The larger part was granted to Prussia 1814-15

Cologne, Three Kings of. In medieval legend, the three magi who followed the Star of Bethlehem from the East to lay gifts before the infant Jesus. Their names were Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. It is claimed that their bones are deposited in Cologne Cathedral. "The three days after New Year's day bear their names in the calendar, and their memory is preserved in the feast of the three holy Kings-the Epiphany." Chambers. Colomb (ko-lôn'), or Columb, Michel. Born at Saint-Paul-de-Léon, in Bretagne, about 1440: died 1512. The first great sculptor of the French Renai ance. At a very early age he went to Dijon. He settled at Tours 1460-61. In 1472 he received from Louis XI. an order for a bas-relief destined for the Abbaye of Saint-Michel-en-l'Herme, destroyed in 1569. His most important work is the tomb of Francis II., duc de Bretagne, and his wife, Marguerite de Foix, begun about by the order of Anne, queen of Louis XII., and finished in 1507. It is now in the cathedral of Nantes. Colomba (ko-lôn bä). A story by Prosper Mérimée, published in 1830. Colombey (ko-lon-bā'). A place in Lorraine 44 miles east of Metz. Near it occurred the battle of Colombey-Nouilly, Aug. 14, 1870, in which the Germans under Steinmetz checked the French under Bazaine. The German lo was 4,906; that of the French, 3,608. Also called battle of Courcelles, and of Borny. Colombia (kō-lōm'bē-ä). The name was first given in 1811 to what is now Venezuela. It was proposed by General Francisco Miranda. It was afterward extended to the confederation of Venezuela, New Granada, and Quito, and was dropped when the union was di olved. Later the old region of New Granada renewed the name. Colombia, Republic of. [Formerly United States of Colombia , Sp. Estados Unidos de Co lombia ; named after Columbus (It. Colombo ).] A republic of South America, lying between Panama and the Caribbean Sea on the north, Venezuela and Brazil on the east, Ecuador on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It is traversed by the Andes, and is rich in agricultural and mineral products. Its chief rivers are the Magdalen a and the affluents of the Amazon and Orinoco. Among its chief products are gold, silver, and coffee. The prevailing language is Spanish, and the prevailing religion Roman Catholic. It is divided into eight departments: Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalen a, Santander, Tolima. Its capital is Bogotá. The government is republican, the executive power being vested in a president, and the legislative in a senate and chamber of representatives. The Spanish power was established here in the first half of the 16th century, and independence was proclaimed in 1811. In 1819 this territory, with Venezuela and Ecuador, formed the Republic of Colombia, from which Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1831. In 1831 the republic of New Granada was founded, in 1863 the name "United States of Colombia" was adopted, and in 1886 the present constitution was formed. Area, 473,202 square miles. Population (1881), estimated, 3,593,600. Colonna (ko-lon'nä). A promontory at the southeastern extremity of Attica, Greece: the ancient Sunium. Colonna (kō-lon'nä), Fabio, L. Fabius Column a. Born at Naples, 1567: died at Naples about 1640-50. A Neapolitan scholar and botanist, author of various botanical works. Heis considered the creator of genera in botany. Colonna, Fabrizio. Died at Naples, 1520. An Italian military leader, lord high constable of Naples. Colonna, Marco Antonio. Born 1535: died Aug. 1, 1584. An Italian commander, duke of Paliano. He commanded the papal contingent in 1571 at the battle of Lepanto, in which the allied Spanish, Venetian, and papal fleets under Don John of Austria gained a decisive victory over the Turks. He was viceroy of Sicily when he died. Colonna, Prospero. Born 1452: died 1523. An Italian general. He commanded the united imperia and papal forces in Lombardy against Francis I. of France 1521, and in conjunction with Georg von Freundsberg defeated Marshal Lautrec at Bicoque 1522. Colonna, near Colonna, Vittoria. Born at Marino, Rome, 1490: died at Rome, Feb. 25, 1547. A celebrated Italian poet. She was the daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, grand constable of Naples, by his marriage with Agnesina di Montefeltro, daughter of Federigo, duke of Urbino. She was betrothed when four years old to a boy of the same age, the only son of the Marchese di Pescara. In their nineteenth year they were married at Ischia. Pescara died in Nov., 1525. His wife survived him twenty-two years, spent partly at Ischia, in convents at Orvieto and Viterbo, and, finally, in semi-monastic seclusion at Rome. She was the center of a group of celebrated men of letters and artists, of whom the foremost was Michelangelo. Her poems consisted mainly of sonnets to the memory of her husband, or on sacred and moral subjects. Michelangelo preserved a large number of them, and composed several madrigals and sonnets under her influence. Vittoria is the only woman who is known to have touched the heart of the great sculptor. Colon say (kol'on-sā). An island of the Inner He brides, in the county of Argylls hire, Scotland, situated west of Jura and north of Islay. It is noted for its ecclesiastical antiquities. Length, 8 miles. Colonus (kō-lō'nus), The White Hill of, or Kolonos Hippios (ko-lō'nos hip'i-os). A site about 14 miles northwest of Athens, north of the Academy on the banks of the Cephi us. It is the birthplace of Sophocles, and is immortalized by his description in the "Edipus at Colonus." Upon the hill now stand the tombs of two noted archæologists, Ottfried Müller and Charles Lenormant. Colorado (kol-ō-rä'dō). [Named from the Colorado River.] One of the United States of North America, lying between Wyoming and Nebraska on the north, Nebraska and Kansas on the east, Oklahoma and New Mexico on the south, and Utah on the west. It is traversed by the Rocky Mountains in the center and west, the foothills of which descend to the eastern "Great Plains." Many of the highest and best-known summits of the Rocky Mountains (Pike's Peak, Long's Peak, Sierra Blanca, Mountain of the Holy Cro ) are in this State, which is also rifted by deep cañons (Arkansas, Gunnison, Mancos). Its leading industries are mining (gold, silver, lead, etc.) and stock-raising, and it is noted as a health-resort. In the production of silver and lead it ranks as the first State of the Union. It has 58 counties, sends 2 senators and 3 representatives to Congre , and has 5 electoral votes. Capital, Denver. Its territory formed part of the Louisi ana purchase and part of the country acquired from Mexico. Gold was discovered in 1858; the Territory was organized in 1861, and was admitted as a State in 1876. Called the Centennial State. Area, 103,925 square miles. Population (1900), 539,700. Colorado, Sp. Rio Colorado. [Sp., 'colored' (i. e. red) 'river.] 1. A river formed by the union of the Grand and Green rivers in southeastern Utah. It flows through Utah and Arizona, and separates Arizona from Nevada and California. empties into the Gulf of California, in Lower California, about lat. 32° N. It is famous for its cañons, of which the most celebrated, the Grand Cañon, situated in the middle course of the river, and explored by the It IMG:content-0363.png:[blocks in formation] 21,085. Colorado Springs (kol-ō-rä'dō springz). The capital of El Paso County, Colorado, situated 64 miles south of Denver. It is a place of summer resort, near the foot of Pike's Peak. Population (1900), Color ados (kō-lō-rädōs). [Sp., 'the Reds.'] A political party of Uruguay. See Blancos . Colo æ (kō-los'e). [Gr. Κολοσσαί.] In ancient geography, a city in. southwestern Phrygia, Asia Minor, situated on the Lycus. It was the seat of a primitive Christian church. Colo eum (kol-o-sē'um), or Flavian Amphitheater. [L. Colo eum : said to be named from the colo al statue of Nero which stood near it in the Via Sacra.] An amphitheater in Rome, begun by Vespas i an (T. Flavius Sabinus Sabinus) in 72 A. D., and for 400 years the seat of gladiatorial shows. The axes of this chief of amphitheaters are 617 and 512 feet; of the arena, 282 and 177 feet. The exterior was ornamented with four tiers of engaged columns with their entablatures, the lowest three inclosing arches, and the highest walled up, with square windows in every sec. ond intercolumniation. The material of the interior is stone, of the inner pa ages and vaults largely brick and concrete. The interior was faced with marble. In the substructions there is a most elaborate system of chambers, pa ages, dens, and drains. Despite the enormous ma of the existing ruin, it is estimated that two thirds have been carried away in the middle ages and later as build. ing-material. Colo us of Rhodes. See Chares of Lindus . Colot (ko-lō'), Laurent. Born near Troyes, France: lived about 1550. A French court surgeon in the reign of Henry II. (1547-59), noted as a lithotomist. Colquhoun (ko-hön'), Patrick. Born at Dumb art on, Scotland, March 14, 1745: died at Lon don, April 25, 1820. A London police mag is trate and writer on economic subjects. From about 1760 to 1766 he lived in Virginia, was lord provost of Glasgow 1782-83, and from 1789 resided in London, where he became (1792) a police magistrate. He published a "Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis," etc. (1795), a "Treatise on the Population, Wealth, Power, and Resources of the British Empire in every Quarter of the World" (1814), and other works treating especially of the condition and relief of the poor. Colt (kōlt), Samuel. Born at Hartford, Conn., July 19, 1814: died at Hartford, Jan. 10, 1862. An American inventor. He patented the revolver in 1835, and established a noted manufactory of arms at Hartford in 1852. Colton (kol'ton), Charles Caleb. Born at Salisbury, England, about 1780: died at Fontainebleau, April 28, 1832. An English clergyman and writer. He was a graduate of Cambridge (King's College), and rector of Kew and Petersham. He led an eccentric life, and committed suicide in preference to undergoing a surgical operation. He published "Lacon, or many things in few words, addre ed to those who think" (1820-22), etc. Colton, Walter. Born at Rutland, Vt., May 9, 1797: died at Philadelphia, Jan. 22, 1851. An American clergyman and writer of voyages, author of "Ship and Shore" (1835), etc. Columba (kō-lum'bä), Saint. Born at Gartan, Donegal, Ireland, Dec. 7, 521: died at Iona, Scotland, June 9, 597. A Celtic mi ionary in Scotland, surnamed "the Apostle of Caledonia," the founder of the monastery of Iona (about 565). Columba Noachi (kō-lum bị nộ-ā kī). [L., 'Noah's Dove.'] A constellation in the southern hemisphere, close to the hind feet of Canis Major. It contains, according to Gould, 115 stars vis i ble to the naked eye; but only 3 are prominent. It was proposed by Bartsch in 1624. Columbanus (kol-um-bā'nus), or Columban (kō-lum ban), Saint. Born in Leinster, Ireland, about 543: died at Bobbio, Italy, Nov. 21, 615. An Irish mi ionary in France, Switzerland, and Italy. He founded the monastery of Luxeuil (Vosges) about 590-595, and that of Bobbio (Italy). Columbia (kō-lum'bi-ä). [NL., from Colum bus.] 1. A poetical name of the United States, or of the New World.-2. See Colombia . Columbia, or Oregon (or'e-gon). A river in North America, the second in size on the Pacific coast. It rises in the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, traverses Washington, flows between Washington and Oregon, and empties into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 46° 15' N., long. 124° W. Its chief tributaries are Clarke's Fork and Snake River. It has very important salmon-fisheries. Length, 1,200-1,400 miles. It is navigable to the Cascades (165 miles), from the Cascades to the Dalles (about 50 miles), and above the Dalles for small ve els. It was discovered in 1792 by Captain Robert Gray, and was explored by Lewis and Clark 1804-05. Columbia. 1. A city in Boone County, Mi ouri, 27 miles northwest of Jefferson City. It is the seat of the University of the State of Mi ouri. Population (1900), 5,651. 2. A borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Susquehanna River 24 miles southeast of Harris burg. It is an important lumber-market and seat of manufactures. Population (1900), 12,316. 3. The capital of South Carolina, in Rich land County, situated on the Congaree River in lat. 34° N., long. 81°2′ W. It is the seat of the University of South Carolina (founded in 1804), became the State capital in 1790, and was burned about the time of its occupation by the Federals, Feb. 17, 1865. Population (1900), 21,108. 4. The capital of Maury County, Tenne ee, situated on the Duck River 42 miles southwest of Nashville. Population (1900), 6,052. Columbia. An American sloop yacht, the succe ful defender of the America's cup in 1899 against the Shamrock, and again in 1901 against Shamrock II. Her dimensions are: length on water-line, 89 feet 7 inches; length over all, 131 feet 4 inches; beam, 24 feet 2 inches. Columbia, British. See British Columbia . Columbia, District of. See District of Colum bia . Columbian University. A university in Washington, District of Columbia, incorporated by Congre in 1819. It consists of a college department, law, medical, dental, and graduate departments, and the Corcoran Scientific School. Columbia University. An institution of learning in the city of New York. It comprises an academic department, a law school, a medical school (the College of Physicians and Surgeons), a school of mines, a school of political science, a graduate department, and a depart ment of architecture. It was originally founded as King's College in 1754, and the name Columbia was adopted in 1784. The law school was opened in 1858. Its main library contains about 250,000 volumes. It has about 300 instructors and 2,200 students. Columbine (kol'um-bin). A conventional character in old Italian comedy, first appearing about 1560: the daughter of Pantaloon, or sometimes her coquettish maid-servant. She was the object of Harlequin's adoration, and so appears in English pantomime. Columbretes (kō-löm-brā'tes). A group of small volcanic rocks in the Mediterranean, east of Spain, in lat. 39° 54′ N., long. 0° 43′ E. Columbus (ko-lum'bus), Bartholomew, Sp. Bartolomeo Colon. Born probably in Genoa about 1445: died at Santo Domingo, May, 1515. A brother of Christopher Columbus. He was with Bartolomeu Diaz on the West African coast 1486-87, and went to England in 1488 to interest Henry VII. in his brother's project. He returned to Spain in 1493, after the admiral had sailed on his second voyage, but followed him in command of a supply fleet, arriving at Isabella in June, 1493. The admiral made him adelantado, and from 1496 to 1498 he governed the island during his brother's absence; founded Santo Domingo 1496; subdued an Indian revolt; marched to Xaraguá in 1497; and in 1498 had the first trouble with Roldan. In 1500 Bobadilla sent him a prisoner to Spain, where he was released with the admiral. He was with his brother on the fourth voyage, 1502-04, and was the leader where active work was required. In the struggle with Porras at Jamaica he was wounded. After the admiral's death he seems to have been in Rome, and in 1509 he accompanied Diego Columbus to Hispaniola, where he held important and lucrative offices. Columbus, Diego and viceroy in countries acquired by him for Spain, with full powers and a generous share of the revenues. Partly with royal aid, partly with the help of the Pinzons, merchants of Palos, three small ve els were fitted out, the Santa Maria as flagship, and the Niña and Pinta, commanded respectively by Vicente Yañez Pinzon and Martin Alonzo Pinzon. With these and 120 (or 90?) men Co lumbus left Palos Aug. 3, 1492. He touched at the Canaries, thence steered west, and on Oct. 12 (O. S.), 1492, or Oct. 22 (N. S.), discovered the island of Guanahani or San Salvador, one of the Bahamas, but which one is un certain. He landed and took po e ion for Castile, had some intercourse with the natives, and sailed on, discovering various islands and coasting part of the northern side of Cuba (Oct. 26-Dec. 22), and Haiti or Hispaniola, everywhere treating amicably with the natives, and obtaining small quantities of gold and island products. All these lands, he supposed, were outlying parts of Asia. The Santa Maria was wrecked on the Haitian coast, and he left there a colony of 40 men, building a fort called La Navidad in the land of a friendly chief. On Jan. 4, 1493, he started to return in the Niña. He narrowly escaped wreck in severe storms, parted company with the Pinta, touched at the Azores and in Portugal, where he was called to see the king; and finally reached Palos, March 15 (O. S.), 1493. Called to court, he was received with great honor, his privileges confirmed, and ample means given for a new expedition. He again embarked at Palos, Sept. 25, 1493, with 17 ve els and 1,500 men; discovered Dominica Nov. 3; landed on several of the Caribbee islands and had encounters with the Caribs; coasted Porto Rico; and on Nov. 27 reached the harbor of La Navidad. He found that his colony had all been killed by hostile Indians. On a new site, farther east, he founded Isabella (Dec.), the first European town in the New World. After some explorations in the interior he made an expedition westward (April, 1494), in which he coasted the south side of Cuba (supposed by him to be a peninsula of Asia), and after discovering Jamaica returned to Isabella, Sept. 29, 1494. Ill treatment by the Spaniards caused an insurrection of the Indians, but Columbus defeated them in a great battle on the Vega plan for enslaving hostile Indians, for which prosen April 1495. Shortly before he had a much blamed. There was much suffering and discontent among colonists, and some of them went to Spain to make complaints; they were supported by Bishop Fon sec a, an enemy of Columbus, who was at the head of colonial affairs; and in 1495 Juan Aguado was sent as a royal commi ioner to Española. He collected complaints against the admiral, who, fearing the effect of the report, returned to Spain at the same time with Aguado (March, 1496), leaving his brothers in charge. He was well received by the sovereigns, and the charges dismi ed. After much delay he started on a third voyage (May 30, 1498), in which kept farther south, discovered Trinidad (July 31), and the wan derth out of the Orinoco of the continent of South America: the Cabots had albeing, in all probability, discovery ready seen North America. With much difficulty he pa ed the two straits between Trinidad and the mainland, and was convinced that the turbid water came from a continental (Asiatic) river. In a report at this time he argues that the earth is pear-shaped and the highest land at the head of this river, where also is the terrestrial paradise: this, and some other later reports, have been supposed to indicate temporary aberration of mind, caused by sickne . On Aug. 30 he reached Santo Domingo, which had Columbus, Christopher. [It. Cristoforo Cotions for reinstatement had no effect, and he pa ed his lombo , Sp. Cristóval Colon, F. Chris top he Co-things in disertakw lomb , L. Chris toph or us Columbus .] Born at or continent, always supposing them to be portions of Asia. near Genoa, Italy, probably in 1446: died at Columbus, Diego, It. Giacomo Colombo: by Valladolid, Spain, May 20 or 21 (O. S.), 1506. Latin writers called Jacobus. Probably born The discoverer of America. His parents were wool- combers, but he was fairly well educated, and early began to follow the sea. In 1473 (?) he went to Portugal, where he married and had a son, Diego; he also lived in the island of Porto Santo, near Madeira. It is probable that African coast; and there is some doubtful evidence of he joined in some of the Portuguese explorations on the a voyage made to Iceland. Impre ed with the idea, founded on the known rotundity of the earth, that Asia might be reached by sailing westward, he proposed to the Portuguese king to make an expedition in that direction. Failing, he went to Spain (1484?) and offered the enterprise to Ferdinand and Isabella. He was repeatedly put off with promises or rebuffed by adverse reports of those set to inquire into the scheme, and lived in poverty. His brother was sent to ask aid of Henry VII. of England (1488), and Columbus himself was about pa ing to France when he obtained a personal interview with the sovereigns been founded during his absence. Some of the colonists, under Roldan, had rebelled, and Columbus was forced to make a disgraceful peace with them. Disorders continued, and on Aug. 24, 1500, Francisco de Bobadilla arrived as royal commi ioner. He deposed Columbus and his brothers and sent them in chains to Spain (Oct., 1500): they were at once released, but Columbus could not obtain a reinstatement in his dignities; and only after much delay he obtained four caravels for a final exploration, in which, it appears, he intended to circumnavigate the globe. Leaving Spain May, 1502, he touched at Santo Domingo, thence sailed to Central America, discovering Honduras July 30, and coasting to the Isthmus of Panama, seeking for a pa age westward. After encounters with the Indians and a vain attempt to plant a colony (Feb., 1503), he returned to Jamaica. There his ships, worm-eaten and storm-beaten, gave out, and he and his men remained on the island, enduring great sufferings: some rebelled, and were subdued after a hard fight. A canoe sent out reached Española, and at length (June, 1504) ships were sent to take them off. Columbus reached Spain Nov. 7, 1504. Queen Isabella, who had always befriended him, died soon after. His repeated pet i that discovered by him constituted at Granada. The exce ive grants and honors which demanded in case of succe led to a refusal; but as he was about leaving Granada his friends made a last effort with the queen, he was recalled, and on April 17, 1492, the king and queen signed a paper in which all the demands of Columbus were agreed to. He was made, for himself and heirs, admiral in all the regions which he might discover, title of viceroy. He arrived at Santo Domingo, July 10, 1509; but the conflicting claims of jurisdiction, and di atisfaction with his rule, soon made the position an uneasy one. Velasquez, whom he sent to conquer Cuba in 1511, virtually threw off his authority; the establishment of a royal audience at Santo Domingo restricted his power; and though, in a visit to Spain, he obtained new favors Columbus, Diego (1520), he was finally called back by the Council of the Indies in 1523 to answer charges against him. His wife was left in charge of the government; but Diego followed the court, vainly seeking redre , until his death. Columbus, Ferdinand, Sp. Ferdinando Colon. Born in Cordova, Aug. 15, 1488: died at Seville, July 12, 1539. An illegitimate son of Christopher Columbus and Doña Beatrix Henriquez, a lady of Cordova. He was made page of Queen Isabella in 1498, was with his father on the fourth voyage, 1502-04; and by the admiral's will received an ample income, afterward increased by royal grants. He ama ed a library of over 20,000 volumes, which pa ed by will to the cathedral chapter of Seville, where it was known as the "Colombina": only about 4,000 volumes remain. A history of the Indies by him is lost, as is the original Spanish of his biography of his father, which was used by Las Casas. Columbus, Sp. Colon (kō-lōn'), Luis. Born at Santo Domingo, 1521 or 1522: died in Oran, Africa, Feb. 3, 1572. A son of Diego and grandson of Christopher Columbus. In 1536 he gave up all claims to the title of viceroy, receiving in return the island of Jamaica in fief, a large pension, lands in Veragua, and the titles of Duke of Veragua and Marquis of Jamaica. He was captain-general of Hispaniola 1540-51. He was imprisoned in 1559 for having three wives, and in 1565 banished to Oran. For descent of the titles, see Vera gua , Dukes of . Columbus. 1. The capital of Ohio, and of Franklin County, situated on the Scioto River in lat. 39° 57′ N., long. 83° 3′ W. It is an important railway center and manufacturing place, and is re mark able for its State capitol and other public buildings. as made the State capital in 1816. Population (1900), It was 125,560. 2. The capital of Muscogee County, Georgia, situated on the Chattahoochee River in lat. 320 28′ N., long. 85° 5' W. It has manufactures of iron and steel. Population (1900), 17,614.-3. The capital of Bartholomew County in southern central Indiana. Population (1900), 8,130.4. A city in western Kentucky, situated on the Mi i ippi River 16 miles south of Cairo. It was a strategic point of the Confederates in 1861-62.-5. The county-seat of Lowndes County, eastern Mi i ippi, situated on the Tom bigbee River in lat. 33° 31′ N., long. 88° 28′ W. Population (1900), 6,484. Columella (kol-ū-mel'lä), Lucius Junius Moder at us. Born at Cadiz, Spain: lived about 40 A. D. A Roman writer on agriculture. He wrote "De re rustic a," in twelve books (edited by Schneider in the "Script ores rei rusticæ," 1794), and an earlier work on the same subject, of which one book, "De Arbor i bus," is extant. Column of July, F. Colonne de Juillet (kolon' dė zhüē-yā'). A monument in Paris, France, erected on the site of the Bastille in 1840, in honor of the citizens killed in the attacks on the royal government in 1830. It is a Corinthian column of bronze, 13 feet in diameter, rising from a square base and marble substructure, and capped by a gilded statue of the winged Genius of Liberty. Its total height is 154 feet. Column of Marcus Aurelius, or An to nine Column. A monument in the Piazza Colonna, Rome, erected in 174 A. D. in honor of the campaigns against the Marcomanni. It reproduces the type of the Column of Trajan, and consists of a Roman Doric column of marble raised on a square pedestal, the total height, without the statue of St. Paul of Sixtus V., being 123 feet. The shaft is sculptured in a spiral of 20 turns, with reliefs of the wars it commemorates. Column of the Congre , F. Colonne du Congrès (ko-lon' dü kon-gra'). A monument erected in Bru els, Belgium, in commemoration of the Belgian constitutional congre of 1831. It Roman Doric column 147 feet high, on on the summit of which stands a statue of Leopold In Reliefs on the pedestal represent the Belgian provinces. At the angles stand four female figures in bronze, personifying types of liberty. Column of Trajan. A monument in Rome, dedicated in 114 A. D. in honor of the emperor. It is a Roman Doric column of marble, on a square basement, the total height, exclusive of the present statue of St. Peter, being 1275 feet. The base bears reliefs of warlike trophies and an inscription; the entire shaft is occupied by vigorous and lifelike reliefs ascending in a spiral, representing Trajan's campaigns. The reliefs contain about 2,500 human figures, besides those of animals and inanimate objects. Column of Vendôme (von-dōm'), F. Colonne Vendôme. A monument in the Place Vendôme, Paris, France. It is a Roman Doric column of masonry incased in bronze, in design imitating the Column of Trajan at Rome, and was erected by Napoleon I. in honor of his victories over the Ru ians and Austrians in 1805. The shaft is encircled with reliefs referring to the campaigns in question, ascending in a spiral, the height of the figures being 3 feet. The column is surmounted by a figure of the emperor. Its height is 142 feet, and its diameter 13 feet. It was overthrown by the Com mune in 1871, but was restored in 1875. Columns of Hercules. See Pillars of Hercules . Columns of St. Mark and St. Theodore. Two columns in Venice, situated at the end of the Piazzetta toward the Grand Canal. The ma ive plain cylindrical shafts are of granite, the western pink, the eastern gray, resting on spreading, stepped bases. The capitals are ascribed to a Lombard architect. The figure of St. Theodore, with his crocodile, was erected on the western column in 1329. The eastern column bears the famous winged lion of St. Mark, in bronze, with eyes inlaid in precious stones. The existing lion is of the 15th century. Colville (kol'vil). A name, of European origin, applied to a Salishan tribe formerly dwelling near Kettle Falls on the upper Columbia River, near the Canadian boundary. The tribe now numbers 247 persons, dwelling on the Puyallup reservation, Washington. See Salishan . Colwell (kol'wel), Stephen. Born in Brooke County, West Va., March 25, 1800: died at Philadelphia, Jan. 15, 1871. An American merchant, economist, and general writer. He wrote "Ways and Means of Payment" (1859), etc. Coma Berenices (kō'mä ber-e-ni'sēz). [L., hair of Berenice.' See Berenice .] An ancient asterism (though not one of the 48 constellations of Hipparch us) situated north of Virgo and between Boötes and Leo, and supposed to represent the famous amber hair of Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. Comacchio (kō-mäk ́kē-ō). A town in the province of Ferrara, Italy, situated near the Adriatic 29 miles southeast of Ferrara. Popu lati on, 7,000. Comana (kō-ma'nä). [Gr. τὰ Κόμανα.] ancient geography, a city of Cappadocia, Asia Κόμανα .] 1. In Minor, situated on the river Sarus. It was noted for its temple to Ma, the moon-godde . Also called Chryse ('the Golden').' 2. In ancient geography, a city of Pontus, Asia Minor, situated about lat. 40° 20′ N., long. 36° 50′ E. It was perhaps a colony of the Cappadocian city, and it was sacred to the same godde . The modern Gu menek is on its site. Comanche (kō-man'che), or Camanche (kam an'che). [Pl., also Comanches .] A tribe of North American Indians, well known for their martial character. According to tradition and linguistic evidence they were formerly neighbors of the Shoshoni in Wyoming. In 1724 they were on upper Kansas River, and later were south of Red River, Texas, this Comines Of the 25 survivors in 1886 but seven spoke their native tongue. The name is said to signify 'raw eaters' (Sp. come-cru do), in allusion to their practice of cannibalism. Also called Carrizos . See Coahuiltecan . Comédie Française (ko-mā-dē' fron-sāz'), La. The official name of the Théâtre Français. The Comédie Française practically had its beginning in the Théâtre de l'Hôtel Bourgogne, established in 1552 and made théâtre royal under Henry III. in 1588: it was followed by the Théâtre du Marais in 1600. A few years afterward the company of Molière was established in the great hall of the Hôtel Bourbon. In 1660 the Hôtel Bourbon was torn down, and in 1661 Molière was transferred to the theater of the Palais Royal. In 1673 Molière died; his company was disbanded and went to the Théâtre Guénégaud. In 1680 there were three companies in Paris - that of the Hôtel Bourgogne, that of the Marais, and the company of Molière in the Théâtre Guénégaud: the two latter were amalgamated Oct. 21, 1680, and the Comédie Fran çaise organized by lettre de cachet of Louis XIV. as "L'Hotel des Comédiens du Roi entretenus par sa Ma jesté." The Comédie Française migrated frequently. In 1689 it had its home in the Rue des Fo és St. Germain des Prés (Rue de l'Ancienne Comédie): it was here and in this year that it first took the title of Comédie Française. In 1770 it removed to the Tuileries, and in 1782 the company played in what is now the Odéon. It was suppre ed the Revolution in 1793, and reconstituted by Napoleon, then first consul, and established in the Théâtre Français. See Théâtre Français . Comédie Humaine (ko-mā-dē' ü-man'), La. A collection of Balzac's novels, arranged and connected with laborious cla ification by himself to form what he called a "complete society," the same persons and their relatives appearing and reappearing. "Each novel is in fact a a page page of of the great work, which would be incomplete without it." It is a picture of the manners and morals of his own time. Comedy of Errors, The. A play by Shakspere, acted at Gray's Inn, Dec. 28, 1594. Its real title is "Errors." It is thought that another version not entirely by Shakspere was acted about 1590. The origi. nal plot was probably suggested by Plautus's "Menæchmi" and "A mph i try on," and more directly by the "History of Error" acted by the chapel children in 1576. ( Fleay .) The plot consists in the extraordinary series of mistakes arising from the likene between twin brothers, both named Antipholus, and the likene between their two servants, named Dromio. Comely Bank (kum'li bangk). See the extract. The Carlyles, at the period of Thomas's famous visit to Jeffrey in George Street, were living at Comely Bank, in one of a row of two-storied, uninteresting houses, calling themselves "villa residences," at the northwest of Edin southward extension doubtle being due to pre ure by burgh, quite out of town even now, and facing a green Siouan tribes. Their later territory was the extensive plains from the Rocky Mountains eastward into Indian Territory and Texas as far as long. 97°, although they raided the country from Kansas southward as far as Durango, Mexico (a distance of 800 miles). They agreed to go upon a reservation in 1868, at which date they numbered about 2,500. The Comanche now.on the Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita reservation, Oklahoma, number 153. Their own name is Nüm , 'people.' Comanche , a name of unknown signification, was first applied by the Spanish Mexicans, while the French form, Padouca , is adapted from their Sioux name. They also have been known as Chouman , Comande , Kaumains , Neum , Padouca , and Pa duca . See Shoshonean . Comande. See Comanche . called Stock bridge Public Park. Carlyle's cottage is numbered 21.