Length from the Cape of Good Hope to Tasmania, about 6,000 miles

Average depth, about 14,000 feet. Indian Queen, The. A tragedy in heroic verse by Sir Robert Howard and John Dryden, produced in 1664. Indian Territory. A territory of the United States. It is bounded by Kansas on the north, Mi ouri and Arkansas on the east, Texas on the south, and Oklahoma on the west. Its surface is generally level and rolling. Herding is the chief industry. It is unorganized. The Indian tribes Cherokees, Choctaws, Chick a saws, Creeks, and Semi noles conduct their own affairs. Tahlequah in the Cherokee land is the chief town. The region was acquired in 1803 and 1845. In 1834 it was set apart for the Indians who were removed during this period from their original homes. The portion north of fat. 37° was ceded afterward by the Indians to the United States. In the Civil War the Indians sided with the Confederates. (For the setting apart of Oklahoma, see Oklahoma ). Area (1800), 31,400 square miles. Population (1900), 392,060. Indians (in'di-anz) (of North America). The aboriginal inhabitants of North America. They were so named on the supposition that the lands discovered by the early navigators were parts of India: the erroneous name has continued in use, notwithstanding attempts at its correction. Schoolcraft invented for the North Americans the names Algic , to denote the people of the eastern coast; Abanic , for those west of the Mi i ippi; and Ostic , for those who live between these limits: but no other writer has used them. The latest attempt, equally unsucce ful, calls the North American tribes Aoneo - Ma and Aonco a word connected with a Northern myth. Seri rañonians - Marañon being a name for the river Amazon, ous mistakes in governmental practice as well as in the ories came from errors in the names of the ethnic divi sions of North America. Each tribe called itself by a name in its own language which often was metaphorical and varying; and its several neighbors called it in their languages by other names, which, according to their existing relations, might be terms of obloquy, of friendship, or of simple topographic description. The methods adopted by the French, English, Spanish, and Dutch to expre the was it native pronunciation added to the confusion, and a large proportion of these various forms afterward appeared in literature and in statistics, the population (which wa self multiplied through fear or through interest) being sometimes duplicated over and over again, and thus vastly exaggerated in the best official estimates. Subsequently many of the erroneous names disappeared, and then it was inferred that the tribes so named had become ex tinct. From these errors arose, mainly, the opinion, still generally entertained, that the rapid extinction of the North Americans is without a parallel in history, and that it is due to an inherent defect, styled fer a natura , through which civilization is fatal to the part of the human rac race found in the western hemisphere. The present number of Indians in the United States is about 300,000. The number in British America is not so accurately known, and that in Mexico, being more affected by mixture of blood, is still le determinable. Besides the actually ascertained errors in nomenclature, other considerations affect the questions concerning population, habitat, and migrations, upon which, together with language, a proper cla ification depends. Before the European invasion the North American tribes had reached a state of quasi-equilibrium, and were sedentary to the ex Indo-Europe ans tent that their territories were recognized, and, though many of them held districts too large for actual occupancy, the limits were substantially defined. While ag. riculture had commenced in some parts of the present area of the United States, and was spreading, it nowhere sufficed to replace hunting, which demands enormous areas per capita for support; and the population had not increased, except perhaps in a small part of California, so as to pre upon the food-supply. Contrary to the current opinion, the Indians were not nomadic until after the arrival of Europe ans, who drove many tribes from their established seats to those occupied by other tribes; and from the same Europe ans they procured the horse and firearms, both of which were nece ary to a nomadic life under the existing conditions. The wars with the invaders and those occasioned by their pre ure, in which firearms were used, were far more destructive than the former quarrels between tribes. The lo es and gains of most of the tribes during recent decades are now known with sufficient precision to allow an estimate of the effect of civilization upon them. In this connection it must be noted as important that many individuals of aboriginal blood have disappeared from the numerical strength of tribes, not by extinction but by absorption. From all these considerations it is concluded that the Indian pop ulation of North America at the time of the Columbian discovery was not very greatly in exce of that now exin 1879, has brought the cla ification and nomenclature of the Indians of North America into system and approximate accuracy. The tribes in British America, Lower California, and the United States, including those found both north and south of the Mexican border and excluding the remainder of Mexico, are divided into 57 linguistic families or stocks, fundamentally differing from each other, and often apparently as distinct as the Aryan and Scythian linguistic stocks. In all the stocks were languages, sometimes but one being now known, sometimes many, the differences between which were such that the speakers failed either entirely or in large part to understand each other. The names a igned to these stocks in this work are those given by the authority who first recognized each particular stock in a publication; and the termination an or ian is now added to each to distinguish between the stock names and tribal names, many of which without such distinction would be identical and confusing. The 57 linguistic families or stocks in the territory mentioned are as follows: Algonquian, At hap as can, Attacapan, Beothukan, Caddoan, Chimakuan, Chimar ikan, Chimmesyan, Chinook an, Chit i machan, Chumash an, Coahuiltecan, Copehan, Cost a no an, Eskimauan, E elenian, Iroquoian, Kalapooían, Karankawan, Keresan, Kiowan, Kitunahan, Koluschan, Kulan a pan, Kusan, Lutuamian, Mariposan, Moquelumnan, Muskhogean, Natches an, Palaihnihan, Piman, Pujunan, Quorate an, Salinan, Salishan, Sastean, Sahaptian, Shoshonean, Siouan, Skittagetan, Takilman, Tanoan, Timuquanan, Tonikan, Tonkawan, Uchean, Waiilatpuan, Wakashan, Washoan, We its pekan, Wishoskan, Yakonan, Yanan, Yukian, Yuman, and Zuñian. These stocks differ widely in the amount of territory occupied, in the number of component tribes, and in the number of individuals identified as belonging to them. Some claimed the combined areas of a number of the present States and Territories of the United States, while the known habitat of others was not more than a modern county or township. Some are differentiated by the language of a single tribe now known; others comprise many tribes, those of the Algonquian stock amounting to 600 separately named divisions, each one of which has been regarded by some authority to be a tribe. Some are extinct, or are represented only by a score of living persons, while others number tens of you sands. The first subdivision of the linguistic stocks, more permanent than temporary alliances or leagues for special purposes, is the "confederacy"; but it is not a constant basis of cla ification. It is noticed in certain stocks where several neighboring tribes have acted together for a considerable period in an approach to the nationality common in civilization. These confederacies do not embrace all the tribes of any stock, and are not confined to people speaking the same language; indeed, interpreters have been required in the councils of a confederacy between the delegates of the component tribes. In this connection it must be noted that tribes of the same linguistic family are often bitter hereditary enemies, so that language does not afford a political cla ification. The unit of cla ification is the tribe, which often is indistinguishable from the village. The latter often extended over a considerable area, and was normally composed of widely separated dwellings, each of them the home of a domestic family, though sometimes several families occupied the same dwelling. Another division is the clan or gens; but, as it is neither political nor ethnic, and as it interpermeates all other divisions, its titles are not mentioned in this work. Those appearing here al tant. The Bureau Ethnology, established by Congre phabetically as the names of confederacies and tribes are selected as having been the most used in literature, and are not expre ed in the determined scientific transliteration which is required for the above-mentioned 57 linguistic stocks, but in the form most frequently found in publications. Indies (inʼdiz), also formerly Indias (inʼdi-az). The name given by Columbus and early geographers to the American islands and mainland, then supposed to be a part of Asia: later, when their true nature was known, they were distinguished as the West Indies, and the latter term was eventually retained for the islands now bearing that name. Many writers of the 16th century use the word Indies in a restricted sense for the country now included in Mexico. Indies, Council of the. See Council of the Indies . Indigirka (in-de-gir'kä). A river in eastern Siberia, flowing into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 71°40′ N.,long. 150° E. Length, about 900 miles. Indo-China. See India , Further . Indo-Europe ans (in'dō-u-rō-pē'anz). The races speaking the Indo-European languages; Arvans (which see). Indo-Europe ans I am compelled to opine that the absence of the a and the camel, together with the presence of the horse, in the pastoral life of the Indo-Europe ans, is in favour of our looking for the original abode of the Indo-Europe ans rather in the European than the Asiatic portion of the steppe district. Further, the locality [banks of the Volga] proposed by us for the original home of the Indo-Europe ans affords the simplest explanation of the manifold points of contact between the Finns and the Indo-Europe ans, in language and in habits, to which we have referred in various pa ages of this work. Schrader , Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 437. Indonesia (in-do-ne's hiä). [NL., 'Indian islands.'] A name for the Malay Archipelago. Indore (in-dor'). 1. A native state in India, under the control of the Central India Agency. It consists of various detached tracts, partly in the valley of the Nerbudda. It is also called the Holkar's Dominions, from its Mahratta ruler of the Holkar family. It was founded by an adventurer in the middle of the 18th century. The ruler became a prince feudatory to Great Britain in 1818. Area, 9,625 square miles. Population (1891), 1,094,150. 2. The capital of Indore state, situated in lat. 22° 42′ N., long. 75° 50′ E. Population (1891), 92,329. Indra (in'dra). The god who, in Vedic theology, stands at the head of the deities of the middle realm-that of the air. The especial manifestation of his power is the battle which he wages in the storm with his thunderbolt ( vajra ) against the demons Vritra ('sur rounder'), Ahi ('confiner'), Shushna ('parcher'), and others, who in the form of mighty serpents or dragons encompa the waters and shut off their path, as well as that of the light, from heaven to earth. He is originally not the supreme, but the national and favorite, god of the In do A ryan tribes, and a type of heroic might exerted for noble ends. He becomes more prominent as Varunais gradually obscured. In later times he is subordinated to the triad Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, but still is the head of the heaven of the gods. He is the subject of many stories in the great epics and the Puranas. Indraprastha (in-dra-prastha). The capital city of the Pandu princes. The name is still known and used for a part of the city of Delhi. Indre (and'r). A river in central France, joining the Loire 17 miles west-southwest of Tours. Length, about 150 miles. Indre. A department of central France. Capital, Châteauroux. It is bounded by Loir-et-Cher on the north, Cher on the east, Creuse and Haute-Vienne on the south, Vienne on the west, and Indre-et-Loire on the northwest. The surface is level. It exports grain. It was formed from the ancient Bas-Berry and parts of Orléanais and Marche. Area, 2,624 square miles. Population (1891), 292,868. Indre-et-Loire (and'r-ā-lwär'). A department of France. Capital, Tours. It is bounded by Sarthe on the north, Loir-et-Cher on the northeast, Indre on the southeast, Vienne on the south, and Maine-et-Loire on the west, and was formed chiefly from the ancient Touraine. The surface is generally level. The department is traversed by the Loire, whose valley here is called "the garden of France." It produces grain, wine, hemp, fruit, etc. Area, 2,361 square miles. Population (1891), 337,298. Indulgence, Declarations of. In English his tory, royal proclamations promising greater religious freedom to nonconformists. The principal were: (a) A proclamation by Charles II. in 1671 or 1672, promising the suspension of penal laws relating to ecclesiastical matters which were directed against noncon for mists. It was rejected by Parliament. (b) A proclamation by James II. in 1687, annulling penal laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists, and abolishing religious tests for office. The refusal to read this declaration by several prelates led to their trial, and was one of the causes of the revolution of 1688. Indus (in'dus). [Skt. Sindhu .] One of the chief rivers of India. It rises in an unexplored region among the Himalaya of Tibet, about lat. 32° N., long. 82° E. It flows northwest through gorges in Tibet and Kashmir. Near the northern part of Kashmir it turns south and flows through British India (Panjab and Sind) into the Arabian Sea by a delta in about lat. 24° N. Its chief tributaries are the combined rivers of the Panjab (Jhelum, Che nab, Ravi, and Sutlej, through the Panjnad) and the Ka bul. Length, about 1,806 miles; navigable from Rori. Ine (ē'ne), or Ini (ēnē), or Ina (i'nä). Died 729. King of the West Saxons 688-726. He conquered Kent in 694, defeated the Cymry of Cornwall in 711, and between 690 and 693 published a series of laws, commonly called the Laws of Ine, which form the earliest extant specimens of West-Saxon legislation. He abdicated in 725 or 726, and, with his wife Æthelburh, made a pil grimage to Rome, where he died. Ines de Castro. See Castro , Ines de . Inexpiable War, The. A war between Carthage and her mercenaries, 241-238 в. с. The latter were unsucce ful. Infanta Maria Teresa. An armored cruiser of 7,000 tons, the flagship of Admiral Cervera in the Spanish-American war. She was sunk in the battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898; was raised under the direction of Naval-Constructor Hobson; and was abandoned in a gale north of San Salvador, Nov. 1, 1898. Inferno (in-fèr'nō; It. pron. in-fer'nō), The. [It., 'hell.'] The first part of Dante's “Divina Com media." It is divided into 34 cantos. The poet is conducted by Vergil through the realms of hell to an exit twin-screw double-turreted battle-ship. She was launched in April, 1876. Her dimensions are: length, 320 feet; breadth, 75 feet; draught, 25 feet; displacement, 11,400 tons. The armored region consists of a submerged hull with an armored deck 5 or 6 feet below water-line, and a central rectangular redoubt or bulwark carrying two turrets placed diagonally at opposite corners. She carries four 80-ton guns in the turrets. Ingaños. See Mocoas . Ingauni (in-ga'nī). In ancient history, a Ligurian tribe which dwelt in northwestern Italy, on the Gulf of Genoa. Ingelheim (ing'el-him), Nieder-, and Ingelheim, Ober-. Two small towns in the province of Rhine-He e, He e, 8 miles west of Mainz: formerly noted for a palace of Charles the Great. Ingelow (in'je-lō), Jean. Born at Boston, Lincoln shire, in 1820: died at London, July 20, 1897. An English poet and novelist. Her works include poems (1863, 1865, 1867, 1876, 1879, 1885, 1886), "Studies for Stories" (1864), "Mopsa the Fairy" (1869), "Off the Skelligs" (a novel, 1872), "Fated to be Free" (1875), "Sarah de Berenger" (1879), "Don John" (1881), "John Jerome, etc." (1886), "A Motto Changed" (1893), and a number of children's books. Ingemann (ing'e-män), Bernhard Sever in. Born at Torkildstrup, Falster, Denmark, May 28, 1789: died at Copenhagen, Feb. 24, 1862. A Danish poet and novelist. He wrote the epic "Valdemar de Store og hans Mänd" (1824), the historical novels "Valdemar Seier" (1826), “Erik Menveds Barndom" (1828), "Kong Erik" (1833), "Prinds Otto af Danmark" (1835). " Ingenhousz (ing'gen-hous), Johannes. Born 1730: died in England, 1779. A Dutch physician. In german land (ing'er-män-länd), or Ingria (in'gri-ä). An ancient district, now forming a large part of the government of St. Petersburg, Ru ia. It pa ed several times between Sweden and Ru ia, and was acquired by Sweden 1617. It was con quered by Peter the Great. Ingersoll (ing'gėr-sol). Atown in Oxford County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames 54 miles west-southwest of Hamilton. Population (1901), 4,573. Ingersoll, Charles Jared. Born at Philadelphia, Oct. 3, 1782: died at Philadelphia, Jan. 4, 1862. An American politician and author, son of Jared Ingersoll. He wrote "A Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great Britain" (1845-52). Ingersoll, Joseph Reed. Born at Philadelphia, June14, 1786: died at Philadelphia, Feb. 20,1868. An American politician, son of Jared Ingersoll: United States minister to England 1850-53. Ingersoll, Robert Green. Born at Dresden, N.Y., Aug. 11, 1833: died at Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., July 21, 1899. An American lawyer, lecturer, and politician. He settled as a legal practitioner at Peoria, Illinois, in 1857, and became colonel of the 11th Illinois cavalry in 1862, and attorney-general for Illinois in 1866. He published "The Gods, and Other Lectures" (1876), "Some Mistakes of Moses" (1879), "Great Speeches" (1887), etc. Ingham (ing'am), Charles Cromwell. Born at Dublin, about 1796: died at New York, Dec. 10, 1863. An English-American painter. He came to the United States in 1816. He was one of the original mem- bers of the National Academy of Design. Ingham, Col. Frederic. A pseudonym used by Edward Everett Hale in “The Ingham Papers" and other works. Inghamites (ing'am-its). An English denomi- nation founded by Benjamin Ingham (1712-72), a Yorkshire evangelist, which combines ele- ments of Methodism and Moravianism. The con- version of Ingham to San deman i an views led to the disrup- tion and nearly total extinction of the denomination. Inghirami (ēng-gē-rä'mē), Francesco. Born at Volterra, Italy, 1772: died at Florence, May 17, 1846. An Italian archæologist. He wrote "Monument i etruschi o di etrusco nome" (1820-27), etc. Inghirami, Tommaso, surnamed Fedra. Born at Volterra, Italy, 1470: died at Rome, Sept. 6, 1516. An Italian poet, scholar, and orator. In gleby (ing'gl-bi), Clement Mans field. Born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, England, Oct. 29, 1823: died at Ilford, E ex, Sept. 26, 1886. An English philosophical writer and Shaksperian scholar. He wrote "Outlines of Theoretical Logic" (1856), "The Shakspere Fabrications" (1859), “Shakspere Controversy" (1861), "An Introduction to Metaphysics" (1864-69), "Shakspeare's Centurie of Prayse, etc." (1874), "The Still Lion" (1874: a new edition 1875, entitled "Shakspere's Hermeneutics"), "Shakspere: the Man and the Book" (1877-81), etc. Inglis (ing 'lz), John. Born at Edinburgh in 1810: died near Edinburgh, Aug. 20, 1891. A "where once was Eden." From here he visits Purgatory. Scottish jurist. He was educated at Glasgow University Inferum Mare (in'fe-rum ma'rē). [L., 'lower sea.'] See Tyrrhenian Sea . Inflexible (in-flek'si-bl). An iron-clad British called to bar in 1835. He was solicitor-general for Scotland in 1852, and lord advocate in 1852 and 1858. In 1858 he was appointed lord justice clerk, with the title of Lord Glen corse, Inne and from 1867 he was lord justice general and president of the Court of Se ion. Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot. Born in Nova Scotia, Nov. 15, 1814: died at Hamburg, Sept. 27, 1862. The defender of Lucknow. He was the son of John Inglis, third bishop of Nova Scotia. He served in Canada in 1837, and in the Panjab war 1848-49. In the Indian mutiny of 1857 he was second in command to Sir Henry Lawrence at Chinhut June 30, and at Lucknow, where the garrison was besieged in the residency, July 1 When Lawrence was wounded, July 2, Inglis succeeded to the command, and conducted the defense until the arrival of Sir Henry Havelock, Sept. 26, 1857. On this date also he was promoted to major-general and created K. C. B. In golds by Legends (ing'goldz-bi lej'endz or le jendz). A series of satirical stories in prose and verse by Richard Harris Barham, under the pseudonym of Thomas In golds by, Esq. The earlier numbers were published in "Bentley's Miscellany," and afterward in "The New Monthly Magazine." In 1840 the first series was published collectively: a second and third series in 1847. Ingolstadt (ing'ōl-stät). A fortified town in Upper Bavaria, situated at the junction of the Schutter with the Danube, 44 miles north by west of Munich. Its university, founded in 1472, was removed to Land shut in 1800, and to Munich in 1826. Its fortifica tions were razed by the French in 1800. It was besieged by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632. Population (1890), 17,646. Ingomar the Barbarian. A play by Maria Anne Lovell, produced at Drury Lane in 1851. It was a translation from the German. It has been a favorite on account of the character of Par then i a. In graham (ing'gra-am), Joseph Holt. Born at Portland, Maine, 1809: died at Holly Springs, Mi ., Dec., 1860. An American clergyman and novelist. Among his works are "The Prince of the House of David" (1855), "The Pillar of Fire" (1859). Ingres (ang'r), Jean Auguste Dominique. at Montauban, Aug. 1780: ris, Jan. 14, 1867. A celebrated French historical painter. At the age of 16 he went to Paris and entered the atelier of David. He won the grand prix de Rome in 1801; studied for 5 years in Paris; and went in 1806 to Italy, where he remained about 15 years. In 1824 the "Vow of Louis XIII." was exhibited in the Louvre, and the artist returned to Paris in great favor. He was made a member of the Institute in 1825. Among his works are "Edipus and the Sphinx" (1808), "Apotheosis of Homer "(1826), "Martyrdom of St. Symphorian" (1834), "Str a to nice" (1839), "The Golden Age" (unfinished, 1848), "Joan of Arc" (1854), "The Spring" (1856). Ingria. See In german land . Ingvæones (ing-vē-ōnēz). [L. (Tacitus) Inga vones , the Latinization of a hypothetical Germanic fundamental form * Ingvaz , a name of the god * Tiwaz , * Tíu . Cf. AS. (rune song) Ing , OHG. Inc , the name of a rune; ON. Yngvi , Yngvi Freyr , from whom the Swedish kings, the Yng lingar , derive their descent; AS. (Beowulf) Ing wine , the Danes. From √igh , to implore.] See Hermiones . Inhambane (en-yäm-bä'ne). A seaport on the eastern coast of Africa, belonging to Portugal, situated in lat. 23° 50′ S. Population, about 6,000. Inheritance, The. A novel by Mi Ferrier, published in 1824. In i mac as. See Enimagas . Inkerman (ingk-er-män'). A ruined town in the Crimea, Ru ia, near Sebastopol. Here, Nov. 5, 1854, the English and French defeated the Ru ians, who had made an unexpected attack on the English camp. The battle was severe, and the lo on both sides great. Inkle and Yarico. A musical comedy by George Colman the younger, taken from the "Spectator" (No.11). It was produced at the Hay market Aug. 4, 1787. Inland Sea. See Suwonada . Inman (in'man), Henry. Born at Utica, N. Y., Oct., 1801: died at New York, Jan. 17, 1846. An American painter, noted for portraits. In Memoriam (in me-mō'ri-am). An elegiac poem by Alfred Tennyson, published in 1850. It is a philosophic lament for the poet's friend Arthur Henry Hallam, and is Tennyson's most characteristic work. Inn (in). One of the chief tributaries of the Danube, which it joins at Pa au: the ancient Enus. It rises in the Grisons, Switzerland, traverses the Upper and Lower Engadine valleys, the Upper and Lower Inn valleys in Tyrol, and Bavaria, and forms part of the boundary between Bavaria and Upper Austria. Length, 320 miles; navigable from Hall. Inner Temple. See Inns of Court , and Temple . Innes (in'es), Cosmo. Born in Aberdeen shire, Sept. 9, 1798: died at Killin, in the Highlands, July 31, 1874. A Scottish antiquary. From 1846 until his death he was profe or of constitutional law and history at the University of Edinburgh. Among his principal works are "Two Ancient Records of the Bishopric of Caithne " (1827), "The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor" (1859), "Scotland in the Middle Ages" (1860), "Facsimiles of National Manuscripts of Scotland" (1867). Inne , George. Born at Newburg, N. Y., May 1, 1825: died at Bridge of Allan, Scotland, Aug. 3, 1894. A noted American landscape-painter. He studied for a short time with Regis Gignoux, and also Inne abroad at three different periods. He was elected national academician in 1868. He is noted for his coloring ■ and sensitive reproduction of the moods of nature. Among his works are "After the Storm" (1869), "View near Rome" (1871), "St. Peter's," "The Afterglow" (1878), "Spring" (1881), "Niagara Falls" (1883), "Sunset" (1885). Inn is fail (in'is-fāl). A poetical name of Ireland. Innocent (in'ō-sent) I., Saint. Died March 12, 417. Bishop of Rome 402-417. During his pontificate Rome was sacked by Alaric (410). He is commemo = rated in the Roman Catholic Church on July 28. Innocent II. (Gregorio de' Papi or Papareschi). Died Sept. 23, 1143. Pope 1130-43. He was elected in an irregular manner by a minority of the college of cardinals on the death of Honor i us II., whereupon the majority of the cardinals, refusing to recognize - the validity of his election, chose Anacletus II. as antipoре. He was forced to seek refuge in France, where Bernard of Clairvaux procured his recognition by the court and the clergy. He was installed in the Later an at Rome by the emperor Lothair in 1133, but did not gain undisputed po e ion before the death of Anacletus in 1138. Innocent III. (Giovanni Lothario Conti). Born at Anagni, Italy, in 1161: died at Perugia, Italy, July 16, 1216. Pope 1198-1216. He was the son of Count Trasimundo, of the house of Conti, and Claricia, a descendant of the house of Scotti at Rome; was educated at Rome, Paris, and Bologna; became a canon of St. Peter's in 1181, and cardinal deacon of St. Sergius and St. Bacchus in 1190; and was crowned pope Feb. 22, 1198. Following in the footsteps of Gregory VII., he made it the chief aim of his ecclesiastical policy to vindicate the papal claim of the supremacy of the church over the state. He forced Philip August us of France to take back his repudiated queen, Ingeburga of Denmark, in 1200; instigated the fourth Crusade (1202-04), the chief result of which was the capture of Constantinople from the Greeks and the establishment of the Latin Empire; deposed Otto IV., emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1215 crowned his former ward, Frederick of Sicily, emperor; compelled in 1213 John of England, who refused to accept Stephen Lang the nominee to the archbishopric of Canterbury, to acknowledge the feudal sovereignty of the Pope and to pay an annual tribute; ordered the crusade against the Albigenses in 1208; and presided at the fourth Later an Council in 1215. During his pontificate the papal power attained its greatest height. Innocent IV. (Senibaldi di Fieschi). Died at Naples, Dec. 7, 1254. Pope 1243-54. He inherited from his predece ors a feud with the emperor Frederick II., who had been excommunicated by Gregory IX. in 1239. After the death of Frederick in 1250, and of his son the emperor Conrad IV. in 1254, the struggle was continued with Manfred, the uncle and guardian of Conrad's son, Conradin of Sicily, who inflicted a decisive defeat on the papal troops 5 days before Innocent's death. Innocent V. (Pietro di Tarantas i a). Born in 1225: died at Rome, June 22, 1276. Pope Jan. 20-June 22, 1276. Innocent VI. ( (Étienne d'Albert). Born at Bri ac, France: died Sept. 12, 1362. Pope 1352-62. He kept his court at Avignon. Innocent VII. (Cosimo de' Migliorati). Born at Sulmona, Abruzzi, Italy, 1336: died at Rome, Nov. 6, 1406. Pope 1404-06. He was opposed by the antipope Benedict XIII., who resided at Avignon. Innocent VIII. (Giovanni Battista Cibo). Born at Genoa, 1432: died July 25, 1492. Pope 1484-92. He was involved in war with Ferdinand of Naples, whose crown be offered to Renaldus, duke of Lor raine; and kept Zezim, brother of the sultan Bajazet, a close prisoner in consideration of an annual payment of 40,000 ducats and the gift of the sacred spear said to have pierced the side of the Saviour. Innocent IX. (Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti). Born at Bologna, a, Italy, Italy, 1519: died Dec. 30, 1591. Pope Oct. 29-Dec. 30, 1591. Innocent X. (Giovanni Battista Pamfili). Born at Rome, 1572: died Jan. 7, 1655. Pope 1644-55. He condemned the treaty of Westphalia in 1651, and the Jansenist heresy in 1653. Innocent XI. (Benedetto Odescalchi). Born at Como, Italy, 1611: died Aug. 12, 1689. 1676-89. Pope Born Innocent XII. (Antonio Pignatelli). at Naples, March 13, 1615: died Sept. 27, 1700. Pope 1691-1700. Innocent XIII. (Michelangelo Conti). Born at Rome, May 15, 1655: died March 7, 1724. Pope 1721-24. Innsbruck (ins'brök), or Innspruck. The capital of Tyrol, Austria, situated on the Inn in lat. 47° 17′ N., long. 11o 24′ E.: the ancient Eni Pons, or Enipontum. It is noted for its picturesque situation. The Francis can church, or Hofkirche, is a Renai ance building, notable especially for its magnificent monument to the emperor Maximilian I. The kneeling figure of the emperor, in bronze, on a great marble sarcophagus, is surrounded by 28 statues of his ancestors. sity. It was made a city in 1234. Desperate fighting between the Tyrolese and Bavarians occurred here in 1809. Population (1890), 23,320. Inns of Chancery. Inns subordinate to the Inns of Court (which see). Clifford's Inn, Clement's Inn, and Lyon's Inn (pulled down in 1868, now the site of the Globe Theatre) were attached to the Inner Temple; New Inn and Strand Inn (which have disappeared), to the Middle Temple; Barnard's Inn and Staple's Inn, to Gray's Inn; Thavie's Inn and Furnival's Inn, to Lincoln's Inn. Ser jeant's Inn, in Chancery Lane, was formerly used by the Society of Serjeants-at-law, but this ceased to exist in 1877. Inns of Court. Legal societies in London which have the exclusive privilege of calling candidates to the bar, and maintain instruction and examination for that purpose; also, the precincts or premises occupied by these societies respectively. They are the Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. The first two originally belonged to the Knights Templars (whence the name Tem ple). These inns had their origin about the end of the 13th century. The inn was originally the town residence of a person of quality. "Before the Temple was leased by lawyers, the laws were taught in hostels, hospitia cur iæ, of which there were a great number in the metropolis, especially in the neighborhood of Holborn; but afterwards the Inns of Court and Chancery increased in prosperity till they formed what Stow describes as 'a whole university of students, practisers or pleaders, and judges of the law of this realm, not living on common stipends as in the other universities, as is for the most part done, but of their own private maintenance.'" Hare , London, I. 59. Innuit (in'u-it). See Eskimauan . Innviertel (in'fer-tel). The region between the Inn, Danube, and Salzach. It was ceded to Austria in 1779, to Bavaria in 1809, and again to Austria in 1815. Inowrazlaw (e-nov-räts'läv), or Jung-Breslau (yöng-bres'lou). A town in the province of Posen, Pru ia, 66 miles east-northeast of Posen. There are salt-works in the vicinity. Population (1890), commune, 16,503. Insatiate Counte , The. A tragedy acted in 1610, and attributed to Marston, though altered by Barksteed. It was sometimes mentioned as "Barksteed's Tragedy." The play which bears the latter's name (in some copies) seems to have been condensed by him from two others-one a tragedy, one a comedy. Marston probably wrote the play in 1604. Fleay . In sels berg (in's els-berg). One of the chief summits of the Thüringer wald, west of Fried richroda. Height, 3,000 feet. Ins tau ratio Magna (in-sta-ra's hi-o mag'nä). [L., 'the great renewal.'] The comprehensive out by Lord Bacon, comprising the "Advance philosophical work planned and partially carried ment of Learning," "Novum Organum," etc. See Bacon , Francis . Insterburg (in's ter-börg). A town in the province of East Pru ia, situated at the junction of the Angerapp and Inster, 53 miles east of Königsberg. Population (1890), commune, 22,227. Institute of France. [F. Institut de France , often simply Institut .] An a ociation of the members of the five French academies, L'Académie Française, L'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, L'Académie des Sciences, L'Académie des Beaux Arts, and L'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. It was established by the Republican Convention in 1795, and is supported by the government. Its purpose i purpose is "to advance the sciences and arts of research by the publication of discoveries and Inverne ineffective; the Augsburg Interim, proclaimed also by Charles V., May 15, 1548, but not carried out by many Protestants; and the Leipsic Interim, carried through the Diet of Saxony, Dec. 22, 1548, by the efforts of the elector Maurice, and enlarged and published as the Greater Interim in March, 1549: it met with strenuous opposition. Religious toleration was secured for the Luther ans by the peace of Pa au, 1552. Interlaken (in'ter-lä-ken), or Interlachen (in'ter-läch-en). A summer resort in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, on the Aare, between Lakes Thun and Brienz, 27 miles southeast of Bern. It is a celebrated tourist center. The chief avenue is the Höheweg. It contains a casino and an old monastery. Population, about 2,000. International (in-ter-nash'on-al), The. A society (in full, "The International Working-men's A ociation"), formed in London in 1864, designed to unite the working-cla es of all countries in promoting social and industrial reform by political means. Its chief aims were: (1) the subordination of capital to labor through the transference of industrial enterprises from the capitalists to bodies of working-men; (2) the encouragement of men on strike by gifts of money, or by preventing laborers of one locality from migrating to another when the laborers of the latter are on strike; (3) the overthrow of all laws, customs, and privileges considered hostile to the working-cla es, and the encouragement of whatever aids them, as the shortening of hours of labor, free public education, etc.; (4) the end of all wars. By 1867 the International had become a powerful organization, though strenuously opposed by the continental European governments; but its manifestation in 1872 of sympathy with the doings of the Paris Commune in the preceding year, and internal di ensions, caused a great lo of reputation and strength. International African A ociation. An international commi ion provided for at the Bru els Conference of 1876. Its object was to be the exploration and civilization of central Africa. National committees were formed in France, Germany, Italy, and elsewhere to coöperate in the work. Its seat was Bru els. Out of it grew the Kongo Committee, the International A ociation of the Kongo, and the Kongo Free State. Interpreter, Mr Mr. A character in Bunyan's "Pil grim's Progre ." He is intended to typify the Holy Ghost. The house of the Interpreter was just beyond the Wicket Gate. Inti (en'tē). The Quichua name for the sun, deified and worshiped in ancient Peru; hence, the god of the Incas. Inti-huasi (en'tē-wä'sē). [Quichua, 'house of the Sun.'] One of the names given by the ancient Peruvians to the Temple of the Sun at Cient Peruvians to the Intra (en trä). A town in the province of Novara, northern Italy, on the western shore of Lago Maggiore. Population, about 5,000. Intransigentists (in-tran'si-jen-tists). 1. A rad ical party in Spain which in 1873-74 fomented an unsucce ful insurrection.-2. A faction in France whose parliamentary program includes various radical reforms and socialistic changes. Intrepid, The. 1. A Tripoli tan ve el, cap tured and so named by Americans, in which Stephen Decatur sailed into the port of Tripoli on the night of Feb. 16, 1804, and recaptured and burned the United States frigate Philadelphia, which had fallen into the enemy's hands. The ve el was afterward blown up in the harbor to destroy Tripoli tan cruisers.-2. An Arctic exploring ve el. She sailed under Commander Austin in 1850 from England. prosecute those scientific and literary labors which shall have for their end general utility and the glory of the republic." It was originally called L'Institut National, and the name has changed with the various changes in the government. At first the a ociation was installed at the Quatre Nations. There is a general annual meeting on Louvre, but in 1806 it was removed to the Collège des the 25th of October, the anniversary of its founding. Institutes of Just in i an. See Corpus Juris . Institutes of the Christian Religion. [L. Institutio Religion is Christianæ .] A theological work by Calvin, published in Latin in 1536, and in French in 1540. Instituto His to rico e Geographico Brazi leiro. [Pg., 'Brazilian Historical and Geograph ical Society.] A society established at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1839, for the encouragement of historical and geographical studies. Since its foundation it has published the "Revista Tri mensal," now (1894) numbering over 55 volumes, and containing documents of the highest interest. It po e es a very valua ble library. Insubres (in'sū-brēz). In ancient history, a Gallic people in Cisalpine Gaul, dwelling north of the Po, in the vicinity of Milan. They were The sides of the sarcophagus are adorned with 24 reliefs of scenes from the emperor's life, most of them by the Flem- ing Colins. These reliefs are among the finest sculpture finally subjected to Rome in 196 в. с. of the 16th century; many of the figures are portraits. Interim (in'ter-im). A provisional arrange- The Schlo Amras is a fine castle of the 13th century, refitted and enlarged in the 16th by the archduke Ferdinand. It is now a museum, with very interesting collections, chiefly historical, including medieval and modern weapons, furniture, industrial art, sculpture, and portraits. The 16th-century Spanish saloon is notable, as is the ornate late Pointed chapel. It has several other castles and a univer ment for the settlement of religious differences between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany during the Reformation epoch, pending a definite settlement by a church council. There were three interims: the Ratisbon Interim, promulgated by the emperor Charles V., July 29, 1541, but Francis Fane's comedy "Love in the Dark," from which Mrs. Cent livre took Marplot. Intron at i (ēn-trō-nä'tē). A literary academy founded at Siena in 1525. In vali des, Hôtel des. See Hôtel . In vera ray, or Inverary (in-ve-rā'ri). A seaport and the capital of Argylls hire, Scotland, situated on Loch Fyne 40 miles northwest of Glasgow: noted for herring-fishery. Population (1891), 822. In ver car gill (in-ver-kär-gil'). A town in the South Island, New Zealand, on an inlet of Fo veaux Strait. It exports mutton, etc. Popu lati on (1891), 8,551. Inverlochy (in-ver-loch'i). A place in Argylls hire, Scotland, situated near Loch Eil 33 miles northeast of Oban. Here, Feb. 2, 1645, Montrose defeated the Camp bells. Inverne (in-ver-nes'). 1. A county of Scotland, bounded by Ro on the north, Nairn and Elgin on the northeast, Banff and Aberdeen on the east, Perth and Argyll on the south, and the Atlantic on the west. It comprises also Harris, North and South Uist, Skye, and others of the He brides.