gland (gland)

[ dim. glandula, a gland: see glandule ); cf. Gr. βάλανος, an acorn, prob. thus specifically defined, are either simple, consisting of a single secretory follicle or rece , or compound, consisting of an aggregate of such structures; the latter are also called tubular, saccular, racemose, etc., according to their intimate structure. The so-called ductle or vascular glands (see (c)) are not in this category, it being the e ential character of a gland in this sense that it have an outlet for its special secretion. Glands of both these kinds were formerly cla ed as conglomerate glands, in distinc tion from conglobate or lymphatic glands. (c) Some smooth rounded part or organ of undetermined function, as the spleen and the thyroid and thymus. See ductle gland, below. (d) The glans penis or glans clitoridis, the head of the penis or of the clitoris.-2. In bot.: ( a ) Anacorn; also, the similar involucrate nut of the hazel, beech, and chestnut. (b) A secreting organ upon the surface of any part of a plant, or partially embedded in it. The term is extended to include also any protuberance or structure of a similar nature, though it may not secrete. Glands vary much in form and appearance, and in the character of their secretions. 3. In mach., a contrivance, consisting of a cro piece or clutch, for engaging or disengaging machinery moved by belts or bands.-4. In steam-engines and other machines: ( a ) A stuffing-box. pox. (b) A joint so tightly packed as to retain oil or other lubricating fluid for a considerable length of time. Also called gland box. gland One of the chief difficulties encountered in the compre ion of ammonia is leakage at the pump gland . Sci. Amer. Supp . , p. 8780. Absorbent gland, ad lymphatic gland-Acce ory gland, a small detached of parotid which sometimes exists as a separate lobe, and whose duct joins cro es ma eter. More the duct often as the latter the stands, See acinose, 2.- Aggregate glands, the Peyerian glands or Peyer's patches of the intestine. - Aggregate glands of Bruch, clusters of lymph-follicles in the conjunctiva; the trachoma glands of Henle. Also called clusters of Bruch.-Agminate glands, aggregated glands of the intestine. See Peyerian glands, below. - Anal gland. See anal.-Arytenoid glands, the mucous crypts of the larynx in the vicinity of the arytenoid cartilages.- Atrabiliary gland, an old name of the adrenal or suprarenal gland or capsule. Also called atrabiliary capsule. -Axillary glands, the lymphatic glands of the armpit. -Blood vascular gland, one of the several so-called "ductle glands," as the spleen, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal.Bowman's glands, small saccular glands in the olfactory mucous membrane, most distinctly characterized in the lower air-breathing vertebrates. - Bronchial glands, the lymphatic glands in the course of the bronchial tubes. -Brunner's glands (so called from J. K. Brunner (16531727)], the small compound glands of the duodenum and upper part of the jejunum, embedded in the submucous ti ue, opening by minute orifices into the lumen of the intestine.-Buccal glands, the mucous follicles of the mouth, similar in structure to salivary glands.- Calciferous gland, one of several pairs of lateral esophageal glandular diverticula of the earthworm which secrete a calcareous substance. Also called calcareous sac. The pharynx leads into the œsophagus, on each side of which in the lower part there are three pairs of large glands, which secrete a surprising amount of carbonate of lime. These calciferous glands are highly remarkable, for nothing like them is known in any other animal. Darwin, Vegetable Mould, p. 17. Cardiac glands, carotid gland, choroid gland. See the adjectives. - Ceruminous glands, ceruminiparous glands, the follicles of the ear which secrete ear-wax. They are modified sweat-glands. - Coccygeal gland. (a) In ornith., same as uropygeal gland. (b) In human an at., a small conglomerate body about as large as a pea, lying near the tip of the coccyx, the exact structure and function of which is uncertain. It is intimately connected with the arteries and nerves, and is probably not of glandular character. It is also called Luschka's gland, after its first describer, and by Arnold glomerulus arteriococcygeus. Colleterial gland. Same colleterium. - Conglobate gland, a lymphatic or absorbent gland. See def. 1 (a). Conglomerate gland, a compound gland, generally of large size and of various structure, as the hepatic, pancreatic, parotid, mammary, etc. The name is an old one, derived from Sylvius, who divided glands as then under. stood into conglomerate and conglobate, the latter being the lymphatics.- Congregate glands, Peyer's glands. See Peyerian glands. Coniferous glands, a name formerly given to the discoid markings in the wood-cells of gymnosperms.-Cowper's glands. See Cowperian glands, under Cowperian. - Ductle gland, a so-called gland, such as the spleen, thymus, thyroid, or adrenal, having no excretory duct or secretory function. The pineal and pituitary bodies are sometimes brought under this cate gory. Also called vascular gland. - Duodenal glands, the glands of Brunner. - Epiglottic gland, esophageal glands, fundus glands, etc. See the qualifying words. -Feather oil-gland. See feather. - Follicular gland, a simple gland of small size; a follicle. -Gastric glands, the secretory follicles of the stomach gastric follicles, commonly divided into two sets, the cardiac and pyloric. -Genital gland, the primitive undifferentiated gland of embryo which destined to become the testis of the male or the ovary of the female; a germ-gland.-Glands of Bartholin, glandulæ Bartholini, odoriferous glands, half an inch long, situated one on each side of the open ing of the vagina and discharging on the inner surfaces of the labia minor a. - Green-gland, a special excretory gland of the crawfish and other crustaceans, which func tions as a renal organ: so called from the color of its secretion. It was formerly regarded as an auditory organ; now supposed to be probably of the same nature as the shell gland of the Entomostraca or lower crustaceans. This organ persists in the Thoracostraca and is known as the green - gland in the cray-fish. The green- gland alone is distinctly similar to a renal excretory organ. Gegenbaur , Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 287. Harder i an gland, the lubricating gland of the nictitat ing membrane or third eyelid, situated at the inner corner of the orbit in reptiles, birds, and sundry mammals. It is wanting in the highest mammals. - Havers's glands, It in the IMG:content-2353.png:[ocr errors] nous glands and as the source of the secretion of the sy novial fluid which lubricates joints. Hepatic gland, the liver.-Hermaphrodite gland, a germ-gland or e ential organ of generation which secretes both ova and spermatozoa, as is usual in the Mollusca. - Inguinal glands, the lymphatic glands of the groin. - Intestinal glands, any of the various secretory or ductle glands of the intestine, as the solitary, agminate, Brunher's, Lieberkühn's, etc. - Labial glands, certain follicles beneath the mucous membrane of the lips, opening by small orifices, and resembling other buccal glands. Lacrymal gland, the gland which secretes the tears, situated in the anterior upper and outer part of the orbit. - Lenticular glands, a disused name for what are now known as lenti cels. Lieberkühn's glands, the follicles of Lieberkühn, the small simple or solitary glands of the intestine. - Littré's glands, the crypts along the spongy portion of the urethra. - Luschka's gland. Same as coccygeal gland, above. Lymphatic glands. See def. 1 (a). Mammary gland, the milk-gland; the gland which secretes milk, known as the breast, teat, udder, etc. These glands are named in zoology, from their position, as axillary, pec toral, ventral or abdominal, and inguinal. They are paired, and normally have functional activity only in the female, though present in a rudimentary state in the male. See mamma2. - Meibomian glands [named for H. Mei bomius, who wrote at the end of the seventeenth century), IMG:content-2354.png:[blocks in formation] substance which lubricates the lids, and when exce ive may gather at the corner of the eye, and there harden into the little bodies called sleepy - seeds. Also called Meibomian glands of the skin. (b) In bot., the stomates breath rius, pertaining to an acorn, membranes: so named by Havers as the supposed source of the synovia. - Mucous glands, any of the glands, in connection with mucous surfaces, which secrete mucus or some similar substance, as the buccal glands of the mouth and various follicles of portions of the alimentary canal. Also called mucus - glands. - Mushroom-shaped gland of certain insects, a remarkable acce ory genital organ of the male, the so-called testis, but of the nature of a seminal vesicle. As the duct of the mushroom - shaped gland in the adult male [blatt a] always contains spermatozoa, and no other organ containing spermatozoa is to be found, this gland has naturally been taken for the testis. Rajewsky, how ever, has recently pointed out that the true testes are situ. ated in the tergal region of the abdomen. He traces the efferent duct of the testes to the glands just mentioned. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 359. Nidamental glands, those glands which secrete the viscid substance by which the ova of some animals, as cephalopods, are invested and aggregated into various shapes. A pair of so-called nidamental glands are the acce ory organs of the female apparatus [of generation in cephalopods]; they consist of elongated lamellar tubes, which are placed in the anterior region of the animal; their short efferent ducts open beside the generative orifice. Their secretion appears to cement the ova together. Gegenbaur , Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 386. Odoriferous glands, scent-glands; sebaceous follicles which secrete odorous substances, the chief physiological function of which is to bring the sexes together. They are enormous in some animals, and usually a ociated with the anus or genitals. They are the source of the fetor of the Mustelidæ, as skunks and polecats, and of such perfumes as musk, civet, and castoreum. They are comparatively small in the human subject, in which they are preputial and known as Tyson's glands. - Pac chi on i an glands, small villous patches, not glandular in character, found in clusters on the membranes enveloping the brain, especially along the superior longitudinal sinus. Pancreatic gland, the pancreas. - Parotid gland, the prin cipal salivary gland. See parotid, n.-Parotoid gland, in herpet. See parotoid, n. - Peptic glands, a name formerly given to the cardiac variety of gastric glands; the gastric follicles secreting gastric juice. See gastric glands. Peyerian glands [named after J. K. Peyer, a Swi anatomist (1653-1712)], aggregations of lymphoid follicles of the intestines, forming a number of circular oroval patches from half an inch to several inches in diameter, largest and most numerous in the ileum. They are commonly called Peyer's patches, and the lesion of them is one of the most constant signs of typhoid fever. - Pineal gland. See conarium and epiphysis. - Pituitary gland. See pituitary and hypophysis. - Prostate gland. See prostate, n.Pyloric glands, those gastric follicles which are most numerous near the pyloric end of the stomach, as distinguished from the cardiac glands. - Rectal glands, in certain insects, projecting ridges of the interior of the walls of the rectum, well supplied with tracheæ. - Salivary glands, those glands which secrete saliva, The chief are the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. They are enormously developed in some birds, as swifts and woodpeckers, and in the beaver and the sewellel.-sebaceous glands, subcutaneous follicles which secrete a greasy substance serving to lubricate the skin. Meibomian and odoriferous follicles are of a similar character. - Sim ple gland, a small single gland; a follicular gland or follicle. Solitary glands, the numberle small lymphoid nodules found scattered throughout the mucous membrane of the small intestine, especially of the ileum. They are now regarded as lymph-follicles. - Split gland, a form of gland used to compre the packing in a stuffing-box. It is split to permit of its ready removal. - Sublingual a salivary gland situated under the side of the tongue: in man the smallest of the three pairs of such glands. See sublingual. - Submaxillary gland, a salivary gland situated under the side of the lower jaw-bone: in man intermediate in size between the parotid and the sublingual gland. See submaxillary. - Sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, sweat-glands; the minute crypts whence perspiration escapes from the skin. See cut under bersiruprarenal gland, a non-glandular body of unknown function which caps each kidney. Also called suprarenal, suprarenal capsule, atrabiliary gland or cap sule, and adrenal. See cut under kidney. - Thymus gland, a so-called ductle gland situated at the root of the throat, characteristic of fetal life and early infancy. The thymus gland of the calf is the throat-sweetbread of butchers. See thymus. Thyroid gland. See thyroid, n. -Tracheal glands, the numerous follicles which open upon the mu cous membrane of the windpipe. - Trachoma glands, a name applied by Henle to certain lymphoid follicles of the conjunctiva of the eye, resembling Peyer's patches in their intimate structure. Tyson's glands. See odoriferous glands, above. - Uropygial gland, the gland on the rump of a bird which secretes oil; the elæodochon. Also called coccygeal gland. - Vascular glands. Same as ductle or blood- vascular glands: so called from their vascularity. (See also germ - gland, shell -gland, yolk- gland.) gland a ceo us (glan-da's hi us), a. [ yellowish-brown. Thomas, Med. Dict. gland a get (glan'dāj), n. [ OF.glandage, mast, acorns, the season of turning hogs into the woods to feed on mast, fect with glanders. Being drank in plenty, it [tar-water] hath recovered even a glandered horse that was thought incurable. Bp. Berkeley, Tar-Water.