, copper. Chief manufactures are attar of roses (at Kezanlik), woolens, cottons, cigarettes; there are breweries, works; fisheries in Danube and Black Sea; imports, textiles, metal goods, machinery, petroleum, leather, etc.; exports, cereals, live stock, attar of roses, rice, silk, wine, tobacco, eggs, skins; railway mileage, 1,845. Inhabitants are mainly Bulgarians proper, with considerable number of Turks; principal religion, Gr. Church. Education is compulsory. Most important towns are Sofia (cap.), Tirnova (old cap). Philippopolis (cap. of E. Rumelia), Varna and ing cine Area, c. 42,000 sq. m.; pop. History a—Early history is obscure; peopled by Thraco-Illyrian tribes, who were subdued by Philip and Alexander of Macedon; annex by Vespas i an, and became Roman proy. in Ist cent. A.D. About A.D. 328 the country was overrun succe ively by Goths, Huns, and other tribes, of whom the most important were Slavs, who settled here between 3rd and 7th cents. Later in 7th cent. the Bulgari, an Asiatic tribe, appeared. Boris I. became Christian (864), and encouraged spread of Christ i965, and was aided by Ru ians under Sviatoslav, who later (969) again invaded country, with some succe at first, but was ultimately expelled. Soon after this Boris II. of Bulgaria was deposed by Greeks, who annexed country in 1018, Bulgaria remained subject to Byzantium till 1186 when Bulgarians rose in revolt and founded Asenide dynasty, which lasted for two centuries, attaining greatest power under Asen II., 1218-41. Turks subdued whole country and established Ottoman rule, 1389, which lasted for about four centuries. The Bulgarians seem to have been treated with great cruelty and injustice. From about middle of i8th century, through influence of Bishop Sophronius, a revival of literature and education began. In 1876 occurred the Bulgarian Atrocities, when over 15,000 Christians were ma acred by Turk. troops with utmost cruelty. By Treaty of Berlin (1878) Bulgaria was constituted as an under Sultan’s suzerainty; a prince was to be elected by the people. E. Rumelia was by this treaty also made largely autonomous, and was to be ruled by a governor named by Sultan. Alexander of Batten berg was chosen as first prince of Bulgaria (1879), while Prince Vogorides became first governor of E. Rumelia. He was succeeded by Gavril Pasha Krestovich, during whose governorship the two states were united. About same time Serbia declared war on Bulgaria; Serbians were ere driven back and peace was concluded. In 1887 Prince Ferdinand of Saxe Coburg-Gotha was chosen as second prince of Bulgaria; independence of Bulgaria was recognized by powers (1909), when Prince Ferdinand became -tsar. In Balkan wars (1912-13) In 1915 Bulshe| gari a gained territory. joined Central Powers, but surrendered unconditionally to Allies on Sept. 29, Treaty 1918. of See Neuilly Satonica; (Nov. SERBIA. 27, 1919) she B y renounced all claims to Macedonia and Thrace. Ferdinand abdicated on Oct. 4, 1918, and was succeeded by his son, ‘Boris 111. The Treaty of Neuilly was decreed to go into effect on October 1, 1921, but this was not found practical because its terms required the abolition of com- | pulsory military training, the reduction of the army to 20,000 and other restrictions. The work of disbanding the former army continued during 1921, and by autumn of that year none was left under arms. The treaty provided, however, for the raising of a police force and frontier guards and this was carried on during this and the following years. The Minister of War, Alexander imitroff, was a a inated on October 22, 1921. Threatened hostilities between | Turkey and the Great Powers, in 1923, created some uneasine in the attitude of Bulgaria in the event of the outbreak of war. The continuance in office of the Prime Minister, Stambuliski, gave a urance, however, that a conservative attitude would be maintained. The country in general revived from the effects of the war, although there was great di atisfaction among the people due chiefly to industrial conditions and the lo of territory as a result of the Treaty of Neuilly. A revolution in June, 1923 resulted in the overthrow and a a ination of Stambuliski. See B Y, MORGAN GARDNER (1838-1922), American legislator and executive; 6. East Haddam, Conn. At an early age he engaged in busine in Brooklyn, N. Y., and at the outbreak of the Civil War enlisted in the 13th New York regiment as a private, serving with credit through the Peninsula campaign. In 1872 he went to Hartford, Conn., organized the United States Bank in that city, and in 1879 was chosen president of the Aetna Life Insurance Co., which office he retained until his death. He engaged actively in Republican politics, was elected Mayor of ‘Hartford four times (1880-88) and in 1889 was chosen Governor. He served as United States Senator (1905-11). He was chairman of the Connecticut | Highway and Bridge Commi ion and |was identified as a director with many |banks and commercial organizations.