Argus shell

See PECTEN. Argusville, in New York, a post-office of Schoharie co., 46 m. W. of Albany. Argute'ne , n. Wit; acutene . (0.) Argyle', or Argyll', a maritime county of Scotland, consisting partly of mainland and partly of islands, the chief of which are Islay, Mull, and Jura. Area, 3,255 sq. m. Its shores are rocky and irregular, and present numerous bays and inlets. Its surface is very mountainous, interspersed with deep glens, moors, and lakes, the principal of the latter being Loch Awe. Ben Cruachan, the highest mountain, rises to 3.670 ft. above the level of the sea. On the coast are extensive herring-fisheries. The soil produces oats, barley, and potatoes, and A. is especially famous for its native breed of black cattle, which affords he very best beef that can be brought to table in Europe. Climate mild, but wet, changeable, and stormy. Woods and plantations cover nearly 45,000 acres, and lead, copper, iron, coal, marble, and slate are found in quantities. Towns . Oban, Inverary, Camp belt own. Pop . about 90,000. Argyle', in Australia, a county of New South Wales; Lat. between 34° and 35° S., and Lon. 149° and 150°. Its rivers are tributaries of the Warragamba. Pop . abt. 5,300. Argyle', in Georgia , a village of Ware co. Argyle', in Maine a post-township of Penobscot county. Argyle', in New York, a post-village and township of Washington co., 45 m. N. of Albany. Argyle', in North Carolina, a village of Cumber land county. Argyle', in Wisconsin, a post-village of Lafayette co., on the Wa emon river. Argyll', the title borne by the head of the great Scottish family of Campbell , known to the Highlanders as " Mac Callum Mohr." The most eminent members of this race are the following: -1. ARCHIBALD, EARL, AND 1ST MARQUIS OF A. , B. 1598. He zealously espoused the cause of the Covenant, and played a conspicuous part in the troublous times of the great civil war. Po e ing great duplicity of character, he, while ostensibly acting for Charles I. in Scotland, secretly intrigued against the royal authority. Such was the odium attaching to his name, that even to this day there lingers in Scotland a popular saying, "Fair and fause (false) as a Campbell." After acquiescing in the protectorate of Cromwell, he was, at the Restoration, tried for high treason, and beheaded at Edinburgh, in 1661.-2. ARCHIBALD, MARQUIS OF A. , son of the above. He was a gallant supporter of the royal cause; but being ultimately condemned to death for high treason, he made his escape to Holland. From thence he attempted to invade Scotland. but was taken prisoner, and executed at Edinburgh, in 1685.-3, JOHN, IST DUKE OF A. , grandson of the preceding, was a celebrated general and statesman, who fought under Marl borough, and in 1711 commanded the English troops in Spain. Later, he suppre ed the insurrection in Scotland, and drove the l're tender out of that kingdom. He also took a prominent part in the Union of Engl nd and Scotland. D. 1743.4. GEORGE JOHN, DUKE OF A. , an English author and statesman, B. 1823. Author of many valuabie historical and theological works, the latest of which are, The Reign of Law, and Primeval Man , published in 18681869, Scotland as it was and is, 1887. He is well known in the U. States by the active sympathy he exhibited. for the preservation of the Union during the civil war. His eldest son, Marquis of Lorne, B. 1845, married the Prince Louise in 1871, daughter of Queen Victoria. Aria'na, in Illinois , a flourishing township of Grundy county. A'rianism, n. The doctrine of Arius. See ARIANS. Aria'no, a town of S. Italy, prov. of Avellino, in the A pennines, 17 m. from Ben even to; pop . 14,500. A'rians, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist .) A name usually given to all who adhere to the opinions advanced by Arius re- specting the relation of the Father and the Son in the Holy Trinity. It is alleged by A than as i us, in his 2d oration (224), that Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Asterius, agreed with Arius in maintaining that God, being will- ing to create the universe, and seeing that it could not be subject to the working of his almighty hand, made first a single being, whom he called Son, or Logos , to be a link between God and the world, by whom the whole universe was created. In other words, the followers of Arius maintain that Christ, the Son of God, is the most exalted of all created things, but inferior to God the itself was first ventilated about 318 A. D., and it was pub- licly condemned at the Council of Alexandria, held in 320 A. D., and in the Council of Nice, which was held 325 A. D. The orthodox Church maintained the perfect equality of e ence of both Father and Son, and could only expre their relation by terming it eternal genera- tion. The articles of both the Nicene, and the A than asian creeds, arose out of this great Arian controversy. Arius, and his partisans, were banished by the former council; but, as he had powerful adherents, he soon found means to return at the expre command of the emperor Con- stantine. He was on his way receive the oath of min- isterial allegiance to the orthodox views of the Church at Constantinople, when he died very suddenly, as some say, by poison, in 336 A. D. His followers received great acce ions after his death, and the emperor Const an tine is said to have been baptized into the Arian communion a short time before his decease, in 337. Under Const an- tius, Arianism became the religion of the court; and it even penetrated as far as Rome, which was obliged to receive into its communion Felix, an Arian bishop. But the divisions which grew among the A. themselves, pre- pared for the Catholic Church an easy victory over them, and led to their final extinction. The first split in the Arian faith occurred in the western part of the Roman empire, where all opponents of the A than asian doctrine that the Son was homoousios , or of the same e ence with the Father, were called A .; but some of these op- ponents clung to the doctrine already taught in the school of Origen, that the Son was homoiousios , or of similar e ence with the Father. These received the name of Semi-Arians; but the sect broke up into some 10 or 12 separate communions, before it finally disap- peared from the history of the Church. The A. , how- ever, made a bold struggle for existence. They ascended the throne with Valens, in 364 A. D.; but Theodosius hurled them down, and restored the dominion of the ancient Church. Their creed was altogether extinct in the Roman empire at the beginning of the 5th century. It continued to flourish among the Goths, the Suevi in Spain, the Burgundians, the Vandals, and the Lombards, among which latter people it survived down to 662 A. D. Since that time, pure Arianism has nowhere constituted a distinct sect. - See SOCINIANS and UNITARIANS. and with iron mines, marble quarries, and mineral waters. Its chief commerce is in grain, cheese, iron, and wood. Its manufactures consist of woollen, cotton, paper, and steel wares.- Towns . Foix, Pamiers, and St. Girons. Pop . (1891), 227,491; (1897), about 230,500. ARIÈGE, a river which gives its name to the above dep. It rises in the Pyrenees, and falls into the Garonne, near Toulouse. A'riel, in Pennsylvania , a post-office of Wayne co. Ar'ies, n. [Lat.] ( Astron .) The Ram; the first of the 12 signs of the zodiac, and a constellation giving its name to a space of 30° of the ecliptic, which the sun enters in March, measured from the vernal equinox. Owing to the constant change of the position of the vernal equinox, arising from the prece ion of the equi- noxes, the sign A. no longer corresponds with the con- stell at i on of that name, but has moved about 30° to the westward of it. ( Antiq .) The battering-ram of the ancients, which was used to batter down the walls of besieged cities. It con- sisted of a large beam, made of the trunk of a tree, to one end of which was fastened a mast of bronze, resem- bling in its form the head of a ram. The use of this machine was further aided by placing the frame in which it was suspended upon wheels; and, also, by constructing over it a wooden roof, so as to form a testudo , which pro- tected the besieging party from the defensive a aults of the besieged. Ariet'ta, n. [It.] ( Mus .) A short melody, song, or air. Arietta, in New York , a township of Hamilton county. A'rigal, a mountain of Ireland, in the co. Donegal, 3 m. W. of the Derryveagh range; height, 2,462 ft. Aright', adv . [A.S. a for on , and riht , right.] According to the right way, applied physically and morally; right; well; rightly; truly correctly; properly; uprightly; unexceptionably. "Guardian of groves, and godde of the night, Fair queen, he said, direct my dart aright ."-Dryden. Arig'na, a district of Ireland, in the co. Roscommon, important for its mines of coal and iron. Ar'il, ARIL'LUS, n. [Lat. arillus .] ( Bot . ) A term applied to an integument occasionally found covering, either wholly or partially, the testa or outer coat of a seed. The seed of the pa ion-flower exhibits this covering, which commences at the base, and proceeds toward the apex. In the nutmeg, the additional coat proceeds from above, downward, and constitutes the substance called mace, which is extensively employed as a spice. Ar'illate, Ar'illated, a . ( Bot .) Having the form of, or relating to an aril. Arim'anes, AHRIMAN, n. The principle of evil in the Persian theology, which perpetually counteracts the designs of Ormuzd or Oromazdes, who denotes the prin- ciple of good. Ari'nos, a river of Brazil, which, after a N.W. course of 700 m., enters the Tabajos, an affluent of the Amazons, in Lat. 9° 30′ S., Lon. 50° 20′ W. Ariola'tion, n. [Lat. ariolatio , or hariolatio .] Sooth- saying; vaticination; foretelling. (o.) Ari'on, the inventor of dithyrambics; B. in Lesbos, flourished about в. с. 625. A hymn to Neptune, attrib- uted to this poet, may be found in Brunck's Analecta. Ar'iose, a . [It. arioso .] ( Mus .) Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony; as, " Ariose beauty of Handel." Ario'so, a. [It.] ( Mus .) Applied to a pa age in the style of the aria , often introduced into recitative. Arios'to, LUDOVico, one of the greatest Italian poets, B. at Reggio, in 1474. He early became engaged in lite- rary pursuits, and settled at Ferrara, where he entered the service of Cardinal d'Este, who employed him in political negotiations. Amid the turmoil of official duties he composed his great epic, the Orlando Furioso , which was published in 1516. D. 1533. The "Orlando Furioso" commemorates the legendary exploits of Charle- magne and his paladins. It displays a splendid and inexhaustible richne of invention, and ever-changing variety of incidents, accompanied with the talent of lively narration. The activity of a youthful fancy ani- mates the whole work. A. exhibits, also, a wonderful skill in interweaving the episodes with which he con- tinually interrupts, and again takes up with an agree a- ble and often imperceptible art, and so entwines them with one another, that it is difficult to give a connected history of the contents of the poem, consisting of 46 cantos. These qualities place him among the great masters of poetry, and have gained for him, among his countrymen, the appellation of Divine . The Orlando has been translated into all the languages of Europe. A. is also the author of many fine satires and other poems. Arise', v . n. [i. AROSE; pp . ARISING, ARISEN.] [A.S. aris an. See RISE.] To rise up; to mount up, or upward; to come into view, or notice; to emerge from the horizon. Ari'cine, CUSCO CINCHONINE, n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from arica bark, in the same way as cinchonine -To from Peruvian bark. It crystallizes in white brilliant translucent needles, with a slightly bitter taste. The salts of A. are very bitter. Ar'id, a. [Fr. aride ; Lat. arid us , from areo, to be dry.] Dry: parched; sterile; unproductive. -To begin; to grow; to spring upward; to originate; to proceed from. "A mischief may arise hereafter from such an innovation."- Dryden. -To revive from death. Aris'pe, in Illinois , a village of Bureau co., about 60 m. N. of Peoria. Aris'ta, n. [Lat.] ( Bot .) See AwN. Aris'ta, DON MARIANO, formerly president of the Mexi- can republic, в. 1803. Of Spanish descent, he at an early age entered the army, in which he attained to the rank of major-general. He served with distinc- tion in the war against the U. States, was in 1848 ap- pointed minister of war, and, in 1850, president of the republic. In the latter capacity, he distinguished him- self by the liberality of his political views, his leanings toward peace and progre , and his attention to the social and commercial development of the country. He was succeeded as president, in 1852, by Don Juan Ce bellos. D. 1855. Aristæ'us, ( Myth .,) son of Apollo and Cyrene, was brought up by the Nymphs. The introduction of the use of bees is ascribed to him (hence he is called Mel lisœus ), and gained for him divine honors. Arid'ity, Ar'idne , n. [Fr. arid ité , from Lat. ari- ditas.] Dryne ; a state of being without moisture. Ariège, a dep. of France, bounded S. by the republic of Andorra and the Pyrenees; Lat. between 42° 33′ and 43° 19 N.; Lon. between 0° 50′ and 2o 8′ E.; principally -To begin to act; to move, or to exert power. formed from part of the old county of Foix. Gen. Des . Aris'ing, p . a . Rising up; ascending; originating or Wooded and mountainous, with a mild climate generally; proceeding from; getting up; springing up; appearing. IMG:content-0271.jpg:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed] Personal excellence, however, was usually regarded as a nece ary element in the character of those constituting an aristocracy. It was opposed to oligarchy , which was looked upon as a perversion of aristocracy, and in which the dominant power was in the hands of a few, who ruled for their own advantage. In the idea of A. , therefore, was included that the administration of affairs should be for the general good, and not for any one cla . In modern times, those governments have been usually deemed aristocratic, in which a small privileged cla of noble or wealthy persons either governed absolutely, or shared the government in various proportions with the sovereign, or the people. In a more general sense, it is applied to any form of government, in which a minority of adult males constitute the ruling cla , and is opposed to democracy, in which the ruling power is vested in a majority of adult males. Lord Brougham's definition is somewhat different. He says, "Where the supreme power in any state is in the hands of a portion of the community, and that portion is so constituted that the rest of the people cannot gain admittance, or can only gain admittance with the consent of the select body, the government is an aristocracy ; where the people at large exercise the supreme power, it is a democracy Nor does it make any difference, in these forms of government, that the ru'ing body exercises its power by delegation to individuals, or to smaller bodies. Thus, a government would be aristocratic, in which the select body elected a chief, to whom a portion, or even the whole of its power should be entrusted." - Sometimes the word A. is applied, not to any form of government, but to a particular cla of persons in a state. In this sense it was never used in ancient times, but it is common with modern writers. The former distinction is dropped, and an A. in this sense is not nece arily connected with the government, and may exist under any form of rule. It is in this way sometimes used as synonymous with nobility. In a wider sense, it is applied generally to the rich, as distinguished from the rest of the community. philosophy. 2 ♡ 4 Fig. 187.-ARISTOLOCHIA GALATEA, ( the Dutchman's pipe.) 2. Fruit of an A.; 3. Cro section of it; 4. Half its seed. Aristolochia'cesæ, n . pl . [From Gr. aristos , excellent, and locheos , pertaining to parturition.] ( Bot .) The birth-worts, an ord. of plants, alliance As a rales . - DIAG. 3-8-celled ovary, and no ovules. They are herbaceous plants or shrubs, the latter often elimbing. Wood without concentric zones and inseparable wedges. Leaves alternate, simple, stalked. Hermaphrodite flowers, axillary, solitary, brown or some dull color. Calyx adherent, tubular, with the segments valvate or induplicate.