Sclavonia

See Slavonia. Born at Riga, Livonia, Dec. can explorer and botanist. He made a botanical exploration of the Nile valley in 1864-66; traveled among the Dinka, Djur, and Bongo in 1868; among the Nyam-Nyam, Mom but to, and Akka in 1870, discovering the Welle River; and returned to Khartum in 1871, and to Europe. In 18731874 he explored the oasis El Chargeh and founded (1874-1875) a geographical society at Cairo, where he has since resided. He made botanic and mineralogic explorations in the desert between the Nile and the Red Sea 1876-88. His works include "In the Heart of Africa" (1874), books on botany, "Artes Africane" (1875), etc. Strait of Me ina, 9 miles north-northeast of Reggio. It has a castle. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. Population, 5,802. Scilly (sil'i) Islands. A group of small islands southwest of England, belonging to the county of Cornwall, situated in lat. 49° 54′ N., long. 6° 21' W.: probably the ancient Cas site rides. The principal islands are St. Mary's (containing the chief town, Hugh Town), St. Martin's, St. Agnes, Tresco, and Bryher. The islands were taken by the English in the 10th century. Count Federigo Born at Turin, Jana politi cian and jurist. He was president of the Geneva tribunal of arbitration for settling the Alabama claims 18711872. His chief work is "His to ire de la législation italienne" (1840-57). Scodra (skō'drä). The ancient name of Scutari. Scogan(sko'gan), Scogan (skō'gan), Henry. Lived at the end of the 14th and the beginning of beginning of the 15th century. An English poet. a contemporary of Chaucer. He inserted in one of his poems, called "Scogan unto the Lords and Gentil men of the King's house," Chaucer's ballade Scorpio (skôr pi-ō). [L., 'the Scorpion.] A constellation and the eighth sign of the zodiac, represented by the character M. The constellation, which is conspicuous in early summer in the skies of the southern United States (where the whole of the magnifi- cent tail clears the horizon), contains the first-magnitude red star Antares and several of the second magnitude. With the Chaldeans and Greeks it extended over one sixth of the planetary circle, the Scorpion being represented with exaggerated claws embracing a circular space where Libra is now placed. From this irregularity it may be inferred that the constellation is older than the zodiac, which was formed before 2000 B. C. Libra, though later, is of no small antiquity, since it appears in the Egyptian zodiacs. Its adoption by Julius Cæsar in his calendar made it familiar. Ptolemy, however, though living in Egypt nearly two centuries later, follows Babylonian and Greek astronomers in covering the place of Libra with the Scor- pion's claws. In designating the stars of this cons tell a- tion by means of the Greek letters, the genitive Scorpii (from the alternative Latin form scorpius ) is used: thus, Antares is a Scorpii. Scorpion, The. See Scorpio . Scot, or Scott (skot), Michael. [Identified by Boece with Sir Michael Scot of Balwearie in Fifes hire, but by Camden with a Cistercian monk of Cumber land. The traditional date of his death is about 1291.] A Scottish school- man, with posthumous fame as a wizard and ma- gician. He is said to have studied at Oxford and Paris, Scotia (skō'shi-ä). [ML., 'land of Scots,' from Scotus, Scot.] 1. A name given in the early middle ages to Ireland.-2. A name given to Scotland. Scot i chronic on (skō-ti-kron'i-kon), The. A Scottish chronicle written partly by John of Fordun (see Fordun ), who brought the chroni- cle down to 1153, and partly by Walter Bower (1385-1449), who brought it to 1436. An abridg- Scotland Yard. A short street in London, near Trafalgar Square. Here formerly were the headquar. ters of the London police, now removed to New Scotland Bridge. Yard, on the Thames embankment, near Westminster Scots (skots). 1. A Gaelic tribe which came from the northern part of Hibernia and settled in the northwestern part of Britannia (Scotland) about the 6th century. ment of the work written by Walter Bower is known as the "Book of Cupar": this has not been printed. Scotists (skō'tists). The followers of Duns Scotus. His fundamental doctrine is that distinctions which the mind inevitably draws are to be considered as real, although they do not exist apart from their relations to mind. Such distinctions were called formal , the ab- str actions thence resulting formalities , and those who in- sisted upon them formalists or formalizers (Middle Latin formal i zantes). He taught the important principle of hæc- ceity - that individual existence is no quality, is capable of no description or general conception, but is a peculiar ele- ment of being. He held that the natures of genera and species, as animal and horse , are real, and are not in them- selves either general or particular, though they cannot 2. The natives or inhabitants of Scotland. exist except particular nor be thought except as gen- eral. The teaching of Scotism in the English universities was prohibited by the royal injunctions of 1535. Scotland (skot'land). [AS. Scotland , land of Scots; F. Eco e , G. Schottland , L. Caledonia .] A country of Europe, occupying the northern division of the island of Great Britain, and forming part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Capital, Edinburgh; largest city, Glasgow. The mainland, which extends from lat. 54° 38′-58° 41′ N., and from long. 1° 45′-6° 14′ W., is bounded by the Atlantic on the west and north, the North Sea on the east, and England and the Irish Sea on the south. The country is divided generally into the Highlands in the north and west, and the Lowlands in the south and east. The chief indentations of the coast are the Moray Firth, Firths of Tay and Forth, Solway Firth, and Firth of Clyde. The highest mountains are the Grampians, about 4,000 feet (Ben Nevis, 4,406 feet). The chief river-systems are those of the Spey, Tay, Forth, Tweed, and Clyde. There are many mountain lakes, including Lochs Tay, Awe, Lo- mond, Katrine, etc. The principal islands are the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, Lewis and Harris, North Uist, South Uist, Skye, Mull, Jura, Islay, Arran, and Bute. Scot- land has important commerce, valuable mines of iron and jute manufactures, ship-building industries, whisky-dis- coal, fisheries, flourishing iron, cotton, woolen, linen, and tilleries, etc. It has 33 counties. The kingdom is repre- sented by 72 members in the House of Commons; and the peerage, to which no additions have been made since 1707, but which still (in 1894) numbers 87 members, appoints 16 peers at the opening of each Parliament to sit in the House of Lords, in which, however, 48 of the other Scottish peers have seats as holders of British titles. The great majority of the Scots are Presbyterians (mostly of the Established Church, Free Church, or United Presbyterian Church); there are also Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Congrega- tion a lists, etc. Gaelic (a Celtic language) is spoken in many parts of the Highlands. The original inhabitants were Celts. Scotland was invaded by the Romans under Scots' Darien Colony. See Paters on , William . Scots Greys (skots grāz). A regiment of British dragoons, first organized under Claver house about 1683. Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled. A song by Robert Burns. Agricola in the 1st century. A wall between the Clyde and Forth was built under Ant on in us and Septimius Severus. Invasions of Roman Britain by the Picts and Scots took place in the 4th and 5th centuries. In the 6th century a kingdom was founded by the Dalriad Scots; there was a settlement of Angles in the southeast; and the conversion of the Picts was begun by Columba. A union of Picts and Scots into the kingdom of Albania or Scotia was effected in the 9th century. From the 8th century to the 11th there were raids by the Norsemen, and settlements were made by them especially in the Orkneys and Shetlands. King Malcolm II. achieved the conquest of Lothian in 1018. In the struggles between England and Scotland, the latter was invaded by Conqueror, but no territory was lost. The kingdom prospered in the 12th and 13th centu. ries, especially under the three Alexanders. The death of Margaret, the Maid of Norway, granddaughter of Alexan- der III., led to a notable dispute about the succe ion, and to the interference of Edward I. of England in Scottish af- fairs. In the contest between Bruce and Baliol, in which Edward was virtually arbitrator, Baliol (see Baliol , John de) was chosen king in 1292. He paid homage to Edward, but afterward renounced his allegiance, and a war followed which was really a struggle on Edward's part for sover- eignty and on Scotland's for independence. Scotland was invaded by Edward in 1296, The Scots under Wallace were victorious at Stirling in 1297, but were defeated at Falkirk in 1298. On the death of Wallace in 1305, Robert Bruce succeeded as national leader, and was crowned king in 1306. The independence of Scotland was secured by the victory of Bannock burn in 1814, and was recognized by Ed- ward III. in 1328. Robert II. (who succeeded in 1371), the son of Bruce's daughter, was the first sovereign of the Stuart dynasty. In 1513 the Scots under James IV. in- vaded England and suffered a disastrous defeat at Flod- den, Sept. 9. The following are important among more recent events: reign of Mary Queen of Scots, 1542-67; in- troduction of the Reformation, 1560; invasion by the Eng- lish under Somerset, and defeat at Piukie, 1547; acce ion of James VI., king of Scotland, to the throne of England as James I., 1603; succe of the Covenanters against Charles I., 1639-40; persecution of the Covenanters under Charles II. and James II.; legislative union of the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, 1707; Jacobite insur- Population (1891), 4,025,647. rections 1715 and 1745-46. Area, 30,902 square miles. When the disputed relations between the English and Scottish crowns began, the names of England and Scotland seem not to have been in use at all. And if we choose to use them as convenient ways of expre ing the English and Scottish territories as they then stood, we must still remember that the limits of those territories in no way answered to the modern limits of England and Scotland. Part of modern England was not yet English, and a very large part of modern Scotland was not yet Scottish. The growth of the Scottish nation and kingdom is one of the Scott (skot), Clement. Born at London, 1841. An English journalist, playwright, and dramatic critic. He has also published several volumes of poems: "Lays of a Londoner" (1882), "Lays and Lyrics" (1888), etc. Scott (skot), David. Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 10 (12?), 1806: died there, March 5, 1849. A Scottish historical painter. He was the pupil of his father, an engraver. His chief works are "The Descent from the Cro ," "The Dead Rising at the Crucifixion," "Vasco da Gama," "Peter the Hermit," "Ariel and Cali- ban," etc. His illustrations for the "Monograms of Man" (outlines), Cole ridge's "Ancient Mariner," and "The Pil- grim's Progre " were published in 1831, 1837, and 1850. In 1841 he published a pamphlet on "British, French, and German Painting." His works are noted for boldne of conception and exaggerated draftsmanship. Scott, Sir George Gilbert. Born at Gawcott, near Bucking ham, July 13, 1811: died at London, March 27, 1878. An English architect, grand- son of Thomas Scott (1747-1821). He became the chief practical architect of the Gothic restoration in Eng- land. In 1841 he erected the Martyrs' Memorial at Ox- ford, and in 1847 began at Ely the renovation of English cathedrals. In 1856 he was obliged by Lord Palmers ton to build the new Foreign, Home, and Domestic Offices in the Renai ance style. In 1862-63 he designed and con- structed the Albert Memorial. He was buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey. His "Personal and Profe ional Recollections" were edited by his son in 1879. He pub- lished a number of works on architecture, among which are "Remarks on Secular and Domestic Architecture" and others published after his death, are "Lectures on the (1850), "Gleanings from Westminster Abbey" (1862), etc.; Rise and Development of Mediæval Architecture" (1879), "English Church Architecture prior to the Separation of England from Rome" (1881). Scott, John, first Earl of Eldon. Born at New- castle-upon-Tyne, June 4, 1751: died at London, Jan. 13, 1838. An English jurist. He was appointed solicitor-general in 1788, attorney-general in 1793, chief justice of Common Pleas in 1799, and lord chancellor of England 1801-06 and 1807-27. Scott, Michael. Born at Glasgow, Oct. 30, 1789: died there, Nov. 7, 1835. A British novel- ist, writer of sea stories, among which are "Tom Cringle's Log," etc. Scott, Robert. Born in Devons hire, 1811: died 1887. An English lexicographer. In 1833 he grad- uated at Oxford (Christ Church). He took orders, and be- came master of Balliol in 1854, profe or of exegesis in 1861, and dean of Rochester in 1870. He a isted in form- ing the Oxford library of the "Fathers," and was a ociated "Greek-English Lexicon" (1843). with Dean Liddell in the preparation of Liddell and Scott's Scott, Thomas. Born at Braytoft, Lincoln- shire, Feb. 16, 1747: died at Aston Sand ford, Bucking hams hire, April 16, 1821. An English clergyman. He was ordained in 1773, and in 1780 suc- ceeded John Newton as curate of Olney. He published "The Force of Truth" (1779), the "Family Bible, with Notes" (5 vols., 1788-92), etc. Scott, Sir Walter ested in the new German romantic literature in 1788, he published translations of Bürger's ballads in 1796, and in 1799 a translation of Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen." The "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border" appeared 1802-03, and the first of his poems, "The Lay of the Last Minstrel," in 1805. These were published by Ballan tyne with whom he established an unfortunate partnership in busine . This was followed by the poems Marmion" (1808), "The Lady of the Lake" (1810), "The Vision of Don Roderick" (1811), "Rokeby" (1813), "The Bridal of Trier main" (1813), "The Lord of the Isles" (1814), "The Field of Waterloo" (1815), andra Harold the author of the loose be Dauntle " (1817). In 1805 he the last Jacobite rebellion: this was looked at in 1810, but was again laid aside till 1814, when it was completed and published anonymously (July 7) under the title of "Waverley, or 'Tis Sixty Years Since." It was the first of those masterpieces, the "Waverley Novels," which place Scott in the front rank of the writers of fiction. The following is list of them: "Waverley" (1814), "Guy Manner ing (1815), "The Antiquary" (1816), "Old Mortality (1816), "The Black Dwarf (1816), "Rob Roy" (1818), "The Heart of Mid loth i an" (1818), "The Bride of Lammer moor" (1819), "The Legend of Montrose" (1819), "Ivanhoe" (1820), "The Monastery" (1820), "The Abbot" (1820), "Kenilworth" (1821), "The Pirate" (1822), "The Fortunes of Nigel" (1822), "Peveril of the Peak" (1823), 'Quentin Durward" (1823), "St. Ronan's Well" (1824), "Red gauntlet" (1824), "The Betrothed" (1825), "The Talisman" (1825), "Wood stock" (1826), "The Two Drovers" (1827), "The Highland Widow" (1827), "The Surgeon's Daughter" (1827), "The Fair Maid of Perth" (1828), "Anne of Geierstein" (1829), "Count Robert of Paris" (1831), and "Castle Dangerous" (1831). His earliest printers and publishers were the Ballan tynes with whom he formed a secret partnership. The publishing busine was not succe ful-mainly, it would appear, from the production of costly works for which there was but a limited demand. In 1818 and later his copyrights were purchased by Constable, and when that publisher failed in 1826, the novelist was involved to the amount of £120,000- in addition to which he had private debts of £30,000. The purchase of the estate of Abbots ford, and the erection, adornment, and maintenance of the mansion (which he occupied from 1812 to 1826), had been a very serious drain on his resources. He struggled manfully to meet his liabilities; and by his publications (written, after the failure, in gradually failing health), and the disposal of copyrights after his death, his creditors were paid in full. The writer of the novels long remained "the Great Unknown"; extraordinary precau tions were taken to conceal the authorship, and the vast amount of literary work published by Scott under his own name helped to preserve the secret of his identity. It was not till Feb. 23, 1827, that he publicly confe ed himself "the total and undivided author." He was the first on whom the title of baronet was conferred (1820) by George IV. He edited the works of Dryden (1808: in 18 vols., with life) and of Swift (1814: in 19 vols., with life), and wrote, in addition to the works mentioned above, a "Life of Na pole on (9 vols. "Tales of a Grandfather" (1827-30), History of Scotland" (1829-30), "Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft" (1830), etc., besides numerous introductions, prefaces, and articles in magazines and reviews. His "Familiar Letters" were published in 1893. A biography of Scott, by his son-in-law, J. G. Lockhart, appeared 1836-38. Scott, William, Baron Stowell. Born Oct. 17, 1745: died Jan. 28, 1836. An English jurist, brother of Lord Eldon. He became judge of the Consistory Court and advocate-general in 1788; and was judge of the High Court of Admiralty 1798-1827. He is noted for his decisions in international law. Scott, William Bell. Born at Edinburgh, Sept. 12, 1811: died at Penkill Castle, Ayrshire, Nov. 22, 1890. A Scottish artist and poet, brother Scott, Win field. Born near Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786: died at West Point, N. Y., May 29, 1866. An American general. He studied at Wil and Mary College; was admitted to the bar in entered the United States army as captain in 1808: served in the War of 1812, distinguishing himself in the attack on Queens town Heights (1812), and the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane (1814); was made brigadier-general and brevet major-general in 1814; commanded in South Caro Scranton (skran'ton). A city, capital of Lack a wanna County, Pennsylvania, situated on Lack a wanna River in lat. 41° 23′ N., long. 75° 43′ W. It is the fourth city in the State; is a railway center; is the center of a great coal-mining region; and has extensive manufactures of iron, steel, locomotives, boilers, mach in ery, iron-ware, etc. It was made a city in 1866. Popula tion (1890), 75,215. Scrap of Paper, A. A play adapted from Sardou's "Les pattes de mouche" (1861) by Palgrave Simpson. Charles Mathews produced an adapt a. tion, by himself, in 1867 as “Adventures of a Love Letter." Scribe (skrib), The. A celebrated early Egyptian statue (5th dynasty), in the Louvre Museum, Paris. The figure is colored red, and has inlaid eyes of crystal; it sits cro -legged, with a striking expre ion of life and energy. Scribe (skreb), August in Eugène. Born at Paris, Dec. 24, 1791: died there, Feb. 20, 1861. A French dramatist. While studying law to please Scyros and succeeded Thomas B. Aldrich as editor of the "Atlantic Monthly" in 1890. He has published "The Bodley Books" (1875-84), "Boston Town" (1881), "Seven Little People and their Friends" (1881), "Noah Webster" (1882), "History of the United States " (1884), "George Washing ton" (1886), and "Men and Letters" (1887); and has ed. ited "American Poems" (1879), "American Prose" (1880), and "The American Commonwealth Series" (from 1885). He was joint author with Mrs. Taylor of the "Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor" (1884). Scudder, Samuel Hubbard. Born at Boston, Ma ., April 13, 1837. An American naturalist, brother of Horace E. Scudder. He graduated at Williams College in 1857, and at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard in 1862; was a istant librarian of Harvard 1879-85; and was appointed paleontologist to the U. S. Geological Survey in 1886. He has published a "Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all Countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies 1633-1876" (1879), "Butterflies: their Structure, etc., with reference to American Forms" (1881), "Nomenclator Zoologic us" (1882), "The Butterflies Scudéry, or Scudery, or Scudéri (skü-dā-rē'), Georges de. Born at Havre about 1601: died at Paris, May 14, 1667. A French author, best known from his tragicomedy "L'Amour tyrannique" and his epic "Alaric." Scudéry, Madeleine de. Born at Havre in 1607: died at Paris, June 2, 1701. A French novelist and poet. On her parents' death she was carefully brought up by an uncle, and when he died she went to Paris with her brother Georges. Naturally bright and clever, she was not slow to a ert her ability in the literary circle of the Hôtel de Rambouillet. When these famous gather of the Eastern United States and Canada" (1887-). his mother, he wrote for the stage to his own He did not meet with succe . In time he gathered experience in dramatic matters sufficient to locate public taste; then he undertook to gratify it, and catered to it thereafter almost altogether. Either alone or in collaboration with others he wrote upward of 350 plays. His earliest succe es were "Flore et Zéphire" (1816), "Le sol licit eur" (1817), "L'Ours et le pacha" (1820), "Le secrétaire et le cuisinier," "Mon oncle César," "Le ménage de garçon," "La petite sœur" (1821), "Valérie" (1822), etc. A number of his comedies were produced for the first time at the Comédie Française; among the best are "Le mariage d'argent" (1827), "Bertrand et Raton" (1833), "L'Ambitieux" (1834), "La camaraderie" and "Les indépendants" (1837), "La calomnie" and "Le verre d'eau" (1840), "Une ings broke up as a gradual result of the internal troubles chaine" (1841), "Le fils de Cromwell" (1842), "Le puff, ou Mensonge et vérité" (1848), "Les contes de la reine de Navarre" (1850), "Bataille de dames" (1851), and "Les doigts de fée" (1858). The two last-named were written in collaboration with Legouvé, as was also the well-known drama "Adrienne Lecouvreur" (1849). Another drama of Scribe's composition was "La czarine" (1855). Scribe wrote also the words to an unusually large number of celebrated musical compositions, as, for instance, to Boieldieu's "La dame blanche" (1825); to Auber's "La muette de Portici" (1828), "Fra Diavolo" (1830), "Le domino noir" (1837) etc.; to Meyer beer's "Robert le Diable" (1831), "Les Huguenots" (1836), "Le prophète" (1849), "L'Étoile du Nord" (1854), and "L'Africaine" (1865); to Cherubin i's "Ali Baba" (1833); to Halévy's "La Juive" (1835), etc.; to Donizetti's "La favor it a" (1840); to Verdi's "Les vêpres siciliennes" (1855); etc. As a novelist Scribe was not particularly succe ful. He was received into the French Academy in 1836, of Scriblerus Club (skrib-lē'rus klub). A club writers in London, founded by Swift in 1714 after the breaking up of "The Brothers" in 1713. Among the members were Pope, Arbuthnot, Bolingbroke, Gay, and others. The object of the club was to satirize literary incompetence: it was not political. See Martin us Scriblerus . Scribner (skrib'ner), Charles. Born at New York, Feb. 21, 1821: died at Lucerne, Switzerland, Aug. 26, 1871. An American publisher, the founder (1846) of the publishing house now Charles Scribner's Sons, and one of the found ers of "Scribner's Monthly" (1870). Scribonia (skri-boʻni-ä). The wife of August us Cæsar, whom he married 40 B. C. and divorced 39 B. C. mother of Julia. that attended the minority of Louis XIV., Mademoiselle de Scudéry was able to command her own salon, meeting every Saturday. Her first novel, "Ibrahim, ou l'illustre Ba a," appeared in 1641 under her brother's name. En couraged by its succe , she affixed her own signature to the two works for which she is best known, "Artamène, ou le grand Cyrus" (1650) and "Clélie, his to ire romaine" (1656). In these novels she has introduced under a umed names a great many of her contemporaries: in the former she speaks of herself as Sapho. Victor Cousin discovered the complete key to all her characters. In addition to these works, Mademoiselle de Scudéry published "Almahide, ou l'esclave reine" (1660), "Célinde" (1661), "Les femmes illustres, ou harangues héroïques" (1665), "Mathilde d'Aguilar, his to ire espagnole" (1665), "La promenade de Versailles, ou his to ire de Célanire" (1669), and finally "Le discours de la gloire" (1671), which won for the first time the academic prize for French eloquence founded by Jean Louis Guez de Balzac. Scugog (skū'gog), Lake. Alake in Ontario, Canada, 40 miles northeast of Toronto. Its waters find their way to Lake Ontario. Length, about 10 miles. Scurcola, Battle of. See Tagliacozzo . Scutari (skö'tä-re). A city in Albania, the capital of a vilayet of the Turkish empire, situated at the southern end of the Lake of Scutari, at its outlet into the Bojana, in lat. 42° 1' N., long. 19° 27′ E.: the ancient Scodra, and Slavic Skadar. It has considerable commerce, and manufactures of arms, etc. It was the capital of Illyria, and was conquered by the Romans in 168 B. C. It pa ed from the Venetians to the Turks in 1479. Population, about 25,000. Scutari, Turk. Iskudar or İskuder. A city in Asia Minor, Turkey, situated on the Bos bord opposite constantinople has long been various mosques, etc., and the most famous cemetery in Turkey. It occupies the site of the ancient Chrysopolis. noted as a of departure rendezvous, and contains