Batch i an

See Batjan. Bateman (bāt'man), Hezekiah Linthicum. Born at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 6, 1812: died at London, March 22, 1875. An actor and theatrical manager. He was the le ee of the Lyceum Theater in London from 1871 till his death. Bateman, Kate Josephine. Born at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 1842. An actre , daughter of Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman. She appeared with her younger sister as "the Bateman Sisters" about 1851. In 1863 she began to play Leah at the Adelphi in London; in 1866 married Mr. George Crowe; in 1868 returned to the stage under her maiden name, playing Lady Macbeth, Medea, Juliet, and Queen Mary in Tennyson's drama (in 1876), and has since taken the direction of one of the London theaters. Baten Kaitos (bä'ten ki'tos). [Ar. bať'n kaitos , the belly of the whale, kaitos being an Arabic transliteration of the Gr. κῆτος.] The third magnitude star Ceti. The Century Cyclopedia of Names Bates (bāts). A soldier in the king's army, in Shakspere's "Henry V." Bates, Arlo. Born at East Machias, Maine, Dec. 16, 1850. An American author and jour- nalist. His wife Harriet L. (Vose) wrote under the pseu- donym "Eleanor Putnam." He became editor of the "Bos- ton Sunday Courier" in 1880, and is the author of "The Pagans" (1884), etc. Batthyanyi, Count Louis Hungarian noble, prince of Transylvania (1571- Baton Rouge (bat'on rözh). [F., 'red staff': 1576) and king of Poland (1575-86). He was crowned in 1576. Baths of Car a call a. Baths in ancient Rome, begun by Severus 206 A. D. The thermæ proper occupied a space of 720 by 375 feet, in a large square in closure, bordered by porticos and connected found a- tions. The remains include walls, arches, and vaults, which are among the most imposing ruins of ancient Diocletian, situated in Rome near the Viminal. Baths of Titus. Baths constructed by the em- Bathsheba (bath-she bä or bath's he-ba). [Heb., 'daughter of an oath.] 1. The wife of ward the wife of David and the mother of Solo- Uriah the Hittite, sinfully loved by David: after- mon. 2 Sam. xi. Hence-2. The Duche of Portsmouth, in Dryden's "Absalom and Achito- phel," the favorite of Charles II. Bathurst (bath'erst). A town of New South Wales, 100 miles west-northwest of Sydney: the central point of a gold district. Population (1891), 9,162. Bathurst. A seaport and chief town of Glou- cester County, New Brunswick, situated on the Bay of Chaleur. Bathurst. The capital of British Gambia, West Africa, built on the Island St. Mary near the mouth of the Gambia River. Its commerce is mostly in the hands of French firms. Popu- lati on, 6,000. Bathurst, Allen, first Earl Bathurst. at Westminster, Nov. 16, 1684: died at Ciren- cester, Sept. 16, 1775. An English statesman, a friend of Pope, Swift, Prior, Congreve, and Sterne. To him Pope addre ed the third of his "Moral E ays." Bathurst, Henry, second Earl Bathurst. Born May 2, 1714: died Aug. 6, 1794. An English Bats, Parliament of. See Parliament . politician, son of the first Earl Bathurst. He Batta (bät'tä). See Masa and Kongo . was lord chancellor of England (1771-78) and Báttaszék (bät'to-shek). A town in the county lord president of the council (1779-82). Bathurst, Henry, third Earl Bathurst. Born sienstadt. Population (1890), 8,153. May 22, 1762: died 1834. An English states- Batten berg (bat'ten-berg). A small town in man, son of the second Earl Bathurst. He was president of the Board of Trade 1809-12; secretary for war and the colonies 1812-27; and president of the council 1828-30. The following were named for him. Bathurst Inlet. An inlet extending xtending south from Coronation Gulf into British America, in England, noted for its saline and chalybeate hot springs. It contains Roman baths and other Roman antiquities. lat. 65° N., long. 108° W. watering-place, was destroyed by the Saxons, and was devel- oped in the 17th and especially in the 18th century through Bathurst Island. An island north of Aus- the influence of Beau Nash. The abbey church of Bath, an the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, situated on the Eder 44 miles west-southwest of Ca el. It gives name to the Batten berg family. Batten berg, Alexander of. See Alexander , Prince of Bulgaria . Batten berg, Henry, Prince of. Born Oct. 5, 1858: died Jan. 21, 1896. Younger brother of Alexander of Batten berg. He married Prince Bath. A city and port of entry, the capital of Sagadahoc County, in Maine, situated on the long. 69° 49′ W.: one of the principal ship- bank of the Kenneth in at hip building centers in the country. It has important commerce and a fine harbor. It was incorporated in 1780. Population (1900), 10,477. IMG:content-0206.png:[blocks in formation] tralia, and west of Melville Island. It belongs to the northern territory of South Australia. Bathycles (bath'i-klēz), or Bathykles. [Gr. Βαθυκλῆς.] Born at Ma Magnesia: lived about 560 B. с. A Greek sculptor. culptor. He constructed a throne for the colo al statue of the Amyclæan Apollo in Laconia. Bathyllus (ba-thil'us) of Alexandria. Lived about 20 B. C. A freedman of Mæcenas, noted as a comic dancer in the "pantomimi." quarter of Paris. Batjan (bät-yän'), or Batch i an (bach-yän'). One of the Molucca Islands, situated southwest of Gilolo, in lat. 0° 45′ S., long. 127° 40′ E. It is under Dutch suzerainty. Area (est i- mated), 800 to 900 square miles. Batlle (bät'lye), Lorenzo. Born at Monte- video, 1812. An Uruguay an general and states- Oribe, Batlle belonged to the "Defensa," or Monte vide an party, commanding one of the bodies of infantry in the garrison, and leading various raids into the interior. He was minister of war under Flores; provisional president 1866-68; and was elected president Feb. 28, 1868. During Bath, Earl of. See Pulteney , William . Bat-ha (bä'tä). The chief river of Wadai, Suhis term there were frequent revolts and a great financial dan. It flows westward into Lake Fittri. Batley (bat'li). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 8 miles southwest of Leeds. It has manufactures of woolens and shoddy. Báthori (bätō-rē), Elizabeth. Died in 1614. A Hungarian prince , niece of Stephen Bá Batn-el-Hajar (bät-n-el-hä jär). A region in sylvan i a 1581-98. ond cataract, about lat. 21°-22° Ν. Nubia, on both sides of the Nile above the sec- Batonapa (ba-to-näpä). [Opata language, 'place where the water boils,' from the hot springs at the foot of the hill.] A hill a few miles south of Banamichi on the Sonora River, Battery (bat'er-i), The. A park of about 20 acres at the southern extremity of New York city, on or near the site of an old Dutch fort. It was at one time a fashionable quarter, and is now fre- quented by the poor of the lower part of the city. See Castle Garden. Batteux (bä-tė ́), Charles. Born near Vouziers, France, May 6, 1713: died at Paris, July 14, 1780. A French littérateur chiefly noted as a writer on esthetics. Author of "Parallèle de la Hen- riade et du Lutrin" (1746), "Beaux-Arts réduits à un même principe" (1746), "Cours de belles-lettres" (1750: his prin- cipal work), "La construction or a to ire" (1764), “ His to ire des caus causes prem ières, etc." (1769), etc. Battey (bat'i), Robert. Born at August a, Ga., Nov. 26, 1828: died at Rome, Ga, Nov. 8, 1895. An American physician and surgeon. He was pro- fe or of Atlanta Medical College (1873- Journal" (1873-76). He performed in 1872 what has since been known as Battey's operation for the removal of the ovaries. Batthyányi (bot'yon-ye), Prince Karl von. field-marshal. Born 1697: died April 15, 1772. A Hungarian He played a prominent part in the War of the Austrian Succe ion, and distinguished himself by the victory over the French and Bavarians at Pfaffenho- fen, April 15, 1745. overgrown with dense thickets, but covered tions consisting of rude parapets of stone. They were reared in ancient times by the Opatas of the valley of Banamichi, as a place of refuge in case of attack. IMG:content-0207.png:[blocks in formation] Battiadæ (ba-ti'a-dē). [Gr. Βαττιάδαι , from Bár- τος, Battus.] A dynasty of rulers in Cyrene, which reigned from the 7th to the 5th century posed by Kotzwara. It was published in 1792, and is B. C. They were as follows, according to Rawlinson: Battus I. (founder of the city), 631-591; Arcesilaus I. (his son), 591-575; Battus II. (the Happy, his son), 575555; Arcesilaus II. (the Ill-tempered, his son), 555 (?)-540 (?); Battus III. (the Lame, his son), 540 (?)-530(?); Arcesilaus III. (his son), 530 (?)-515 (?); Pheretima, regent, 515 (?)514 (?); Battus IV. (the Fair, son of Arcesilaus III.), 514 (?) 470(?); Arcesilaus IV. (his son) ascended the throne about 470, gained a Pythian victory 466, and lived perhaps till nearly 431. Battle (bat'l), Mrs. A character in Lamb's "E ays of Elia." "A clear fire, a clean hearth, and the rigor of the game," this was the celebrated wish of old Sarah Battle (now with God), who next to her devotions loved a good game of whist. Charles Lamb , Mrs. Battle's Opinions on Whist. Battle (bat'l). [Orig. Bataille : "thæt mynster æt thære Bataille," the minster at the Battle' (AS. Chron. an. 1094), Battle Abbey.] A town in the county of Su ex, England, 7 miles northwest of Hastings. It contains an abbey (Battle Abbey), founded by William I. (1067) in gratitude for his victory at Hastings. The remains include considerable portions of the monastic buildings (in part fitted as a residence of the Duke of Cleveland), fragments of the cloisters and refectory, and the ruins of the large church. The entrance is by a splendid fortified medieval gate. See Senlac . Population (1891), 3,153. Battle above the Clouds. A popular name of the Battle of Lookout Mountain (which see), Nov. 24, 1863. Battle at Sea. A painting by Tintoret in the Museum at Madrid, representing an attack on Christian ships by Moslem corsairs. In the fore ground a strenuous hand-to-hand combat rages around a beautiful female figure. The coloring is rich and strong. Battle Bridge, King's Cro . In oid London, a locality marked by a bridge acro the Upper Holborn, supposed to have derived its name from a battle between Suet on i us and Boadicea, or, more probably, between Alfred and the Danes. IMG:content-0208.png:[blocks in formation] Battle Monument. A memorial structure in Baltimore, Maryland, built in 1815 to commemorate the soldiers who were engaged in the defense of the city against the British Battle of Prague, The. A piece of music com what is known as program music, describing the battle between the Pru ians and Austrians before Prague in 1757. Battle of the Spurs. See Spurs. Bauer, Bruno "Théophile Gautier" (1859), “Les paradis art if i ciels, opium et has chich" (1861), translations of Poe's works, etc. His complete works were published in four volumes in 1869. Baudelocque (bōd-lok'), Jean Louis. Born at Heilly, Picardy, 1746: died at Paris, 1810. A French surgeon. He studied under Solayrès, and became accoucheur of the Hospital de la Maternité. Author of "L'Art des Accouchements" (1781). Baudens (bo-don'), Jean Baptiste Lucien. Born at Aire, Pas-de-Calais, April 3, 1804: tle of the . Battle of the Thirty. See Thirty . Battle ford (bat'l-ford). A town in Saskatchewan, Canada, situated at the junction of Battle River with the Saskatchewan. It was formerly the capital of the Northwest Territories. Battus (bat'us), or Battos (bat'os). [Gr. Βάτ τος . ] A Greek of Thera, the leader of a colony to Cyrene about 630 B. c., and its first king. There were later kings of the same name. See Battiadæ . Batu (bä-tö'). A group of small islands west of Sumatra, near the equator, inhabited by Malays. The largest is 45 miles in length. They belong to the Netherlands. Batucos (bä-tö'kōz). [A southern Pima name.] An extinct tribe of the southern Pimas or Nébomes of central Sonora. They were sedentary, their dwellings were of a better cla (of adobe), and they dre ed more substantially than their southern neighbors of Yaqui stock. The pueblo of Batuco still exists, but the population has become Mexican i zed, and the language is mostly lost. Batuearis (bä-tö-ä-ä'rēz). An Indian tribe of Sinaloa, now extinct. Batu Khan (bä-tökhan'). Died about 1255. A grandson of Jenghiz Khan, and Mogul ruler of Kipchak. He defeated Henry, duke of Lower Silesia, at Wahlstadt in 1241, and Béla IV., king of Hungary, on Batum (bä-töm'), or Batoum. A seaport in the Sajó in 1242, and held Ru ia in subjection ten years. Transcaucasia, Ru ia, situated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 39′ N., long. 41° 36′ E. It has the best harbor on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, and is the chief commercial place in Transcaucasia, exporting timber, hides, wax, etc. It is connected by railway with Tiflis. The modern town stands near the site of the ancient Petra, earlier Bathys. It was ceded to Ru ia in 1878. Population (1891), 10,167. Batuta, Batuta, Ibn. See Ibn Batuta . Batz (bäts), or Bas (bas). A small island in the English Channel, belo ment of Finistère, France, 14 miles northwest of Morlaix. It contains three villages, with about 1200 inhabitants, and has a good harbor. Batz, Bourg de. A small town in the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, situated on Channel, belonging to the depart He became surgeon in the French army in Algeria in 1830, where he founded a hospital in which he taught surgery and anatomy for nine years. He returned to France in 1841, becoming director of the military hospital of Val-de-Grâce, and serving as member of the sanitary commi ion of the army in the Crime an war. He wrote "Nouvelle méthode des amputations" (1842), and "La guerre de Crimée, etc." (1857). Baudin des Ardennes (bō-dan' dā zär-den'), Charles. Born at Sedan, 1792: died at Ischia, June 7, 1854. A French naval officer. He served with distinction against the English 1808-12. After the Hundred Days he engaged in trade, but returned to the navy on account of reverses in 1830. In 1838 he was sent to Santo Domingo with the commi ioners who were to demand indemnity for lo es sustained by French subjects; and, shortly after, with the grade of rear-admiral, he was empowered to secure a similar indemnity from Mexico. His demands being refused, he bombarded the fort of San Juan de Ulúa, Vera Cruz (Nov. 27, 1838), forced its abandonment next day, and on Dec. 5 occupied Vera Cruz after a hot fight, but soon withdrew; he then blockaded the port until the French demands were settled by a treaty. On his return to France he was made vice-admiral; commanded on South American coasts 1840; was prefect of Toulon 1840-47, and president of the Bureau of Longitude after 1848. Shortly before his death he became full admiral. Baudin, Nicolas. Born at Île de Ré, 1750: died in Mauritius, Sept. 16, 1803. A captain in the French navy, and naturalist. He conducted an exploring expedition to Australia, an account of which was published by Péron in "Voyage aux terres Australes par les corvettes Géographe et le Natural i ste " (1807). Baunis, Count of enrichied Baudi in (bou'dis-sēn), Wolf He in rich Fried30, 1789: died at Dresden, April 4, 1878. A German littérateur, contributor to the German translation of Shakspere edited by Schlegel and Tieck. The plays translated by him are "Henry VIII.," "Much Ado about Nothing," "Taming of the Shrew," "Comedy of Errors," "Measure for Measure," "All 's well that Ends well," "Antony and Cleopatra," "Troilus and Cre ida," "Merry Wives of Windsor," "Love's Labour 's Lost," "Titus Andronicus," "Othello," and "Lear." He also published "Ben Jonson und seine Schule" (1836), translations of a number of old English dramas. Baudour (bo-dör'). A small town in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, near Mons, noted for its pottery. Baudricourt (bo-drē-kör'), Jean de. Died at May 11, 1499. A French marshal. He of the monument is 72 feet. Wheeler , Familiar Allusions. Battle of Alcazar, The. A play by Peele, acted in 1588-89 and printed in 1594. Under this name Peele writes of a battle fought in Barbary between Sebastian, king of Portugal, and Abdelmelek, king of Morocco, which really took place in 1578 at Alcacer Quibir or Al-Kasr al-Kebir. Battle of Amazons. A painting by Rubens, in the old Pinakothek at Munich. The subject is the victory of These us over the Amazons on the Thermodon. The chief struggle is on a bridge, upon which the Greeks are charging, while the Amazons begin to flee at the opposite end. Horses and riders, dead and wounded, are falling in confusion into the stream. Battle of Dorking, The. See Dorking . Battle of the Baltic, The. A lyric by Thomas Campbell. Battle of the Books. A satirical work by Jonathan Swift, written in 1697. It is his contribution to the famous Bentley and Boyle controversy, and his first prose composition. Battle of the Frogs and Mice. See Batra cho myoma chia . Battle of the Giants. An epithet applied to the battle of Marignano or Melegnano, Sept. 13 and 14, 1515, in which Francis I. of France defeated the Duke of Milan and the Swi : so called from the obstinacy with which it was fought, and the superior character of the troops on both sides. Battle of Hastings, The. 1. See Hastings and Senlac . -2. A poem by Chatter ton, written about 1768. He wrote two poems of this name, the first of which he acknowledged, but insisted that the second and very much longer one was by Rowley from the Saxon of Turgot. 3. The first tragedy written by Richard Cumber land, produced in 1778. Battle of I us. 1. See I us . - 2. A celebrated important salt-works. Baubo (babō). [Gr. Βαυβώ or Βαβώ.] In Greek mythology, a personage connected with the Eleusinian myth of Demeter, developed chiefly under the influence of Orphism. According to the myth the godde (see Demeter ), in search of her daughter, came to Baubo, who offered her something to drink which was refused. Thereupon Baubo, indignant, made an indecent gesture which caused Demeter to smile and accept the gift. In a fragment of an Orphic hymn the same act is attributed to a servant Iambus. Baubo came to have a place in the nocturnal mysteries of Eleusis. Goethe makes her symbolize gro sensuality in the second part of "Faust." Baucher (bō-shā'), François. Born at Versailles, 1796: died at Paris, March 14, 1873. A French hippologist. He invented a new method of training saddle-horses, of which the chief feature is a method of suppling the horse's neck and jaw by a progre ive series of flexions of the muscles, so that the animal ceases to bear or pull on the bit. He wrote "Méthode d'équit at i on" (1842). Baucis (ba's is). [Gr. Βαυκίς .] In Greek legend, a Phrygian woman who, with her husband Philemon, showed hospitality to Zeus and Hermes when every one else had refused them admi ion. They were saved from an inundation with which the country was visited by the gods, and were made priests in the temple of Zeus. Wishing to die together, they were changed at the same moment into trees. Goethe wrote a poem on this subject. Baucis. A Greek poete of Tenos, a friend of Erinna and a disciple of Sappho. An epitaph upon her by Erinna is extant. Baucis and Philemon. A poem by Swift, published in 1707. Baudelaire (bōd-lãr'), Pierre Charles. Born at Paris, April 9, 1821: died there, Aug. 31, 1867. A French critic and poet of the Romantic school. He was graduated from the Lycée Louis-le Grand, Paris, in 1839. In 1845 and 1846 he published volumes entitled "The Salon," in which he criticized the annual art exhibitions of Paris, and which established his reputation as a critic. He also wrote "Fleurs du Mal" (1857: prosecuted as immoral; expurgated edition 1861), Charles VIII., was sent as amba ador to the Swi cantons in 1477, was made governor of Burgundy and Besançon in 1481, and became a marshal of France in 1486. Baudrier (bōd-rē-ā'), Sieur de. A pseudonym of Jonathan Swift. Baud rill art (bōd-re-yär'), Henri Joseph Léon. Born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1821: died there, Jan. 24, 1892. A French political economist. He became editor of the "Constitutionnel," and later of the "Journal des Economistes." Among his works are "Manuel d'économie politique" (1857), "Des rapports de la morale et de l'économie politique" (1860), "Public is tes modernes" (1862), "His to ire du luxe" (1878-80), etc. Baud rill art, Jacques Joseph. Born at Givron, Ardennes, France, May 20, 1774: died at Paris, March 24, 1832. A noted French writer on forestry. Baudry (bō-drē'), Paul Jacques Aimé. Born at La Roche-sur-Yon, Vendée, France, Nov. 7, 1828: died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1886. A French painter of historical subjects and portraits, and also of decorative works. Of the last the best-known are in the foyer of the Grand Opéra at Paris (1866-74). He became a member of the Institute in 1870. Bauer (bou'er), Anton. Born at Marburg, Aug. 13, 1772: died at Göttingen, June 1, 1843. A German jurist. He became profe or at Göttingen in 1813, and privy judiciary councilor in 1840. Among his works is "Grundsätze des Kriminalproze es" (1805), a revised edition of which was published under the title of "Lehrbuch des Strafproze es" (1835). Bauer, Bruno. Born at Eisenberg, in SaxeAltenburg, Sept. 6, 1809: died at Rixdorf, near Berlin, April 13, 1882. A German philosophical, theological, and historical writer of the Hegelian school, noted as an exponent of extreme rationalism. He was the author of "Religion des Alten Testaments" (1838), "Kritik der evangel is chen Geschichte des Johannes" (1840), "Das entdeckte Chris ancient mosaic from the House of the Faun at Pompeii, now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. It is about 17 by 8 feet, formed of small cubes of marble, and represents with much life and vigor kings Alexander and Darius in active combat, with both horse and foot. tenthum" (1843), "Geschichte der Französischen Revolution" (1847), "Geschichte der Politik, Kultur und Aufklärung des 18. Jahrhunderts" (1843-45), "Die Apostelgeschichte" (1850), "Kritik der Paul in is chen Briefe" (1850) "Christ us und die Cäsaren" (1877), etc. Bauer, Edgar Bauer, Edgar. Born at Char lot ten burg, Oct. 7, 1820: died at Hannover, Aug. 18, 1886. A German publicist, brother of Bruno Bauer: author of numerous historical and polemical works of radical tendency. He was imprisoned (1843-48) on account of his "Streit der Kritik mit Kirche und Staat." Bauer, Karo line. Born at Heidelberg, March 29, 1807: died at Zürich, Oct. 18, 1877. A noted German actre , morganatic wife (1829) of Leopold (later King of the Belgians) under the name of Counte Montgomery. She returned to the stage when Leopold became king, and finally abandoned it in 1844: in this year also she married a Polish count. She was famous both in comedy and tragedy. Baüerle (boi'er-le), Adolf. Born at Vienna, April 9, 1786: died at Basel, Sept. 20, 1859. An Austrian dramatist and novelist. He founded the "Wiener Theaterzeitung" (1806), and was the author of the comedies "Die falsche Prima donna" (1818), "Der Freund in der Noth," etc., and of various novels, including "Therese Krones" (1854), "Ferdinand Raimund" (1855), both of which appeared under the pseudonym Otto Horn. Bauernfeind (bou'ern-find), Karl Maximilian von. Born at Arzberg, Bavaria, Nov. 18, 1818: died at Munich, Aug. 2, 1894. A German geodesist and engineer. He became profe or of geodesy and engineering in the School of Engineering at Munich in 1846, and was the inventor of a prism for measuring distances which bears his name. Author of "Elemente der Verme ungskunde" (1856-58), etc. Bauernfeld (bou'ern-feld), Eduard von. Born at Vienna, Jan. 13, 1802: died there, Aug. 9, 1890. An Austrian dramatist. Among his works are "Die Be kent ni e" ("Confe ions," 1834), " Bürgerlich und Romantisch" (1835), "Gro jährig" (1846), "Moderne Jugend" (1869), "Des Alcibiades Ausgang," etc. Baugé (bo-zhā'). A town in the department of Maine-et-Loire, France, situated on the Couesnon 22 miles northeast of Angers. It was the scene of a French victory by Marshal de la Fayette over the English in 1421. Population (1891), commune, 3,623. Bauges (bōzh), Les. A plateau in the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie, France, between Chambéry and the Lake of Annecy. Bauhin (bo-an'), Gaspard. Born at Basel, Jan. 17, 1560: died there, Dec. 5, 1624. A noted botanist and anatomist of French descent, profe or of anatomy and botany, and later of medicine, at the University of Basel. roie, France, Bauhin, Jean. Born at Basel, 1541: died at Montbéliand, 1613. A physician and naturalist, brother of Gaspard Bauhin. Baum (boum), Fried rich. Died at Bennington, Vt., Aug. 18, 1777. A German officer in the British service in the Revolutionary War. He was defeated by Colonel Stark and fatally wounded in the battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777. Baumannshöhle (bou'mäns-hėl-e). A stalactite cave in the Lower Harz, in Brunswick, 5 miles southeast of Blankenburg, near the Bode. Baumé (bō-mā'), Antoine. Born at Senlis, France, Feb. 26, 1728: died Oct. 15, 1804. A noted French chemist and pharmacist. He was the discoverer of many improvements in the arts and in chemical science, and author of "Éléments de pharmacie' (1762), "Chimie expérimentale et raisonnée" (1773), etc. Baumeister (bou'mis-ter), Johann Wilhelm. Born at Augsburg, April 27, 1804: died at Stuttgart, Feb. 3, 1846. A noted German veterinary surgeon, animal-painter, and writer on the care and training of domestic animals. He was profe or at the Veterinary School in Stuttgart 1839-46. Baumgarten (boum'gär-ten), Alexander Gottlieb. Born at Berlin, July 17, 1714: died at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, May 26, 1762. A noted German philosopher of the Wolfian school, appointed profe or of philosophy at Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1740. He was the founder of the science of esthetics, and exerted a lasting influence upon the terminology of metaphysics, especially in the German language. Kant great esteem as a metaphysician, and for a long time employed Baumgarten's works as the foundation of his lectures. He wrote "De non null is ad poem a pertinent i bus" (1735), "Esthetic a Acroamatic a" (1750-58), "Metaphysic a" (1739), etc. Baumgarten, Hermann. Born April 28, 1825: died June 19, 1893. A German historian and publicist, profe or of history in the University Strasburg 1872-haritieschichte "Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der Französischen Revolution bis auf unsere Tage" (1865-71), "Karl V. und die deutsche Reformation" (1889), etc. of He Baumgarten, Konrad. One of the Unterwalden patriots, famous in the William Tell legend. Baumgarten, Michael. Born at Haseldorf, Holstein, March 25, 1812: died at Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, July 21, 1889. A German Protestant theologian, profe or of theology at Rostock 1850-58. He was elected to the Reichstag in 1874, 1877, and 1878. Baumgarten, Sigmund Jakob. Born at Wolmirstedt, near Magdeburg, March 14, 1706: died at Halle, July 4, 1757. A German Protestant theologian, profe or at Halle 1730-57. Baumgarten-Crusius (-krözē-ös), Ludwig Fried rich Otto. Born at Merseburg, July 31, 1788: died at Jena, May 31, 1843. A German Protestant theologian, profe or at Jena from 1812. He was the author of "Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte" (1831-32), "Kompendium der Dogmengeschichte" (1840-46), etc. Baumgartner (boum'gärt-ner), Andreas, Baron von. Born at Friedberg, Bohemia, Nov. 23, 1793: died near Vienna, July 30, 1865. An Austrian scholar and politician. He became profe or of physics at the University of Vienna in 1823; was minister of commerce, trade, and public works, 18511855; and became president of the Academy of Sciences at Vienna in 1851. Baumgartner, Gallus Jakob. Born at Altstätten, Switzerland, Oct. 18, 1797: died at Saint Gall, Switzerland, July 12, 1869. A Swi historian and politician. He wrote "Die Schweiz in ihren Kämpfen und Umgestaltungen von 1830-50" (1853-66), etc. Baumgärtner (boum'gart-ner), Karl He in rich. Born at Pforzheim, Baden, Oct. 21, 1798: died at Baden-Baden, Dec. 11, 1886. A noted German physiologist, profe or of clinical medicine at Freiburg 1824-62. He was the author of "Beobachtungen über die Nerven und das Blut" (1830), "Lehrbuch der Physio logie" (1853), etc. Baumstark (boum'stärk), Anton. Born at Sinzheim, Baden, April 14, 1800: died March 28, 1876. A German cla ical philologist, profe or of philology in the University of Freiburg 1836-71. Baumstark, Eduard. Born at Sinzheim, Baden, March 28, 1807: died April 8, 1889. A German political economist and politician, a brother of Anton Baumstark. Baur (bour), Albert. Born at Aix-la-Chapelle, July 13, 1835. A German historical painter of the Dü eldorf school, profe or of history painting at Weimar 1872-76. Baur, Ferdinand Christian. Born at Schmiden, near Canstatt, June 21, 1792: died at Tübingen, Dec. 2, 1860. A distinguished German Protes tant theologian and biblical critic, the founder of the "Tübingen School," profe or at Blaubeuren, and, after 1826, profe or of theology at Tübingen. He was noted for profound scholarship, strength in constructive criticism, and boldne in in nov a up, tion. His theories of apostolic and post-apostolic Christianity were revolutionary, resolving its history into a speculative proce of conflicting tendencies (Petrinism and Paul in ism) from which the supernatural and miraculous is eliminated. Among his works are "Das manichäische Religions system" (1831), "Die christliche Gnosis, etc." (1835), "Die christliche Lehre von der Versöhnung (1838), “Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit" (1841-43), "Der Gegensatz des Katholizismus und Protestant is mus," "Paulus" (1845), "Lehrbuch der christ lichen Dogmengeschichte" (1847), "Kritische Untersuchungen über die kanonischen Evangelien" (1847), "Das MarkusEvangelium" (1851), "Das Christ ent hum und die christliche Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderte" (1853). Baur, Gustav Adolf Ludwig. Born at Hammelbach, June 14, 1816: died at Leipsic, May 22, 1889. A German Protestant theologian. He became profe or of theology in the University of Leipsic in 1870. Baurés (bou-ras'). A tribe of Indians in northern Bolivia, occupying the forest region about the rivers Mamoré and Baurés, ranging eastward to the Guaporé. Formerly very numerous and powerful, they now number a few you sand, most of them gathered into mi ion villages and mixed with other tribes. By their language they resemble their neighbors the Moxós, and in a broader sense they belong to the great Arawak stock. They are agricultural and have fixed villages. Baurés (bou-rās'). A river in eastern Bolivia, a tributary of the Guaporé. Bause (bou'ze), Johann Fried rich. Born at Halle, Jan. 5, 1738: died at Weimar, Jan. 3, 1814. A noted German engraver on copper. He was for a time profe or of this art at the Academy of Art in Leipsic. Bausk (bousk). A town in the government of Bavay Bautzen, Wendish Budi in (the official name until 1868). The capital of the governmental district of Bautzen and of Upper Lusatia, situated on the Spree 32 miles east of Dresden: one of the chief towns of ancient Lusatia. It has various manufactures and is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric. Population (1890), 21,516. Bautzen, Battle of. A victory gained by Na pole on, May 20 and 21, 1813, with about 140,000 troops (under Ney, Oudinot, Soult, and others: Ney with his 40,000 men was not present on the 20th) over the allied Ru ians and Pru ians about 90,000. The lo of the French was about 20,000; that of the Allies, about 13,000. Baux (bo), Les. A small town near Arles, France, remarkable for its castle and stone buildings. It was the capital of a powerful medieval countship. Bavaria (ba-vā'ri-a), G. Bayern or Baiern (bi'ern), F. Bavière (bäv-yar'). [ML. Bavaria , from Boarii , a tribe connected in name with the Boii. See Bohemia .] A kingdom of southern Germany, the second in area and population of the states of the German Empire. It consists of two unequal and disconnected parts, the larger eastern and the smaller western. The former or main portion is bounded by Pru ia on the northwest, the Thu ringian states on the north, the kingdom of Saxony on the northeast, Bohemia (separated by the Böhmerwald) on the east, Upper Austria and Salzburg on the east, Tyrol (separated by the Alps) on the south, Lake Con stance on the southwest, and Würtemberg, Baden, and He e on the west. It extends from lat. 47° 16' to 50° 33′ N., and from long. 9° to 13° 48′ E. The western portion is the Palatinate, west of the Rhine, bordering on He e, Pru ia, and Alsace-Lorraine. The country produces wheat, rye, oats, and other cereals, hops, potatoes, tobac co, wine, flax, etc.; has mines of coal, iron, and salt; and has important and varied manufactures. It exports timber, wine, hops, grain, beer, etc. Bavaria contains 8 government districts ( Regie rungs - Bezirke ): viz., Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Palatinate, Upper Palatinate and Ratisbon, Swabia and Neuburg, Upper Franc on i a, Middle Franc on i a, and Lower Franc on i a. The capital is Munich. The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, with a king, an upper house, and a chamber of 159 deputies. Bavaria sends 6 representatives to the Bundesrat and 48 to the Reichstag, and furnishes 2 army corps to the imperial army. Over seven tenths of the population are Roman Catholic. The early inhabitants were formerly identified with the Boii. The southern part belonged to the Roman Empire. The League of the Boarii was formed from various German tribes. Bavaria was ruled by dukes, the gio in ger from about 500-788 came ins der the supremacy of Austrasia, and in 788 its duke, Ta ilo III., was deposed, and it was incorporated with the Frankish empire. Later it was one of the four great German duchies (and extended farther to the east and south-e. g., to Italy-than at present). The duchy of Bavaria pa ed to Welf IV. (I.) in 1070. In 1180, after the fall of Henry the Lion, it was granted by Frederick Barb a ro a to the (present) Wittelsbach dynasty. It was one of the circles of the empire. Duke Maximilian I. received the electoral dignity in 1623. The Upper Palatinate was annexed in 1628. The Rhine Palatinate was united with Bavaria in 1777. In 1806 Bavaria became a kingdom and joined the Confederation of the Rhine. It was obliged to cede territory by the imperial delegations enactment of 1803, but received Würzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg, etc., and in 1805 Tyrol and other territories. It received Salzburg, etc., in 1809, but was obliged to cede Tyrol and Salzburg in 1815. In 1813 it joined the Allies. It received a constitution in 1818. It sided with Austria in 1866, was the scene of several conflicts, and was obliged to pay an indemnity and make a small ce ion of territory to Pru ia. It made a treaty with the North German Confederation in 1870, and entered the German Empire in 1871. Area, 29,282 square miles. Population (1900), 6,176,057. Bavaria. A bronze statue, 67 feet high, in the Theresienwiese, near Munich, designed by Schwanthaler. It was built by order of Lud wig I., and was finished in 1850. It stands before the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) and holds a wreath above its head. There is an interior ascent by a spiral iron staircase of sixty steps to the head, through apertures in which there is a fine view. Bavaria, Lower, and Bavaria, Upper. See Lower Bavaria and Upper Bavaria . Bavarian Alps. That part of the Alps which lies in southern Bavaria and in the adjoining lands of the Austrian empire. Bavarian Circle. One of the ancient ten circles. of the old German Empire, now included in Bavaria and neighboring parts of Austria. Bavarian Forest. A mountainous region in the eastern part of Bavaria, north of the the Mu e and Memel 40 miles south of Riga. Population, 7,085. Bau et (bo-sa'), Louis François de. Born at Pond i cherry, India, Dec. 14, 1748: died at Paris, June 21, 1824. A French ecclesiastic and man of letters. He became bishop of Alais in 1784, and cardinal in 1817; and was the author of a "His to ire de Fénelon" (1808–09), “His to ire de Bo uet" (1814), etc. Bautzen (bout's en). A governmental district in the kingdom of Saxony, corresponding nearly to Upper Lusatia. Area, 953 square miles. Population (1890), 370,739. Bavarian Rigi. See Rigi . Bavarian Succe ion, War of the. A war between Austria on one side, and Pru ia, Saxony, and Mecklenburg on the other, 1778-79, due to the extinction of the Bavarian electoral house. It was ended (without fighting) by the Peace of Teschen, 1779. Bavay, or Bavai (bä-vā'). A town in the department of Nord, France, 14 miles east of Valenciennes. It is built on the site of Bagacum, the ancient capital of the Nervii. Baveno Baveno (bä-vānō). A small town in the province of Novara, Italy, situated on the western shore of Lago Maggiore, opposite the Borromean Islands. Baviad (bā'vi-ad), The. A satire on the “Della Cruscans" (which see), by William Gifford, published in 1794, and republished with "The Mæviad" (which was first published in 1795) on the same subject in 1797. The latter also attacked some of the minor dramatists of the time. The names Baviad and Mæviad are taken from those of two inferior poets (see Bavius ) mentioned in Vergil's “Eclogues," iii. 9: "He may with foxes plough and milk he-goats, Who praises Bavius or on Mævius dotes.' Bavian (bä-vē-än'). A place to the northeast of Khors a bad, in Me so pot am i a. Near it was discovered a rock with an inscription containing a record of Sennacherib's battle against the Elamite-Babylonian coalition at Halule, a city on the lower Tigris, 691 B. C. Bavieca (bä-ve-a'kä). The favorite horse of the Cid. Bavier (G. bä-vēr′; F. bäv-yā'), Simon. Born at Chur, Graubünden, Sept. 16, 1825: died at Basel, Jan. 28, 1896. A Swi statesman. He was federal president in 1882, and became minister to Rome in 1883. Author of "Die Stra en der Schweiz" (1878). Bavius (bā'vi-us). Died in Cappadocia, 35 в. с. An inferior Roman poet, an enemy of Vergil and Horace. His name is always a ociated with that of Mævius, who shared his feelings toward those greater poets and his lack of poetical ability. See Baviad . Bawian (bä-we'an), or Bawean. A small island in the Java Sea, between Java and Borneo, belonging to the Dutch. IMG:content-0209.png:[blocks in formation] sons. The name became a common one for any horse, and is alluded to in many proverbial sayings the origin of which seems to be forgotten. "As bold as blind Bayard" is a proverb as old as the 14th century, applied to those who do not look before they leap. Bayard (bā'ärd; F. pron. bä-yär'), Chevalier de (Pierre du Terrail). Born near Grenoble about 1475: killed at the river Sesia, Italy, April 30, 1524. A French national hero, called "the knight without fear and without reproach," distinguished in the Italian campaigns of Charles VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I. He was especially renowned for his bravery at the battles of Guine gate (1513) and Marignano (1515) and the defense of Mézières (1521). Bayard (bi'ärd), James Asheton. Born at Philadelphia, July 28, 1767: died at Wilmington, Aug. 6, 1815. Án American statesman. He was Federal member of Congre from Delaware 17971803; United States senator 1805-13; and commi ioner to negotiate the treaty of Ghent, 1814. Bayard, James Asheton. Born at Wilmington, Del., Nov. 15, 1799: died there, June 13, 1880. An American politician, son of James Asheton Bayard. He was Democratic United States senator from Delaware 1851-64 and 18671869. Bayard, Jean François Alfred. Born at Charolles, Saône-et-Loire, March 17, 1796: died at Paris, Feb. 19, 1853. A French dramatic writer. He is said to have written, partly in conjunction with IMG:content-0210.png:[ocr errors] Bawr (bour), Barone de (Alexandrine Sophie Goury de Champ grand, by h by her first marriage (di olved by divorce) Comte e de Saint-Simon). Born (of French parents) Stuttgart, 1776: died at Paris, 1861. A French novelist and dramatist. She wrote "Argent et Adre e" (1802), "Le Rival oblige ant" (1805), "L'Argent du voyage" (1809), "Le double stratagème" (1813), "Auguste et Frédéric" (1817), "His to ire de la musique" etc. Baxter (baks'tér), Andrew. [The surname Baxter is from baxter , ME. bakster , AS. bæcestre , baker.] Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1686 (1687?): died at Whittingham, near Edinburgh, April 23, 1750. A Scottish metaphysician. His chief work is an "Enquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul" (1733). London, Baxter, Richard. Born at Rowton, Shropshire, England, Nov. 12, 1615: died at London, Dec. 8, 1691. A noted English nonconformist divine. He was ordained in 1638, was chosen lecturer at Kidder minster in 1640, and about 1645 became a chaplain in Cromwell's army. He subsequently favored the Restoration, and on the acce ion of Charles II. in 1660 was appointed chaplain to the king, but left the Church of England on the pa age of the Act of Uniformity in 1662, when he retired to Acton. In May, 1685, he was tried by Jeffries on the charge of libeling the established church, and was fined five hundred marks, for non-payment of which he was detained in prison until Nov., 1686. His chief works are "The Saint's Everlasting Rest" (1650), "A Call to the Unconverted" (1657), "Method us Theolog iæ" (1674), and "Reliquiæ Baxter i anæ" (1696). Baxter, Robert Dudley. Born at Don caster, Feb. 3, 1827: died May 20, 1875. An English statistician. He became a solicitor in 1842, and a partner in the law firm of Baxter, Rose, and Norton at Westminster in 1860. He wrote "The National Income (1868), "The Taxation of the United Kingdom" (1869), "The National Debts of the Various States of the World" (1871), "Local Government and Taxation" (1874), etc. Baxter, William Edward. Born at Dundee, 1825: died at London, Aug. 10, 1890. A British politician, traveler, and author. He became secretary to the admiralty under Mr. Gladstone in 1868 secretary treasury 1871-73. Author of "America and the Americans" (1855). Bay City. A city, the capital of Bay County, eastern Michigan, situated on the Saginaw River, near its mouth, 110 miles northwest of Detroit. Population (1900), 27,628. Bay Islands. A group of islands in the Gulf of Honduras, belonging to Honduras. The largest is Ruatan. Bay of Islands. A bay on the northern coast of the North Island, New Zealand. Bay Psalm Book, The. The earliest New Eng land version of the Psalms. Its title is "The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into Eng lish Metre." It was printed in 1640, and was the first book published in the British American colonies, though not, as has been said, "in the New World, for there had existed a printing-pre in the city of Mexico one hundred years before." It was the joint production of Richard Mather, Thomas Welde, and John Eliot. Eight copies are known to be extant. Bayamo (ba-ya'mō). A town in the interior of eastern Cuba, 25 miles east of Manzanilla. Population (1899), 3,022. Bayard (bā'ärd; F. pron. bä-yär'). The name of the legendary horse given by Charlemagne to ans" (1828), "Le gamin de Paris" (1836), etc. Bayard, Nicholas. Born at Alphen, Holland, about 1644: died in New York city, 1707. An American colonial officer, secretary of New York province in 1673 (under the Dutch), and mayor of New York city (under Governor Dongan). He was a member of the governor's council, and drew up the Dongan charter (which see). Bayard, Richard Henry. Born at Wilmington, Del., 1796: died at Philadelphia, March 4, 1868. An American Whig politician, a son of James Asheton Bayard, United States senator from Delaware 1836-39 and 1839-45, chargé d'affaires at Bru els 1850–53. Bayard, Thomas Francis. Born at Wilmington, Del., Oct. 29, 1828: died Sept. 28, 1898. An American statesman, a son of James Asheton Bayard. Hewas Democratic United States senator from Delaware 1869-85; president pro tempore of the Senate 1881; member of the Electoral Commi ion 1877; unsucce ful in obtaining the nomination as Democratic candidate for the Presidency 1880 and 18843; and secretary of state 1885-89. He was appointed amba ador to England in 1893, and was the first to hold that diplomatic rank. Bayazid. See Bajazet . Bayazid (bi-ä-zēd'), or Bayezid (bī-e-zēd'). A small town in the northeastern corner of Asiatic Turkey, south of Mount Ararat. It was taken by the Ru ians in the wars of 1828, 1854, and 1877. Bayer (bi'er), August von. Born at Rorschach on Lake Con stance, May 3, 1803: died at Carlsruhe, Feb. 2, 1875. A German painter of historical and architectural subjects. Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried. Born 1694: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 21, 1738. A German Orientalist. He became profe or of Greek and Roman antiquities at St. Petersburg in 1726. Bayer, Johann. Born at Rain, in Bavaria, about 1572: died at Augsburg, 1660. A German astronomer and Protestant preacher, surnamed from his eloquence "os protestantium" ('the Protestants' mouth [piece]'). He was the author of "Uranometria" (1603), enlarged and reprinted under the title "Coelum stellatum christianum" (1627). This work was the first complete and convenient chart of the heavens, representing the then existing state of astronomical knowledge. Bayer was the first to adopt the method of designating the stars by the Greek letters, etc., in the order of their magnitude. Bayer, Karl Robert Emmerich: pseudonym Robert Byr. Born at Bregenz, Austria, April 15, 1835. An Austrian novelist. He entered the military academy at Neustadt in 1845, became lieutenant in a regiment of hu ars at Milan in 1852, and retired from military service in 1862. Among his works are "Kantonierungsbilder" (1860), “Österreichische Garnisonen" (1863), "Anno Neun und Dreizehn" (1865), a number of social-political novels, as "Der Kampf ums Dasein" (1869), and the dramas “Lady Gloster” (1869), and "Der wunde Fleck" (1875). Bayern. Bayern. The German name of Bavaria. Bayerwald. Bayerwald. See Bayrischer Wald . Bayes (bāz). A character in Bucking ham's farce "The Rehearsal," a dramatic coxcomb. He was at first called Bilboa, and was intended to ridicule Sir Robert Howard; but the piece having been laid aside Bayes's Troops, Like. A phrase referring to the foot-soldiers and hobby-horses who fight a battle in Bucking ham's “Rehearsal." When all are killed it is a question how they are to go off the stage. Bayes replies: "As they came on, upon their legs.' Whereupon they are obliged to revive and walk off. Bayeux (bä-ye'). [F. Bayeux , LL. Baiocas , Baioca es , Bagoca es , L. Badioca es , Gr. Ούαδι κάσιοι , orig. a Celtic tribe name, explained as 'great conquerors, otherwise as 'blond-haired.'] Atown in the department of Calvados, Normandy, France, situated on the Aure 17 miles northwest of Caen: the Roman Aug us tod urus. It was the chief town of Gallic Baioca es, was called Baiocum or Baioca es (whence the modern name) in the early middle ages, and was the capital of the Frankish Baioca inus, later Be in. It is famous for the Bayeux Tapestry (which see). The cathedral of Bayeux is a very handsome structure of the 12th and 13th centuries. The west front has lofty twin spires, graceful arcades, and fine gabled and sculptured portals. There is a beautiful vaulted porch on the south side, besides the rich portal and great traceried window of the transept. The lower part of the nave is of richly ornamented Romanesque round arches. Population (1891), 8,102. Bayeux Tapestry. A strip of linen 231 feet long and 20 inches wide, preserved in the Library at Bayeux, France, embroidered with episodes of the Norman conquest of England from the visit of Harold to the Norman court until his death at Senlac, each with its title in Latin. The work is of great archæological interest from its details of costume and arms. It is believed to have been made by Matilda, queen of William the Conqueror. Bayle (bal), Gaspard Laurent. Born at Vernet, Provence, Aug. 8, 1774: died at Paris, May 11, 1816. A French physician and medical writer. Bayle, Pierre. Born at Carlat, in Foix, France, Nov. 18, 1647: died at Rotter dam, Dec. 28, 1706. A noted French skeptical philosopher and critic. He was appointed profe or of philosophy at Sedan in 1675, and at the Protestant academy of Rot terdam in 1681, and was removed (on account of his skeptical opinions) from his profe orship in 1693. He was an influential leader of the modern skeptical movement, and is chiefly known as the compiler of the famous "Dictionnaire hist or i que et critique" (1696), in which that tendency found clear expre ion. Among his other works are "Cog it at i ones rationales de Deo, anima, et malo," "Pen sées sur la comète, écrites à docteur de la Sorbonne" (1682), "Comment a ire philosophique sur ces paroles de l'Évangile" (1686). In 1684 he established a sort of journal of literary criticism, "Nouvelles de la république des lettres," which was maintained for several years. Baylen (bi-len'), or Bailen. A town in the province of Jaen, southern Spain, 25 miles north of Jaen. Population (1887), 8,580. Baylen, Capitulation of. A capitulation (July 22, 1808) by which the French general Dupont and his army surrendered to the Spaniards under Castaños, and the French forces were to be allowed to leave Spain. The Junta of Seville refused to ratify the capitulation, and all the French except the superior officers were sent to the galleys at Cadiz. Baylen, Duke of. See Castaños . Bayley (bali), James Roosevelt. Born in New York city, Aug. 23, 1814: died at Newark, N.J., Oct. 3, 1877. An American Roman Catholic prelate. He was made first bishop of Newark in 1853, and was archbishop of Baltimore 1872-77. He wrote a "History of the Catholic Church in New York" (1853), etc. Bayley, Sir John. Born at Elton, Hunting dons hire, Aug. 3, 1763: died near Seven oaks, Kent, Oct. 10, 1841. An English jurist and legal and religious writer. He became judge of the King's Bench in 1808, was removed to the Court of Exchequer in 1830, and resigned from the bench in 1834. He wrote "A Short Treatise on the Law of Bills of Exchange, Cash Bills, and Promi ory Notes" (1789), etc. Bayley, Richard. Born at Fairfield, Conn., 1745: died on Staten Island, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1801. An American physician, appointed profe or of anatomy in Columbia College in 1792, and of surgery in 1793. a Baylies (bā'liz), Francis. Born at Taunton, Ma ., Oct. 16, 1783: died there, Oct. 28, 1852. An American politician, member of Congre from Ma achusetts 1821-27. He wrote "Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth." Baylor (bā lôr), Frances Courtenay (Mrs. George Sherman Barnum). Born at Fayetteville, Ark., Jan. 20, 1848. An American novelist. She has written "The Perfect Treasure" and "On This Side," two short magazine stories, which were published in book form as one narrative under the title "On Both Sides" (1886), and other works. Bayly (bā'li), Ada Ellen: pseudonym Edna Lyall. Born at Brighton, England: died at Bayly, Ada Ellen East bourne, Feb. 8, 1903. An English novelist. Among her works are "Won by Waiting" (1879), "Donovan" (1882), "Autobiography of a Slander" (1887), "Knight Errant" (1887), "A Hardy Norseman" (1889). Bayly (bā'li), Thomas Haynes. Born at Bath, England, Oct. 13, 1797: died at Cheltenham, April 22, 1839. An English song-writer, dramatist, and novelist. He wrote "Perfection," and other plays, many popular songs (among them "The Soldier's Tear," "I'd be a Butterfly," "We met 't was in a Crowd"), and the tales "The Aylmers," "A Legend of Killarney, etc. Bayne (bān), Peter. Born in Ro -shire, Scotland, Oct. 19, 1830: died Feb. 10, 1896. A Scotch littérateur and journalist. Baynard's (bā'närdz) Castle. A strong fortification on the Thames just below Black friars, founded by Baynard, a follower of William the Conqueror, and forfeited to the crown by one of his succe ors. It was burned in the Great Fire, 1666. IMG:content-0211.png:[blocks in formation] himself at Solferino; took part in the Mexican expedi tion, and became commander-in-chief in Mexico in 1863; was made marshal in 1864; withdrew from Mexico in 1867, and was made commander of the Imperial Guard in 1869. He commanded a corps at the beginning of the Franco-German war, was made commander of the Army of the Rhine Aug., 1870, and was defeated before Metz, Grave lotte, etc., and besieged in Metz, which he surren dered, with 173,000 men, Oct. 27, 1870. For this surrender he was tried before a tribunal under the presidency of the Duc d'Aumale, and condemned to degradation and death. The sentence was commuted to 20 years' imprisonment, and he was incarcerated near Cannes Dec., 1873, whence he escaped Aug. 9-10, 1874. He resided later in Madrid, and wrote several works on the Metz episode. Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William. Born 1819: died 1891. An English engineer. As chief en- gineer to the Metropolitan Board of Works he designed and executed (1858-65) the system of drainage now in operation in London, as also (1863-74) the Victoria, the Albert, and the Chelsea embankments. Bazan, Don Cæsar de. See Don César de Bazan . Baynes (bānz), Thomas Spencer. Born at Wellington, Somersets hire, March 24, 1823: died at London, May 30, 1887. A British philo- sophical writer, appointed profe or of logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics at St. Andrew's in 1864. He was a istant editor of the London "Daily Bazard (bä-zär'), Saint-Armand. Born at News," and editor of the 9th edition of the "Encyclopædia Paris, Sept. 19, 1791: died at Courtry, near Britannica." Bayonne (bā-yon'; F. pron. bä-yon'). A seaport in the department of Ba es-Pyrénées, France, situated at the junction of the Nive and Adour, near the Bay of Biscay, in lat. 43° 29′ N., long. 1° 29′ W. It is a fortre , and its citadel was fortified by Vauban. The bayonet is said been invented here. The population is largely Spanish and Basque. It is noted for its hams. A celebrated interview was held here in 1565 between Charles IX., Eliza beth of Spain, Alva, and Catherine de' Medici, at which (it is alleged) the St. Bartholomew ma acre was planned. The cathedral of Bayonne is of the 13th and 14th centuries, with modern spires. There is beautiful medieval gla , and two fine sculptured portals. 'The 13th-century cloister has been in part inclosed and transformed into an additional aisle in the church. Population (1891), 27.192. Bayonne (bā-yon'). A port and city in Hudson County, New Jersey, situated between New York and Newark bays 6 miles southwest of New York. It has chemical works, etc. Population (1900), 32,722. Bayonne, Convention of. A convention concluded May 10, 1808, between France and the grand duchy of Warsaw. Bayonne, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at Bayonne, May, 1808, between Napoleon and Charles IV. of Spain. The latter renounced his right to the Spanish throne. Bayonne Decree. A decree i ued by Napoleon I. at Bayonne, April 17, 1808, directing the seizure of all American ve els then in the ports of France. Bayou State (bi'ö stat), The. An epithet sometimes applied to Mi i ippi. Bayreuth (bi'roit), or Baireuth. A former German burgraviate and principality, now in the northern part of Bavaria. It was united to Ansbach in 1769; was acquired by Pru ia 1791-92; was lost by Pru ia in 1805; and was ceded to Bavaria in 1809. Bayreuth, or Baireuth. The capital of the province of Upper Franc on i a, Bavaria, situated on the Red Main in lat. 49° 56′ N., long. 11° 35' E. It contains the Wagner Theater, the old and new palaces, and the residences of Richter and Richard Wagner. It is now noted for its musical festivals. For merly it was the residence of the margraves of Brandenburg-Culmbach. Population (1890), 24,556. Bayreuth Festival. A musical festival held at Bayreuth, for the representation of Wagner's works, in the National Theater (opened by Wagner in 1876). Bayrhoffer (bir hof-fer), Karl The odor. Born Montfermeil, July 29, 1832. A French socialist, organizer of Carbonarist societies, and adherent of Saint-Simon. Bazardjik. A town in Bulgaria, 27 miles north of Varna. It was captured by the Ru ians in 1774 and 1810. Bazar of (bäz'ä-rof). A brutal but original medical student in Turgenief's "Fathers and Sons." He is the representative of young Ru ia with aspirations toward progre . In him is first formulated the original theory of Nihilism. He takes pride in absolute negation. Bazas (bä-zä'). A town in the department of Gironde, France, 33 miles southeast of Bordeaux. It figured in the Huguenot wars. Population (1891), 4,948. Bazeilles (ba-zay'). A village near Sedan, department of Ardennes, France, near the Meuse. It was destroyed by the Bavarians Sept. 1, 1870. Baziás (bo'zi-äsh). A small town in Hungary, situated on the Danube 45 miles east of Belgrad. A town in Bucking hams hire, England, situated 25 miles west-northwest of London. It was the home and burial-place of Waller and of Edmund Burke. Population (1891), 1,773. Beacons field, Earl of. See Disraeli. Beadle, Harriet. See Tatty coram . Beagle (bē'gl), Sir Harry. A fox-hunting English squire in Colman's comedy "The Jealous Wife." Beagle Channel. A strait in the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego, which extends east and west in lat. 55° S. Beagle, The. The ship in which Darwin made his voyage as naturalist. She was a 10-gun brig of 235 tons, commanded by Captain Fitzroy. She sailed Dec. 27, 1831, and returned Oct. 2, 1836. She had previously been used in surveying-work on the South American coast. See Darwin , Charles . Beale (bēl), Lionel Smith. Born at London, 1828. An English physiologist and microscopist, profe or of medicine at King's College, London, also of physiology and morbid anatomy, and later of pathological anatomy. He is the author of "How to Work with the Microscope," "Protoplasm, or Life, Matter, and Mind," "On Life and on Vital Action in Health and Disease," etc. Beale, Mary. Born in Suffolk, England, 1632: died at London, Dec. 28, 1697. An English artist, noted as a portrait-painter. Beall (bel), John Young. Born in Virginia, Jan. 1, 1835: died on Governor's Island, New York Harbor, Feb. 24, 1865. A Confederate spy and guerrilla. He commanded a body of men who, disguised as pa engers, seized the Lake Erie steamer Philo Parsons Sept. 19, 1864, and subsequently captured and sank another boat, the Island Queen. He was arrested at Suspension Bridge, New York, Dec. 16, 1864, was tried at Fort Lafayette by a military commi ion, and, in spite of a proclamation by Jefferson Davis, dated Dec. 24, 1864, in which the Confederate government a umed the responsibility for Beall's action, was convicted and hanged. Bear Flag Battalion. An American corps, in the early history of California, which was active in expelling the Mexicans. Bear Island. A small island in the Arctic Ocean, south of Spitz bergen. diffused in Hindu stan, allied, perhaps, gipsies of Europe. Bazin (bä-zan'). The lackey of Aramis in "The Three Musketeers" by Dumas. Bazin (ba-zań'), Antoine Pierre Louis. Born 1799: died 1863. A French Orientalist. IHe published "Théâtre chino is," "Grammaire mandarine," etc. Bazin, Jacques Rigomer. Born at Mans, 1771: died Jan. 20, 1820. A French publicist, man of letters, and democratic politician. He was the author of pamphlets published under the title "Le Lynx" (1814) and "Suite du Lynx" (1817), "Jacqueline d'Olys bourg" (1803), a melodrama, "Charlemagne" (1817), a tragedy, "Séide" (1816), a novel, etc. Bazoche (bä-zōsh'), or Basoche, La. An a ociation of clerks connected with the parliament of Paris. It watched over the interests of its members, and performed farces satirizing the parliament. It arose at the be ginn in beginning of the 14th century, and was suppre ed in 1791, but has recently been revived. Baztan, or Bastan (bäs-tän'). A valley in the Pyrenees, in the northern part of the province of Navarre, Spain. It is traversed by the Bid as so a. Bazzard (baz'ürd). Mr. In Charles Dickens's "Mystery of Edwin Drood," a clerk to Mr. at Marburg, 1812: died at Jordan, Wis., Feb. 3, 1888. A German philosophical writer, pub- licist, and revolutionary politician. He was proves fe or of philosophy at Marburg 1838-46; member of the Landtag of He e in 1848; and president of the chamber Beach, Hicks. See Hicks - Beach . Grewgious, Grewgious, and author of a tragedy which gives him a baleful influence over his master. in 1850; and later removed to the United States (Wis- cons in). Bayrischer Wald (bi'rē-sher vält), or Bayerwald (bi'er-vält). An extension of the Böh mer Wald in eastern Bavaria. Bays water (bāz ́wa-ter). [From Baynard's Watering Place.] A part of London lying north of Kensington Gardens. The original Bays water was a hamlet near what is now Gloucester