Invert

[INVERT, v.] 1. An inverted arch. 2. The floor of a canal lock-chamber. It is usually an inverted arch. 3. The lower part or bottom of a sewer, drain, invert-sugar, s. Chem.: A mixture of dextrose and levulose, obtained by boiling a solution of cane sugar, acidulated with sulphuric acid, and afterward removing the acid with chalk. C12H22O11=C6H12O6+C6H10O5. It is sweeter than cane sugar, and rotates the plane of polarization to the left (-25°). Honey is the inverse or reciprocal ratio, s. Math .: The ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. In-versed, a. [Eng. invers(e); -ed.] Inverted; turned upside down. ment in the body of the bee. In-vert-ant, a. [Fr.] Her.: The same as INVERTED (q. v.). in-vert-ě-bral, a . [Pref. in- (2), and Lat. ver tebr ( a )=a joint; suff. al .] The same as INVERTEBRATE, adj . (q. v.) In-ver-tě-bra-ta, s. pl . [Pref. in-; Lat. verte bra a joint, especially one belonging to the spine, and neut. pl. suff. -ata .] In-ver-sion, s. pa. par. of in ver to =to invert (q.v.); Fr. & Sp. in version; Ital. in vers i one.] IMG:content-0026.png:[blocks in formation] II. Technically : 1. Chem.: The change which takes place when starch, dextrin, or sugar is boiled with a dilute acid. Different acids act with various degrees of rapidity; mineral more quickly than organic acids; sulphuric acid the most quickly of all. Thus starch and dextrin are changed into glucose, cane-sugar into invert sugar, maltose into glucose, . Inversion may also take place in the presence of ferments, or by prolonged boiling with water. 2. Geol .: The overturning or folding over of strata by igneous agency, so that the order of their succe ion seems reversed. 3. Gram .: A change of the natural order of words in a sentence. "Accustomed now to a different method of on dering our words, we call this an inversion , and consider it as a forced and unnatural order of speech."- Blair , vol. i., lect. 7. 4. Math .: The operation of changing the order of the terms, so that the antecedent shall take the place of the consequent and the reverse, in both couplets. Thus, from the proportion a : b :: c : d , we have, by inversion, b : a :: d : c . Zool.: A subdivision of the Animal Kingdom, or cartilaginous spinal column, with a brain-case or limbs connected with an internal skeleton. The adults want even the cartilaginous rod or notochord, though rudiments of it exist in the young of the Tunicated mollusks. A great group, or division founded, like the Invertebrata, on negative characters, is not homogeneous or natural, and animals of immense variety of form and structure are brought together by the negative character of their being invertebrate. They are divided into the following great groups or types: Mollusca, Arthropod a, Ver mes, Echinoderm at a, Zoophyta, and Protozoa, with two intermediate or connecting groups, the Tuni cat a and the Molluscoid a. In-vert-ě-brate, a. & s. [INVERTEBRATA.] A. As adjective : 1. Lit.: Destitute of vertebræ. "It was evident that there was no proportion or equiv. alency between the vertebrate and the invertebrate groups."-Owen: Compar . Anat .; Invertebratæ ( Animals ). 2. Fig .: Wanting in material or mental power; weak. IMG:content-0027.png:[blocks in formation] II. Technically : invest i ent 1. Bot . Having the apex of one thing in an opposite direction to that of another, as in many seeds. 2. Geol. ( of strata): So tilted over by igneous or other agency that their position with respect to other strata is the opposite of what it originally was. Hence, unle special care be taken, its age, as tested by superposition, may be misread. The most ancient rocks are those most likely to be inverted. "Profe or Sedgwick has shown, indeed, that these strata are inverted , the Lower Silurian (which he now calls Cam brian), overlying the Devonian or Old Red rocks."-Murchison Siluria , ch. vii. Her.: Turned the wrong way; as wings are said to be inverted when the points are turned downward. IMG:content-0028.png:[blocks in formation] Print.: Commas turned upside down; they are used as the sign of a quotation (""). In-vert-ěd-lý, adv . [Eng. inverted; -ly.] In an inverse, contrary, or inverted order. In-vert-i-ble (1), a. [Eng. invert; -ible.] Capable of being inverted. In-vert-i-ble (2), a. [Lat. in- =not, and ver to = to turn.] Incapable of being turned; inflexible. In-vert-in, s. [English invert ; and suff. -in ( Chem .).] Chem. The active principle of the yeast plant, obtained by repeatedly washing yeast, first with water and then with alcohol. On shaking up the residue with other, the invertin which rises to the surface is removed and carefully dried. Invertin has the power of inverting cane sugar, but has no action on maltose. In-věst', v . t. & i. [Fr. investir , from Lat in vestio to clothe in or with: in- =in, and vestio =to clothe; vest is a dre , clothing; Sp. investir ; Ital. invest ire .] IMG:content-0029.png:[blocks in formation] "If there can be found such an inequality between man and man, as there is between man and beast: or between soul and body, it invest eth a right of govern. ment."- Bacon . 8. To expend, as money in the purchase of some kind of property, usually of a permanent nature; as, to invest money in land. II. Milit .: Τo blockade, to beleaguer, to surround or inclose with forces, so as to intercept succor of men or provisions. B. In trans.: To make an investment; as, to invest in bank stock. One is invested with that which is external; one is endued with that which is internal. We invest a person with an office or a dignity: one endues a person with good qualities. The king is invested with supreme authority; a lover endues his mistre with every earthly perfection. (Crabb: Eng. Synon .) *in-věs-ti-ent, a. [Lat. invest i ens , pr. par. of investio.] Covering, clothing. pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gō, pot, investigable In-věs-tig-a-ble (1), a. [Lat. invest i gab i lis , from invest i go =to track out.] That may or can be investigated, searched out, or discovered by reasoning or research. *in-věs-tig-a-ble (2), a. [Low Lat. investiga bilis , from Lat. in- =not, and vestigo to track out.] That cannot be investigated or searched out; unsearchable. "Through the investigable deep." Cotton: Eighth Psalm Paraphrased. In-věs-ti-gāte, v . t . [Lat. invest i gat us , pa. par. of invest i go to track out: in- =in, and vestigo to trace; vestigium =a footstep, a track; Sp. & Port. invest i gar ; Ital. invest i gare .] To search or trace out; to follow up, to pursue, to search into; to examine and inquire into carefully and closely; to examine into with care and accuracy. In-věs-ti-ga-tion, s. [Lat. investigatio , from invest i gat us , pa. par. of invest i go ; Fr. investiga tion ; Sp. investigacion ; Italian investigazione .] The act of investigation, inquiring, or examining closely into any thing or matter; close and careful examination or research; scrutiny, inquiry, inquisition. "The delight which the mind feels in the investigation of secrets." -Johnson: Life of Dryden. In-věs-ti-gā-tive, a. [Eng. invest i gat ( e ); -ive .] Given to investigation; curious, careful, and exact in examination or investigation. In-věs-ti-gå-tõr, s . [Lat., from invest i gat us , pa. par. of invest i go ; Fr. invest i gat eur ; Ital. inves tigatore ; Sp. invest igad or .] One who investigates or inquires carefully and closely into anything. *In-věst-1-on, s . [Low Lat. investio =a handing over, a putting into po e ion, investiture.] The same as INVESTITURE (q. v.). In-ves-ti-ture, s. [Fr. investiture ; Prov. & Ital. investitura; Sp. & Port. invest i dura.] [INVEST.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act of investing; the state of being invested with anything; as, with the symbols of office, emolument, or dignity. [II.] "Intending your investiture so near The residence of your despised brother." Marlowe: Tamburlaine, i. 1. †2. That with which one is invested; garments, vestments. II. Technically : 1. Ch. Hist.: If any bishop or other clergyman have the cure of souls and also a stipend, two elements, the one ne sacred and the other civil, exist in his position; and as nearly every spiritual act carries civil consequences, and nearly every civil act connected with his benefice has sacred effects, scarcely any prudence can avoid periodical collision between the ecclesiastical and the civil power. From the kingly or imperial point of view, a great political object will be served if the church can be made simply a tool in the hands of the civil govern ment. From the papal point of view, and indeed from that of all church functionaries, a great ecclesiastical end will be achieved if the State can be made an obedient handmaid of the Church. From the establishment of the Church under Const an tine the Great, in the fourth century, the Roman functionaries increasingly interfered in ecclesiastical affairs, and by the eleventh lay patronage had been much abused, and simony largely prevailed. The emperors, kings, and princes of Europe had been accustomed to confer the temporalities of the larger benefices and monasteries by the delivery of a ring and a staff, or crozier. When the bishop or abbot elect had received these, he carried them to the metropolitan, who returned them, to indicate that the Church had conferred on him sacred office. Pope Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) considered that a ring and a crozier were insignia of spiritual office, and not of its temporal accompaniments, the crozier symbolizing the pastoral charge and the ring the celestial mysteries. He therefore wished the then reigning emperor, Henry IV., to desist from conferring investitures in such a form, or indeed at all. The emperor was willing to see simony terminated, but clung to investitures, and Gregory on his part threatened to excommunicate any one conferring such investitures or receiv. ing them. A fierce contest now arose between Henry and Gregory, continued by their succe ors. At last the pontiff's legates and the emperor came to an arrangement at the Diet of Worms, A. D. 1122, one article of the treaty being that the emperor should confer the temporalities of a see or abbacy by some other symbols than the sacred ones of the ring and the crozier. 2. Law : The open delivery of seizin or po e ion. *In-vest-ive, a. [Eng. invest; -ive.] Clothing, investing, covering. In-věst-ment, s. [Eng. invest; -ment.] 1. The act of investing, clothing, or dre ing. 12. The act of investing with or placing in po e ion of an office, rank, or dignity; investiture. 2369 3. The act of surrounding, blockading, or beleaguering with an armed force; siege, blockade; as, the investment of a town. 4. The act of investing or laying out money in the purchase of some species of property, usually of a permanent nature; as, the investment of money in railway shares or in land. 5. Money invested. "The wreck of their investment in Mexican securities." -Pall Mall Gazette. invincible 2. To be envied; enviable. "Such a person appears in a far more honorable and invidious state."- Barrow . 3. Likely to incur or bring on hatred, odium, ill will, or envy. "He rose and took the advantage of the times, To load young Turnus with invidious crimes." Dryden: Virgil's Æneid , xi. 518. Invidious in its common acceptation signifies causing ill will; envious signifies having ill will. A 6. That which invests or clothes; dre , attire, task is invidious that puts one in the way of giving vestments, clothes. "You, my lord archbishop, Whose white investments figure innocence." Shakesp.: Henry IV., Pt. II . , iv. 1. 7. That in which money is invested. "A certain portion of the revenues of Bengal has been, offense; a look is envious that is full of envy . In vidious qualifies the thing; envious qualifies the temper of the mind. ( Crabb : Eng. Synon .) In-vid-I-oŭs-ly, adv . [Eng. invidious ; -ly.] 1. In an invidious manner; enviously, malig for many years, set apart to be employed in the purchase nantly. of goods for exportation to England, and this is called the investment." -Burke: On the Affairs of India. In-věst-ōr, s. [Eng. invest; -or.] One who invests or makes an investment. "No prudent investor would calculate too much upon the permanent payment of Mexican coupons." -Pall Mall Gazette . *In-věs-ture, v. t. [Eng. invest; -ure.] 1. To clothe. 2. To invest; to install; to put into po e ion of an office. IMG:content-0030.png:[blocks in formation] *In-vět-er-a-bly, adv . [As if from an Eng. in veterab(le); Colle -ly.] In an inveterate manner; invet erately. (Colley Cibber: Carele Husband, v.) In-vět-er-a-çỹ, s. [Eng. inveterate ; -cy.] The quality or state of being inveterate or of long duration; the state of being firmly established by time; long continuance; the state of being deeply or firmly rooted or engrained in one's nature; firmne or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state gained by time. "Such the fixed inveteracy wrought By the impatience of my early thought." Byron; Childe Harold, In-vět-er-ate, a. [Lat. inveteratus , pa. par. of invetero =to retain for a long time: in- (intens.), and vet us (gen it. veteris )=old; Fr. invétéré ; Ital. in vet era to ; Sp. in vet era do .] 1. Old, long established; having existed or continued for a long time. "It is an inveterate and received opinion that cantharides, applied to any part of the body, touch the bladder and exulcerate it." - Bacon : Nat . Hist . 2. Firmly or deeply rooted or established by long continuance; deeply rooted; obstinate. "But the instantaneous reform of inveterate abuses was atask far beyond the powers of a prince strictly restrained by law."-Macaulay: Hist. Eng. 3. Confirmed in any habit or practice by long use or continuance. *4. Malignant, virulent. "In terms the most aggravating and inveterate." - Н . Brooke : Fool of Quality . *In-vět-er-āte, v . t . [Lat. inveteratus , pa. par. of invetero .] To fix or establish firmly by long continuance. [INVETERATE, a .] "Let not Atheists lay the fault of their sins upon human nature, which have their prevalence from long custom and inveterated habit."- Bentley : Sermons. †In-vět-er-ate-ly, adv . [Eng. inveterate ; -ly .] In an inveterate manner or degree; with obstinacy; virulently. "To it they were most inveterately prone." -War burton : Divine Legation , bk. iv., § 6. tin-vět-er-ate-ne , s . [Eng. inveterate ; -ne .] The quality or state of being inveterate; inveteraсу. "As time hath rendered him more perfect in the art, so hath the inveteratene of his malice made him more ready in the execution."-Browne: Vulgar Errors, bk. vii., ch. xii. *In-vět-er-ā-tion, s. [Lat. inveteratio , from in veteratus , pa. par. of invetero .] [INVETERATE, a.] The act of making inveterate; hardening or confirming by long continuance. In-věxed', a . [Lat. in- =in, and vezi , perf. indic. of veho to carry. Her.: Arched or enarched. *in-vict', a . [Lat. invictus .] Unconquered, in dom i table, invincible. In-vid-i-ous, a . [Lat. invidiosus , from i nvidia =envy; Ital. & O. Sp. invidioso ; Sp. envidioso .] *1. Envious, malignant. "May with astonishment invidious view His toils outdone by each plebeian bee." chin, Smart. Omniscience of the Supreme Being. bench; go, gem ; thin, this; "These were worded so invidiously ." -Burnet: Hist. Own Time (an. 1702). 2. In a manner likely to incur odium or ill will. In-vid-I-ous-ne , s. [Eng. invidious; -ne .] The quality or state of being invidious. "We had with us neither spades nor pickaxes; and if love of ease surmounted our desire of knowledge, the offence has not the invidiousne of singularity." -Johnson: A Journey to the Western Islands. In-vig-Il-ançe, In-vig-Il-an-çỹ, s. [Pref. in (2), and Eng. vigilance (q. v.).] Want of vigilance; neglect of vigilance or watching. *In-vig'-õr, *in-vig-oûr, v . t . [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. vigor (q.v.).] To invigorate, to animate. "What pomp of words! what namele energy Kindles the verse, in vigours every line." Thompson: On Mr. Pope's Works. In-vig'-õr-āte, t . [Formed as if from a Latin