ALEXANDER T., POPE

(1061-73); deposed’ by Council of Mantua. Alexander III., Pope (1159-81); antagonist of Frederick Barb a ro a; president at Later an Council, 1179, which decreed a two-thirds majority of cardinals requisite for papal elections; very powerful in the Europe of his day. Alexander IV., Pope (1254-61); tried to reconcile Eastern and Western Churches. Alexander V., Pope (1409-10); elected by Council of Pisa, a scholar and theologian. (1431-1503); nephew of C tus III. He was early promoted in the Church,; and showed signs of worldline and immorality, He won his election by bribery, and during his pontificate his one great aim was to provide handsomely for his natural children; the best known of these were Giovanni, Duke of Gandia, Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia. The Duke of Gandia was murdered, probably by his bro. Cesare, who was made gov. of the Papal States. A. lived an utterly wordly life and has a worse reputation than any other Pope, and was very bad, even judged by the standard of a corrupt age Alexander VIII., Pope (1689-91); refused to recognize liberties of the Gallican Church,