Eclemach

See Eslen. Eclipse (e-klips'). [So named because he was foaled during the eclipse of 1764.] A famous race-horse, a descendant, in the male line, of Ecstatic Doctor. A surname of Ruysbroeck. Ector (ek'tor), or Hector, Sir. In the Arthur i an romance, a faithful knight who with his wife brought up the infant Arthur. He was the father of Sir Kay. Ector, or Hector, de Maris, Sir. In Arthur i an his death with a bitter lament, and afterward went with romance, the brother of Sir Lance lot. He mourned Sir Bois and seven other knights to the Holy Land, where epublic of the they died on a Good Friday. Ecuador (ek'wa-dor; Sp. pron. ā-kwä-dor'). [Sp. República del Ecuador , Republic Equator.] A republic of South America, lying between Colombia on the north, Peru on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Eastward its claims extend to the confines of Brazil, but Colombia and Peru dispute all the territory to the eastern base of the Andes. At present (1894) the actual jurisdic tion of Ecuador extends to about long. 73° W., on the river Napo, and does not include any part of the Marañon or upper Amazon. The country is traversed from north to south by the Andes, which form a continuous eastern range and a roughly parallel but much broken western range, containing some of the highest peaks in South America and numerous volcanoes. Between the mountains there are several high table-lands or basins. The coast regions and those east of the mountains are low, hot, and covered in great part with forest. The principal products and exports are cacao, hides, sugar, and rubber. The inhabitants are whites (of Spanish descent), Indians, and mixed races. The executive is vested in a president elected for 4 years, and congre consists of 2 chambers. There are 16 provinces besides the Galapagos Islands. The Roman Catholic is the state religion, and the only one tolerated. Capi tal. Quito. At the time of the conquest, the greater part of Ecuador was subject to the Incas of Peru. It was con quered by the Spaniards 1533-34, and under the name of Kingdom of Quito was a presidency attached to the viceroyalty of Peru. The Spanish rulers being expelled with the aid of Bolivar 1822-23, the country was united to Colombian Confederation until 1830, when it seceded and adopted its present name. Since then it has suffered greatly from political revolutions. Area in jurisdiction, about 155,000 square miles; claimed, 275,964 square miles. Population, about 1.260,000. Edam (ē'dam). A town in the province of Eden, William North Holland, Netherlands, situated near the Zuider Zee 11 miles northeast of Amsterdam. It is noted for its cheese. Population (1891) 6,424. Edda (ed'). [ON. Edda , poetics. Etymologically connected with ON. odhr , poetry, meter, mind, soul.] A work written (in prose and verse) by Snorri Sturluson (born 1178: died by a a ination 1241), containing the old mythology of Scand in a via and the old rules for verse making; also, a collection of ancient Icelandic poems. The name Edda (whether given by Snorri himself is not known) occurs in the inscription of one of the manuscripts of the work. Snorri's Edda as it was originally written consisted of three parts: the Gylfaginning Gylfi), epitome of the old mythology; Skald ska par mal (art of poetry), an explanation of poetical expre ions and periphrases; and Hattatal (list of meters), a laudatory poem on the Norwegian king Hakon Hakon on, and Jarl Skuli, in which all forms of verse used in the old poetry are exemplified. To this was ultimately added a Formal i (preface), and the Bragaroedhur (sayings of Bragi), describing the origin of poetry, and in some manuscripts Thulur, or a rimed glo ary of synonyms, lists of poets, etc. The work was intended as a handbook of poets. In the year 1643 the Icelandic bishop Brynjulf Svein on discovered a collection of old mythological poems which was erroneously ascribed to Sæmund Sigfu on (born 1056: died 1133), and hence called from him Sæmundar Edda hins Frodha, the Edda of Sæmund the Learned. The poems that compose this Edda are of unknown origin and authorship. They are supposed to have been collected about the middle of the 13th century, but were composed at widely different periods down from the 9th century, to the first half of which the oldest is to be a igned: hence the name now given to this collection, the Elder or Poetic Edda, in distinction from the Younger or Prose Edda of Snorri, to which alone the name Edda legitimately belonged. The Elder Edda is usually considered to include 32 poems (some of them fragmentary), 29 of which are in Brynjulf's MS., the Codex Regius of the Edda, and three from other sources. Eddy stone (ed'i-ston) Rocks. ['Whirlpool rocks.] A reef in the English Channel, south of Cornwall, in lat. 50° 10′ 49′′ N., long. 4° 16′ W. On them a famous lighthouse was erected 1696-99, and has been rebuilt in 1706, 1756-59, and 1879-82. In the present structure the light (159,600 candle-power) is 133 feet above the sea, and can be seen for 17 miles. Eden (e'den). [Traditionally derived from Heb. 'eden, delight, pleasure, probably connected with Babylonian edinu , field or park.] In biblical history, the name of the first abode of man, in the midst of which a garden, the garden of Eden (the "paradise"), was planted. The position of Eden is described in Gen. ii. 8 ff. by four rivers that go out from it, and by the countries they surround or pa in their course. Of these two, the Euphrates and Tigris (Hebrew Perath and Hiddekel), are the well known rivers of Me so pot am i a; the other two, Pishon and Gihon, have been identified with various streams. One of the latest hypotheses, that of Fried rich Delitzsch, a umes that the narrator in Genesis thought Eden located near the city of Babylon and meant by the rivers Pishon and Gihon two canals; he also attempts to identify the conn tries mentioned in this pa age with territories in that region. It is generally agreed that the description in alludes to valley. Eden. A river in West more land and Cumber land, England, which flows into Solway Firth 8 miles northwest of Car lisle. There are other small rivers of this name in Great Britain. Length, about 65 miles. Eden, Emily. Born in Old Palace Yard, Westminster, March 3, 1797: died at Richmond, Englan land, Aug. 5, 1869. An English novelist and traveler, daughter of William Eden, first Baron Auckland. She resided in India 1835-42, and wrote "Portraits of the People and Princes of India" tached Couple" (1860), etc. (1844) The semi-detached House" (1859), "The Semi-atEden, George, Earl of Auckland. Born near Beckenham, Kent, Aug. 25, 1784: died Jan. 1, 1849. An English statesman, son of William Eden, first Lord Auckland. He was president of the Board of Trade and master of the mint in Lord Grey's cabinet (1830-34), first lord of the admiralty 1834 and 1835, and governor-general of India 1835-42. He ordered the deposition of Dost Mohammed in 1838, and thus commenced the Afghan war. He was created earl of Auckland in 1839. Eden, Richard. Born about 1521: died 1576. An English translator. He studied at Cambridge; held a position in the treasury 1544-46; was private secretary to Sir W. Cecil 1552; and was appointed to a place in the English treasury of Prince Philip of Spain in 1554, a position which he lost soon after, owing to an accusation of heresy. In 1562 he entered the service of a French nobleman, with whom he traveled extensively. Eden's name as a translator is appended to many books on geography, travels, navigation, etc. Among these are "A Treatyse of the Newe India (1553: a translation of part of Munster's "Cos mog raphia"), which is the first intelligible description in English of America; and "Decades of the Newe World" (1555: mainly a translation of Peter Martyr's work). Eden, William. Born April 3, 1744: died May 28, 1814. The first Lord Auckland, son of Sir Robert Eden of Winder stone Hall, Durham. He entered Parliament in 1774; was one of the commi ioners sent to America in 1778; held various offices in the ministry; was employed to negotiate a commercial Eden, William treaty and other agreements with France 1785-87; and was amba ador to Spain and to Holland. He was raised to the peerage in 1789. He wrote "Principles of Penal Law" (1772), "History of New Holland" (1787), etc. Edenhall (e'dn-hal). The seat of the Musgraves of Cumber land, England, near Penrith. Eden Hall, Luck of. See Luck of Eden Hall . Edenkoben (a-den-kō'ben). A town in the Palatinate, Bavaria, 15 miles west-southwest of Spires. Near it is the royal villa Ludwigshöhe, built in 1846. Population (1890), 4,914. Eden of Germany. An epithet of Baden. Ede a (e-des'sä), or Ægæ (ē'jē). In ancient geography, the early capital of Macedonia, represented by the modern Vodena, 47 miles west northwest of Saloniki. Ede a. A city in Me so pot am i a, in the vilayet of Aleppo, Turkey, in lat. 37° 13' N., long. 38° 25' E.: the modern Urfa or Orfa. Its ancient name was also Antiochia or Callirrhoe. It became the capital of an independent kingdom in 137 B. C., and under Trajan was made tributary to Rome. In the 4th and 5th centuries it was an important seat of Christian learning. It belonged to Mohammedan powers, except in the 11th century, when it was held by the Byzantine empire, and in 1097-1144, when it was held by the Crusaders and was the capital of a Latin principality of Ede a. It was sacked by the Turks in 1147, and was finally po e ed by them in 1637. Population, estimated, 40,000. Edfu (ed'fö). A town in Upper Egypt, situated near the left bank of the Nile in lat. 24° 59′ N.: the ancient A poll i no polis Magna, Coptic Atbo. The celebrated temple of Edfu is the most perfect existing example of an ancient Egyptian religious edifice. It was founded by Ptolemy Philopator in 222 B. C. The entrance is by a ma ive double pylon 250 feet wide and 115 high, from which the strong inclosing wall is carried with its peristyle of columns. Behind it lies the hypostyle hall, to the rear of which is a second hall with 3 ranges of 4 columns, from which opens the double vestibule of the isolated sanctuary, on the pa age around which are placed, as usual, a number of small chambers. The abundant sculptures, though in style mere imitations of the older Pharaonic work, are from their subjects both interesting and instructive. The length of the temple is 450 feet. around the temple. Within the lies the great Edgar (ed'gär), or Eadgar. Born 944: died July 8, 975. A king of England, son of Edmund (Eadmund) and Ælfgifu. He ascended the throne Fadmi in 958 as succe or to his brother Eadwig (Edwy). He ruled the whole nation (West Saxons, Northumbrians, and Mercians), and his quiet reign gained for him the surname "The Peaceful." He is said to have ceded Lothian (northern Bernicia) to Kenneth of Scotland. Edgar. In Shakspere's "King Lear," the son of the Earl of Gloster. Edgar. See Ravens wood , Edgar . Edgar, Sir John. A pseudonym of Sir Richard Steele, under which he conducted "The Thea tre" from Jan., 1720, till April, 1720. Edgar, or Eadgar, Æthe ling. [AS. æthe ling , the prince.] Born in Hungary before 1057: died in the first part of the 12th century. An English prince, grandson of Edmund Ironside. Edgar town (ed'gär-toun). The chief town of Dukes County, Ma achusetts, situated on Martha's Vineyard 74 miles south-southeast of Boston. It is a summer resort. Population (1890), 1,156. Edgecote (edj'kōt). A place in North amp tons hire, England, 17 miles southwest of North amp ton. Here, July 26, 1469, the insurgents under Robin of Redes dale defeated the royalists under the Earl of Pembroke. Edge hill (ej'hil). A ridge in War wicks hire, England, situated 12 miles south of Warwick. Here, Oct. 23, 1642, was fought the first battle of the civil between the Royalists under Charles I. and the Parliamentarians under the Earl of E ex: result indecisive. Edge worth (ej'werth), Maria. Born at Black Bourton, Oxfords hire, Jan. 1, 1767: died at Edge worths town, Long ford, Ireland, May 22, 1849. An English novelist, daughter of Richard Lovell Edge worth. She wrote, in conjunction with her father, "E ays on Practical Education" (1798) and an "E ay on Irish Bulls" (1802). Her chief independent works are "Castle Rack rent" (1800), "Be linda" (1801), "Moral Tales" (1801), "Popular Tales" (1804), "Tales of Fashionable Life" (1809-12), "Leonora" (1806), "Patronage" (1814), "Ormond" (1817), and "Helen" (1834). Edict of Nantes. See Nantes , Edict of . Edin. A poetical name of Edinburgh. Edinburgh (ed'n-bur-ō), or Edinburgh shire, or Mid-Lothian. A county of Scotland, lying between the Firth of Forth on the north, Hadding ton, Berwick, and Roxburgh on the east, Selkirk, Peebles, and Lanark on the south, and Linlithgow on the northwest. Area, 362 square miles. Population (1891), 434,276. Edinburgh (ed'n-bur-ō). [Formerly Edinbo row, Edinbro, ME. Edinburgh , Edenborow, earlier Edwinesburch , Edwinesburg , AS. * Eád wines burh , Edwin's castle.] The ancient capital of Scotland, in the county of Edinburgh, 2 miles south of the Firth of Forth, in lat. 55° 57′ N., long. 3° 12′ W.: often called "the modern or northern Athens," both from its topography and as a seat of learning. See Dune din . It is noted for its picturesque situation on ridges near Calton Hill and Arthur's Seat. It is the seat of the 855-870. judicial and administrative government of the country, and an important publishing and literary center. It contains a university, castle, Holyrood Palace, Scott monument, St. Giles's Church, the Parliament House (with the Gallery, St. Mary's Cathedral, and various charitable and Advocates' Library), the Royal Institution, the National educational institutions. The castle, a citadel and palace, occupies a high rock in the middle of the city. The exterior has been greatly modified, but much in the in Edrei Edmund (ed'mund), or Eadmund, Saint. [AS. Eadmund , L. Edmundus, F. Edmond , It. Ed mondo, Sp. Pg. Edmundo .] Born about 840: killed by the Danes 870. King of East Anglia Edmund, Saint. Born at Abingdon, England, Nov. 20, probably between 1170 and 1175: died at Soisy, France, Nov. 16, 1240. Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the son of one Edward or Reinald Rich, studied at Oxford and Paris, and in 1233 was appointed archbishop of Canterbury. He came forward as a champion of the national church against papal encroachment; but, finding himself unable to resist the ap abandoned his archiepiscopal see in 1240 and took refuge in the monastery of Pontigny, in France. He died at Soisy, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health, and was canonized in 1247. He is also called Edmund Rich and Edmund of Pontigny. apartments and the Romanesque chapel. Here are preterior remains as of old, including some of the royal of 300 to as many English benefices, served the royal regalia of Scotland. The Parliament House is now occupied by the Supreme Law Courts. It is a large Renai ance building, with porticos of Ionic columns over an arcaded and rusticated basement. The great hall has a handsome roof of oak, and contains interesting portraits and statues. The cathedral (St. Giles's Church) was founded in the 12th century, but the present structure is of the 15th. The interior has high nave pillars and Pointed arches. The transept is Norman, with ma ive piers supporting the tower. The fine rece ed and sculptured west doorway is modern. St. Mary's Cathedral, the masterpiece of Sir G. Gilbert Scott, was completed 1879. It is a spacious structure in the Early English style, with an imposing central spire 295 feet high. Edinburgh was fortified by the Northumbrian king Edwin (whence its name Edwin's Burgh) about 617; succeeded Perth as the capital 1437; was taken and sacked by the English in 1544, and again (by Cromwell) in 1650; and was occupied by the Young Pretender in 1745. It is famous in the literary history of the last half of the 18th and first half of the 19th century, through its connection with Hume, Robertson, Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith, Burns, Scott, Wilson, the "Edinburgh Review," etc. Population (1891), 261,261. Edinburgh, Duke of. See Alfred . Edinburgh, University of. A famous seat of learning, founded in 1582 by James VI. It comprises the faculties of arts, divinity, law, and medicine. Its library contains about 178,000 volumes and 3,000 manuscripts. There are 50 profe ors, besides lecturers, and the number of matriculated students in 1896-97 was 2,850. Conjointly with the University of St. Andrews it sends a member to Parliament. The large university building is of the 18th century. The celebrated medical school occupies a magnificent modern Renai ance building. Edinburgh Review. A literary and political review, founded at Edinburgh frey, Sydney Smith, Brougham, Horner, and others. dinburgh burgh in 1802 by Jef A knot of clever lads (Smith was 31, Jeffrey 29, Brown 24, Horner 24, and Brougham 23) met in the third (not, as Smith afterwards said, the "eighth or ninth") storey of a house in Edinburgh, and started the journal by acclamation. Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, III. 140. Edison (ed'i-son), Thomas Alva. Born at Milan, Ohio, Feb. 11, 1847. A celebrated Amer ican inventor. He became at the age of twelve a news the Grand Trunk Line running into Detroit, and subsequently a telegraph operator. He came in 1871 to New York, where he perfected the duplex telegraph (1872), and invented the printing telegraph for gold and stock quotations, for the manufacture of which latter appliance he established a workshop at Newark, N. J. In 1876 he removed to Menlo Park, N. J., and later to West Orange, N. J., where he has devoted himself to inventing. Among his inventions are his system of duplex telegraphy (which he subsequently developed into quadruplex and sextuplex transmi ion), the carbon telephone transmitter, the micro tasimeter, the aërophone, the megaphone, the phonograph, and the incandescent electric lamp. Edisto (ed'is-tō). A river in South Carolina, formed by the union of the north and the south branch, and flowing into the sea by two channels about 25 miles southwest of Charleston. Length, over 150 miles. Edith (e'dith). [ME. Edith (ML. Editha ), AS. Eádgith .] Died at Winchester, Dec. 19, 1075. An Anglo-Saxon queen. She was the daughter of Godwine, earl of We ex, and married Edward the Confe or in 1045, receiving Winchester and Exeter as her morning gift. She is said to have planned the murder of Gospatric, one of the king's thegns, in 1064, at the instigation of her brother Tostig, earl of North umber land. She founded a church at Will on, which was consecrated in 1065; and on the death of her husband retired to Winchester, in the quiet po e ion of which she was allowed to remain by William the Conqueror. Edith. 1. One of the principal characters in Beaumont and Fletcher's "Bloody Brother."2. The Maid of Lorn in Scott's poem "The Lord of the Isles." Edith Dombey. See Dombey . Ediya (ed-e'yä). The black tribes which inhabit the island Fernando Po, West Africa. Physically degenerate, they also live in a very low state of culture. They speak a Bantu language which is related to those of the fronting mainland and subdivides itself into a number of dialects. Some authors call it Fernan dian. From their form of salutation, the Ediya are generally known by the name of Bubis. Those who have adopted Christianity are making progre in civilization. Edmonton (ed'mon-ton). A village in Middle sex, England, north of London. Edmonton, The Devil or Merry Devil of. See Merry , etc. Edmonton, The Witch of. See Witch , etc. He Edmund I., or Eadmund, surnamed Magnific us ('the Magnificent'). Born about 922: killed at Puckle church, Gloucester, England, May 26, 946. King of the West Saxons and Mercians. He was the son of Edward the Elder, and a brother of Athelstan whom he succeeded in 940. subdued Cumbria (945), which he bestowed on Malcolm I. of Scotland. He was killed by a robber named Liofa while keeping the feast of St. Augustine of Canterbury at Puckle church, Gloucestershire. The robber having entered the hall unbidden, the king ordered a cup-bearer to remove him, and when the robber resisted came to the cup-bearer's relief. In the struggle that ensued he was stabbed to death with a dagger. Edmund II., or Eadmund, surnamed Ironside. Born probably about 989: died, probably at London, Nov. 30, 1016. King of the West Saxons. He was the son of Ethelred "the Un ready," whom he succeeded in April, 1016. After many victories over the Danes, he was defeated in a bloody battle at A andun (Ashing ton) in E ex by Canute, with whom he was forced to divide his kingdom, provision being made, it is said, that the survivor should be sole king. He retained We ex, E ex, East Anglia, and London, while Canute received North umber land and Mercia. His death, which was probably due to natural causes, has been attributed by later tradition to poison administered by Eadric Streona at the instance of Canute. After his death Canute took po e ion of the whole kingdom. Edmund. In Shakspere's "King Lear," a bastard son of the Earl of Gloster. Edmunds (ed'mundz), George Franklin. Born at Richmond, Vt., Feb. 1, 1828. An American statesman. He was a Republican senator from Vermont to Congre 1866-91; was a member of the Electoral Commi ion in 1877; and was acting Vice-President 1883-85. He is the author of the Edmunds Act of 1882 for the suppre ion of polygamy in Utah, and of an act pa ed in 1887 pertaining to the same subject. Edmunds, John. A felon, the principal char acter the tale "The Convict's Return," in Charles Dickens's "Pickwick Papers." Edohwe (ed'ō-hwa). A tribe or division of North American Indians, formerly living on Klamath River, Siskiyou County, California, where a few now remain. In 1851 it had 24 villages, with an estimated population of 1,440. See Sastean . Edom (ē'dom), or Idumea (id-u-mē'ä). [Heb., 'reddish, "muddy.'] The region in the lowland south of the Dead Sea, bounded on the west by the desert of Paran, and on the northeast by the mountains of Moab: the modern Wadi el Arabah and the surrounding mountainous country, extending southward to the Ælanitic Gulf, and including the seaports Elath and Eziongeber. The most important cities of this rugged barren territory were Bozrah, the capital Maon, Phunon, and Sela, afterward called Petra, from which the whole district was named Petræa. The Edomites were descendants of Esau, the brother of Jacob, and were, therefore, designated as "brothers of Israel" (Num. xx. 14, Deut. ii. 4, 8), but be came later the hereditary enemies of Israel: Saul attacked them (1 Sam. xiv. 47) and subdued them (2 Sam. viii. 13). After the division of the Israel it ish kingdom they came under the supremacy of Judah, but made frequent and sometimes succe ful attempts to regain their independence. They were for the last time subjected by Uzziah about the middle of the 8th century B. C. Tiglath-Pileser III. made (about 743) Kauš Malik, king of Edom, tribu tary. Esarhaddon (680-668) mentions Kauš Gabri of Edom among the tributary kings. In the time of Nebuchadnezzar (604-561) Edom, still ruled by a king, was attacked by the Babylonians. During the captivity they took po e ion of portions of Judea, while their own territory was occupied by Arabic tribes, the Nabathæans, and was called, after the city of Petra, Arabia Petræa. The Hasmonean king John Hyrcanus took Dora and Mori a and forced the Idumeans to accept Judaism about 130 B. C. Afterward they became the rulers of the Jews in the person of Anti pater and his descendants the Herodians. The last king of this race, Herod Agrippa II., died about 100 A. D., but the name of Idumea vanishes from history with the fall of Judea. Edred, or Eadred (ed'red). Died at Frome, England, Nov. 23, 955. A king of England, youngest son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu, and brother of Edmund I. whom he succeeded in 946. His government was controlled by his mother and Dunstan; his reign was marked by revolts in Nor thumb ria. Edrei (ed'rē-1). [Heb., 'strong,' 'mighty.'] The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Edrei In Old Testament history, the capital of Og, king of Bashan. Near it Og was defeated by the Israeli tes. The city was with the territory a igned to the tribe of Mana eh. Edric (ed'rik), or Eadric. Put to death by Canute, 1017. An English nobleman, ealdorman of Mercia, chief adviser of Æthelred the Unready. Edrisi. See Idrisi . Edrisites. See Idrisites . Edward (ed' wärd), surnamed "The Elder." [AS. Eadweard , guardian of property, L. Ed vardus , F. Edouard , It. Eduardo , Edoardo , Odo ardo , Sp. Eduardo , Pg. Eduardo , Duarte, G. Eduard.] Died at Farndon, North amp tons hire, in 925. King of the West Saxons, son of Alfred the Great whom he succeeded in 901. He de feated his cousin Ethelwald, who disputed his title to the throne. On the death of his sister Ethelfleda (Elfleda), the widow of Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, he incorporated Mercia (which had long acknowledged the overlordship of the West-Saxon kings) with We ex. He completed the conquest of the Danelagh, or Five Boroughs of the Danes, conquered East Anglia and E ex, and received the submi ion of Strathclyde and all the Scots. At his death he ruled We ex, Kent, and Su ex by inheritance; Mercia, E ex, and East Anglia by conquest; and North umber land, Wales, Scotland, and Strathclyde as overlord. Edward, surnamed "The Martyr." Born probably in 963: murdered March 18, 979. King of the West Saxons, son of Edgar whom he succeeded in 975. He was elected by the witan through the influence of Saint Dunstan, primate of England, in spite of the measures taken by his stepmother, Elfrida, to secure the crown for her son Æthelred. He was murdered by her order, and was succeeded by his stepbrother, Æthelred II. Edward, surnamed "The Confe or," from his reputed sanctity. Born at Islip, Oxfords hire, about 1004: died Jan. 5, 1066. King of the West Saxons, son of Æthelred II. and Emma of Normandy. He lived chiefly in Normandy during the Danish supremacy, and was elected to the throne of his father through the influence of Godwine, earl of We ex, on the death of Harthacnut, in 1042. He married Edgitha, daughter of Godwine, in 1045. He died without i ue, and was succeeded by his wife's brother Harold, whose title was disputed by William, duke of Normandy. A notable event of his reign was the compilation, in 1070, of the so-called "Laws of Edward the Confe or." He was canonized in 1161. Edward I., surnamed "Long shanks." Born at Westminster, England, June 17-18, 1239: died at Burgh-on-the-Sands, near Car lisle, England, July 7, 1307. King of England 1272-1307. He was the son of Henry III. and Eleanor of Provence. In 1254 he married Eleanor of Castile. He took an active part in the struggle between his father and the barons, inflicting a decisive defeat on their leader, Simon de Montfort, at Evesham in 1265. He engaged, 1270-72, in the seventh Crusade, and was returning from the Holy Land when he heard of his acce ion to the throne. He reached England in 1274, in which year he was crowned. In 1276 he began the conquest of Wales, which had become practically independent during the barons' wars, and in 1284 annexed that country to England. He expelled the Jews from England in 1290. On the death of the Maid of Norway, granddaughter of Alexander III. of Scotland, the Scottish estates were unable to decide between the two chief claimants to the throne, Baliol and Bruce, with the result that Edward was appointed arbitrator. He decided in favor of Baliol, whose homage he received. In 1294 he became involved in a war France, which formed an alliance with Scotland. In 1296 he defeated the Scots at Dunbar, compelled Baliol to resign the crown, carried the Scotch coronation-stone to London, and placed Scotland under an English regent, who was however, defeated by the patriot William Wallace in 1297. Edward defeated the Scots under Wallace in the battle of Falkirk, July 22, 1298. In 1303 he concluded the peace of Amiens with France, having married in 1299 Philip IV.'s sister, Marga ret. Invading Scotland in 1303, he received the submi ion of Bruce, and in 1305 he ordered the execution of Wallace, who had been betrayed to the English. He died on the way to Scotland, where a new insurrection had placed Bruce on the throne in 1306. Among the chief internal events of his reign were the publication of the first statute of Winchester in 1275; the separation of the old King's Court into three tribunals (the Court of Exchequer, Court of King's Bench, and Court of Common Pleas); the de velopment of the jurisdiction of the Royal Council (later the Star Chamber) and of the chancellor; the publication of the statute of mortmain in 1279, and the statute of Winchester in 1285; and the summons in 1295 of the first perfect Parliament. Edward II. Born at Carnarvon, Wales, April 25, 1284: murdered at Berkeley Castle, near Gloucester, England, Sept. 21, 1327. King of England 1307-27. He was the fourth son of Edward I. by his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. He was created in 1301 the first Prince of Wales. On his acce ion to the throne he recalled his favorite, Piers Gaveston, who had been banished by Edward I. He married Isabella of France in 1308. The insolence of Gaveston having aroused the anger of the barons, the favorite was banished through their influence in 1308, only to be shortly recalled by the king. In 1310, in consequence of the incompetence of Edward, who was completely under the ascendancy of Gaveston, the government was intrusted by the barons to 21 ordainers, who procured the pa age of the ordinances of the Parliament of 1311, in accordance with which Gaveston was exiled, and provisions were made for annual Parliaments and for the reform of administrative abuses. In 1312 the barons brought about the execution of Gaveston, who had been recalled by the king. In 1314 Edward wa Bannock burn (June 24). The exile of his new favorites, the two Despensers, by Parliament in 1321 involved him in a war with the barons, who were defeated at the battle of Borough bridge in 1322. In 1323, after an unsucce ful Eeckhout acted in 1590. It was entered on the Stationers' Register in 1595; was printed anonymously in 1596; and at one time was attributed to Shakspere. invasion of Scotland, he concluded a peace for thirteen years with Bruce, whose a umption of the royal title was 1600. pa ed over in silence. His queen, Isabella, having in 1325 been sent to France to negotiate with Charles IV. concern- ing the English fiefs in France, intrigued with Roger Mor- timer and other disaffected barons, landed in England in 1326, captured Bristol, executed the Despensers, and im- prisoned Edward, who was deposed by Parliament and murdered in Berkeley Castle. Edward III. Born at Windsor, England, Nov. 13, 1312: died at Shene (Richmond), England, June 21, 1377. King of England 1327-77. He un the deposition of his father he was proclaimed inbeing exercised by the queen and her favorite, Roger Mortimer. He married Philippa of Hainault in 1328, and in the same year concluded the treaty of North amp ton with the Scots, in which Robert Bruce was recognized as king. In 1330 he took the government into his own hands, securing the execution of Mortimer and imprisoning the queen-mother. On the death of Bruce in 1329, Edward Baliol seized the crown, to the exclusion of Bruce's infant son David. Baliol did homage to Edward, and a revolt of the nobles drove him acro the border. Edward defeated the national party at Halidon Hill in 1333, and restored Baliol. In 1338 he became involved in a war with France (the Hundred Years' War), whose throne he claimed in right of his mother. In 1346, at the battle of Neville's Cro , his army defeated the Scots under David II. (Bruce), who had recovered the Scottish throne in 1342; the Scots, however, succeeded in maintaining their independence. He gained with his son, the Black Prince, the victory of Crécy over the French in 1346, and reduced Calais in 1347, while the Black Prince gained the battle of Poitiers in 1356. In 1360 he concluded with the French the peace of Bretigny, by which he renounced the French crown and Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, in return for the ce ion in full sovereignty to England of Aquitaine, Ponthieu, Guisnes, and Calais. He subsequently, in a war with Charles V., lost all his po e ions in France, with the exception of Bordeaux, Calais, and Bayonne. During his reign occurred several visit a tions of the "black death" (1348-49, 1361, and 1369). Edward IV. Born at Rouen, France, probably April 29, 1441: died April 9, 1483. King of England 1461-83. He was the son of Richard, duke of York, and Cecily Nevill, daughter of the Earl of West more land. He was known as the Earl of March previous to his acce ion, and played a prominent part in the struggle of his house (the house of York) with that of Lancaster for the po e ion of the throne. In conjunct tion with the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick he defeated the Lancastrians under Henry VI. at North amp ton in 1460, and took the king prisoner. His father, the Duke of York, was defeated and killed at the battle of Wake field later in the same year, whereupon Edward succeeded to the title, defeated the Lancastrians at the battle of Mortimer's Cro in 1461, and was proclaimed king at London March 4, 1461. The early part of his reign was disturbed by constant attempts of the Lancastrians to regain the throne. In 1464 he secretly married Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Richard Woodville, Baron Rivers, and widow of Sir John Grey, a Lancastrian, which caused a revolution under the Earl of Warwick, who joined forces with the Lancastrians and proclaimed the deposed and captive Henry VI. king. Edward suppre ed the rising in the battles of Barnet (April 14, 1471) and Tewkesbury (May 4, 1471), in the former of which Warwick was slain. Edward V. Born in Westminster Abbey, Abbey, Nov. 2 or 3, 1470: murdered in the Tower of London in 1483. King of England April-June, 1483. He succeeded to the throne under the regency of his uncle Richard, duke of Gloucester, who secretly put him He was the son of Edward IV. by Elizabeth Woodville. Edward IV. A play by Heywood, printed in Edwardes (ed'wärdz), Sir Herbert Benjamin. Born at Frodesley, Shropshire, England, Nov. 12, 1819: died at London, Dec. 23, 1868. An English general and author, distinguished in the Sikh wars in India 1845-49. He published "A Year on the Punjab Frontier" (1851), etc. Edwards (ed' wärdz), Amelia Bland ford. Born at London in 1831: died at Weston Super Mare, Somerset, April 15, 1892. An English novelist, miscellaneous writer, and Egypt ologist. She showed talent for drawing and music, and in 1853 began to write for periodicals, and devoted herself from 1880 to archæological studies. In 1883 she became the honorary secretary of the Egyptian exploration fund. She received the title of doctor of philosophy from Columbia College, New York, and lectured on the antiquities of Egypt, etc., in 1889 and in succeeding years in the United States. "A You sand Miles up the Nile" (1877) was illustrated from her own sketches. Among her novels are "Barbara's History" (1864), "Lord Bracken bury" (1880), "Debenham's Vow" (1870), "Half a Million of Money, "Mi Carew" (1865), "Hand in Glove," etc. She also wrote "A Summary of English History" (1856), "An Abridgment of French History" (1858), "Pharaohs, Fellahs, and Explorers" (1891), etc., and in 1865 published a volume of ballads. Edwards, Bryan. shire, May 21, 1743: died at Southampton, July ards, Bryan. Born at Westbury, Wilt15, 1800. An English West India merchant and historian. He lived in Jamaica 1760-92, when he returned to England. He established a bank at Southampton, and in 1796 was elected to Parliament. He is best known for his "History of the British Colonies in the West Indies," of which the first two volumes were published in 1793: later editions are greatly enlarged, the best being that of 1819. His "Historical Survey of St. Domingo," first published in 1797, is generally appended to the later editions of the "History." Edwards, George. Born at Str at ford, E ex, England, April 3, 1693: died at Plaistow, near London, July 23, 1773. An English naturalist. He published a "History of Birds" (1745-51), "Gleanings of Natural History" (1758-64: 3 volumes additional to the "History"), etc. Edwards, Henri Milne. See Milne Edwards. Edwards, Jonathan. Born at East Windsor, Conn., Oct. 5, 1703: died at Princeton, N. J., March 22, 1758. An eminent American theologian and metaphysician. He was pastor of the Congregational Church at North amp ton, Ma achusetts, 1727-50; mi ionary to the Indians at Stock bridge, Ma achusetts, 1751-58; and president of Princeton College in 1758. He published "A Treatise concerning the Religious Affections" (1746), "Qualifications for Full Communion in the Visible Church" (1749), "An E ay on the Freedom of the Will" (his most celebrated work, published 1754), "Doctrine of Original Sin Defended" (1758), "History of the Redemption" (1772). Edwards, Jonathan, called "The Younger." Born at North amp ton, Ma ., May 26, 1745: died at Schenectady, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1801. An American Congregational clergyman, son of Jonathan Edwards. He was president of Union College (Schenectady) 1799-1801. Edward VI. Born at Hampton Court, Eng- land, Oct. 12, 1537: died at Green wich, near London, July 6, 1553. King of England 1547- 1553. He was the son of Henry VIII. by his third queen, Jane Seymour, and succeeded to the throne under the re- gency of his uncle, the Duke of Somerset, who was sup- planted about 1550 by the Duke of North umber land. During his reign occurred the publication of the 42 articles of religion and the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer. Before his death he was induced by the Duke of North umber land to a ign the crown to Lady Jane Grey, to the exclusion of Mary and Elizabeth. Edward, Prince of Wales, called "The Black Prince." Born at Wood stock, England, June 15, 1330: died at Westminster, England, June 8, 1376. Son of Edward III. He fought with dis- tinct i on at Crécy in 1346; gained the victory of Poitiers in 1356; was created duke of Aquitaine in 1363; defeated the Castilians at Navarrete in 1367; and stormed Limoges in 1369. spere. Edward II. A tragedy by Marlowe, entered on the Stationers' Register July 6, 1593. It was probably written about 1590, but was not published till 1598, after Marlowe's death. Charles Lamb remarks that "the reluctant pangs of abdicating royalty in Edward furnished hints which Shakspere since improved in his Edward III. A tragedy attributed to Mar Richard III." Edwards, Justin. Born at West hampton, Ma ., April 25, 1787: died at Virginia Springs, author of various tracts on temperance, etc. Edwards, Matilda Barbara Betham-. Born at Wester field, England, 1836. An English writer, noted as a novelist. For her works on France (editions of Arthur Young's "Travels," etc.) she was in 1891 made Off icier de l'Instruction Publique de France. Edwards, Richard. Born in Somersets hire, England, about 1523: died Oct. 31, 1566. An English dramatist. In 1561 he was appointed master of the Children of the Chapel. He wrote a drama "Damon and Pythias" (1571: reprinted by Dodsley), and a number of poems, some of which appeared in "The Paradyse of Daynty Devises" (1576). Edwin (ed'win), or Eadwine. Born probably in 585: died in 633. King of Nor thumb ria 617633, son of King Ella of Deira. He was the fifth Bretwalda, and his overlordship extended over all Teutonic Britain except Kent. He was defeated and slain in the battle of Heath field in 633 by the rebellious Mercians under Penda in alliance with Cad wall on of Wales. During his reign Christianity was introduced into Nor thumb ria. Edwin and Angel in a. A ballad by Oliver Goldsmith, privately printed originally for the Counte of North umber land. The ballad was first published in "The Vicar of Wake field," and is also called "The Hermit." Edwin and Emma. A ballad by Mallet, written in 1760. Edwin Drood. See Mystery of Edwin Drood. Edwy(ed'wi), or Eadwig, surnamed "The Fair." Born about 938: died 958. Son of Edmund I. He became king of We ex 955. Eeckhout van den. Born at Amsterdam, Aug. 19, 1621: died at Amsterdam, Sept. 22, 1674. A Dutch painter, a pupil of Rembrandt. Eecloo (a-klo). A town in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, 12 miles northwest of Ghent. Population (1890), 11,642. Efik (ef'ik). An African tribe dwelling around the estuary of the Cro and Old Kalabar rivers in West Africa. It largely consists of a fusion of various tribal elements brought in by the slave-trade. The country is ruled by few wealthy native freemen and mer chants, styled "kings," whose extensive trade in palm-oil is dependent on the labor of numerous slave subjects. Under Scottish Presbyterian mi ionaries Efik people have made encouraging progre in Christianity and civilization. The mi ion pre has i ued a considerable lit erature in Efik. This language has preserved few Bantu elements, and is generally cla ed with the Nigritic branch. Iboko and Ibibio are its principal dialects. Duke town, one of the largest native settlements of the West Coast, is now the capital of the British Oil Rivers Protectorate. The neighboring Creek town is also an important place. It is said that the export of slaves from this region and Bonny used to equal that of all the rest of Upper Guinea.