Mochica

See Chimu. Mock Astrologer, The. See Evening's Love , An . Mock Doctor, The. 1. A farce by Henry Fielding, slightly altered from Molière's comedy "Le médec in malgré lui," and produced with Garrick in the cast about 1736.-2. An English libretto of Gounod's "Le médec in malgré lui," by Charles Kenny. The opera was produced under this name at London in 1865. Möckern (mėk'ern). A small town in Pru ian Saxony, situated on the Ehle 14 miles east of Magdeburg. Here, April 5, 1813, the Pru ians under York defeated the French under Eugène de Beau harn a is. Möckern. A village 2 miles northwest of Leipsic. Here, Oct. 16, 1813, Blücher defeated the French under Marmont (part of the battle of Leipsic). Mocoas (mō-kō'äz). Atribe of Indians in southern Colombia, about the upper Caqueta or Japurá and its branches. They are an agricultural and peaceable race, and are noted for their skill in weaving and dyeing cotton fabrics, and in other small industries. At present they are partially civilized, and speak a corrupt dialect of the Quichua. Their own language, with that of the Mesayas and other neighboring tribes, appears to constitute a distinct stock. The Engaños or Ingaños, on the Engaño River, a branch of the Caqueta, are either identical with the Mocoas or closely allied to them. Mocobis (mō-kō-bēz'), or Mbocobis. An Indian tribe or group of tribes in the northern part of the Argentine Republic (Gran Chaco region), about the river Vermejo. They are still numerous, subsist mainly by hunting and rapine, but have cattle and horses derived from Spanish stock. Their villages composed of slight huts, and are frequently moved in search of fresh pasture. The Mocobis belong to the Guaycuru linguistic stock, and are closely allied to the extinct Abipones and to the modern Tobas, with whom, however, they are almost constantly at war. Mocochies, or Mucuchies. See Timotes . Moctezuma. See Monte zum a . Moctezuma. See Oposura . Moctoby. See Biloxi . 286,716. Modena (mo'de-nä). A province in the compart i men to of Emilia, Italy. Area, 987 square miles. Population (1891), 286, Modena. The capital ital of the province of Modena, Italy, situated between the Secchia and the Panaro, in lat. 44° 39′ N., long. 10° 56′ E.: the ancient Mutina. The cathedral, consecrated in 1184, is a well-designed Romanesque structure. The west façade is one of the best of its date in Italy: it has three round-arched portals, a gallery of graceful triple arcades which is continued around the church, a large wheel-window, and much interesting sculpture. There are two sculptured porches on the south side. The three-aisled interior contains interesting sculpture and tombs. The Ghirlandina Tower testing thedral, the ished to the spire in 1315, is one of the best of its kind. The height is 315 feet. The ma ive square lower stage, about 200 feet high, bears the slender spire, which springs from an octagon arcaded tiers and is pierced with flower-like openings (whence the name of the tower). Other objects of interest are the art academy, university, pic. ture-gallery, library, and ducal palace. Modena became a Roman colony about 183 B. C. It was situated on the Emilian Way, and was a flourishing Roman city. It became the capital of the duchy of Modena, ruled by the Este family, and was famous in the 16th century for the sculpture of terra-cottas. (See Mutinensian War, and Modena , Duchy of .) Population (1892), commune, 64,500. Modena, Duchy of. A former duchy of northern Italy, comprising the modern provinces of Modena, Ma a-e-Carrara, and Reggio (in Emilia). The family of Este became rulers of Modena about 1290; it was made a duchy in 1452; was annexed to the Cispadane Republic in 1796; and pa ed to an Austrian line in 1814. There was an unsucce ful insurrection in 1848-49; the duke was deposed in 1859; and the duchy was united to the dominions of Victor Emmanuel in 1860. Modern Athens, The. Boston or Edinburgh. Modern Babylon, The. London. Modern Me alina, The. Catharine II. of Rus sia. Modern Painters. A work on art, by John Ruskin (published 1843, 1846, 1856, and 1860). Modica (mod'ē-kä). A town in the province of comedy "The Carele Husband," a brilliant coquettish woman of quality, wayward and selfish, but not heartle : one of the principal characters in the play. Mrs. Old field was celebrated in the part. Modjeska (mod-jes'kä), Helena. Born at Cracow, Poland, Oct. 12, 1844. A noted Polish actre . Her maiden name was Opido. She married her guardian Modjeska when about 17 years of age, and with him joined a company of strolling players. In 1868 she married the Count Bozenta Chlapowski, and about that time became very succe ful in her profe ion. She made her first appearance in America in 1877 as Adrienne Lecouvreur, in an English version of the play, at San Francisco, after a very short study of the language. She has been well received in America, and has made a number of tours throughout the country. Her rôles are numerous, includ ing Be at rice, Ophelia, Imogen, Juliet, Rosalind, etc. Modlin. See Novogeorgievsk . Mödling (mèd'ling). A town in Lower Austria, 9 miles south-southwest of Vienna. Population (1891), commune, 11,120. Modoc, or Modock (mo'dok). [Pl., also Mo docs . docs.] A tribe of North American Indians which formerly occupied the shores of Little Klamath, Modoc, and Clear lakes, Oregon, and the valleys of Lost River and its tributaries. It also had transitory settlements eastward to Goose and Warner lakes, on the California border. After their conflict with the United States government in 1872-73, through which they became well known, about 80 of the Modoc were removed to Indian Territory. The remainder, about 140, have resided since 1869 near Yaneks, on Sprague River, Klamath reservation, Oregon. The name is adapted from Móatokni, signifying 'southerners.' (See Lutuamian . ) Written by some authorities Moadoc and Modook . Modoc War. A war between the United States government and the Modoc Indians led by Captain Jack. The Modocs refused in 1872 to go to the Klamath reservation in southern Oregon, and went to the Lava Beds. At a conference between General Canby and the Indians, April, 1873, the former was treacherously killed. War followed; the band had to surrender; and Captain Jack was executed. Modred (mo'dred), or Mordred (môr'dred). The treacherous nephew of King Arthur: a knight of the Round Table. Modugno (mo-dön'yo). A town in the province of Bari, Apulia, Italy, 6 miles west-southwest of Bari. Population (1881), 8,525; commune, 9,880. Moe (mō'e), Jörgen Ingebrektsen. Born on the estate Moe, Ringerige, Norway, 1813: died at Christians and, 1880. A Norwegian poet and theologian. His father was a peasant. He studied theology in Christiania after 1830. His first literary venture was the little "Samling af Sange, Folkeviser og Stevi norske Almuedialecter" ("Collection of Songs, Ballads, and Staves in the Norwegian Popular Dialects"), published in 1840. With public a istance he now set about the collecting, in various parts of Norway, of popular literature of the same char acter; and in 1841, in collaboration with Peter Christian Asbjörnsen (born 1812), published " Norske Folke Eventyr" ("Norwegian Folk-Tales"). A collection of his later poems appeared in 1845 under the title "At hænge paa Juletræet" ("To Hang on the Christmas Tree"). His earlier poems were collected and published as "Digte" ("Poems") in 1849. In 1853 he became a clergyman, and ultimately was made bishop of Christians and. His collected works, "Samlede Skrifter," were ere published at Christiania in 1877 in 2 vols. Moen (me'en). An island in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, situated southeast of Zealand. Chief town, Stege. Area, 81 square miles. Pop ulation, about 13,000. Menus (me'nus). The Latin name of the Main. Mæræ (mērē). [Gr. Moiραι .] The Greek godde es of fate: the Fates. Homer uses the name in the singular, as of a single divinity, and also in the plural. He also calls them the "spinners of the thread of life." By Hesiod they are spoken of both as daughters of Night and as daughters of Zeus and Them is. They were represented as three in number: Clotho (the spinner), Laches is (disposer of lots), and Atropos (the inevitable). The first spins the thread of life, the second fixes its length, and the third sev ers it. Also Moirai . Meris (mē'ris), Lake. [Gr. ἡ Μοίριος λίμνη.] According to Hero dot us, an artificial lake in Middle Egypt, west of the Nile, 50 miles southwest of Cairo, near the modern Lake Birket elKurun. Its existence has been doubted. See the extract. A king, named Mæris, desired to create a reservoir in the Fayoom which should neutralise the evil effects of insuf ficient or superabundant inundations. This reservoir was named, after him, Lake Mæris. If the supply fell below the average, then the stored waters were let loose, and Lower Egypt and the Western Delta were flooded to the needful height. If next year the inundation came down in too great force, Lake Mæris received and stored the till such time as the waters began to subside. Two cuse: the ancient Motyca. There are remarkable prehistoric caves in the vicinity. Population (1881), 38,390. Modigliana (mō-dēl-vänä). A small town in the province of Florence, Italy, 37 miles northeast of Florence. Modish (mō'dish), Lady Betty. In Cibber's resenting the king and the other his queen, were erected in the midst of the lake. Such is the tale told by Hero dot us, and it is a tale which has considerably embarra ed our modern engineers and topographers. How, in fact, was it po ible to find in the Fayoom a site which could have contained a basin measuring at least ninety miles in circumference? The most reasonable theory is that of Linant, who supposes Lake Mæris to have extended over Moguls, Empire of the the whole of the low lying land which skirts the Libyan cliffs between Illahoun and Medinet el-Fayoom; but recent explorations have proved that the dikes by which this pretended reservoir was bounded are modern works, erected probably within the last two hundred years. I no longer believe that Lake Mæris ever existed. If Hero dot us did actually visit the Fayoom, it was probably in summer, at the time of the High Nile, when whole district presents the appearance of an inland sea. What he took for the shores of this lake were the embankments which divided it into basins and acted as highways between the various towns. Maspero , Egypt. Archæol. (trans.), p. 35. Moero (mwa'rō) or Meru (ma'rö), Lake. A lake in central Africa, about lat. 9° 30′ S. It is traversed by the upper Kongo. Mesia (mesh iä). [Gr. Μυσία.] In ancient geography, a province of the Roman Empire, lying north of the Balkans, south of the Danube, and west of the Black Sea, corresponding nearly to modern Bulgaria and Servia. It was made a Roman province about 16 C.; divided later into Mesia Superior (in the west) and Mæsia Inferior (in the east); and was overrun by Goths in the 3d and 4th centuries. Me so goths (me'sō-goths). Those Goths who, after their conversion to Christianity by Ulfilas about the middle of the 4th century, settled in Mæsia, and there, under the protection of the Roman emperors, devoted themselves to agri cultural pursuits. See Goths and Ulfilas . Mofadhdhal (mō-fäd'däl), Abul Abbas Al-. Died 784 A. D. An Arabian poet, philologist, and genealogist. His principal work was a collection of the most celebrated longer poems of the Arabs, 128 in number, called after him the "Mofadhdhaliat," which is the oldest anthology of Arabian poets. His other works were a book of proverbs, a treatise on prosody, and a vocabulary. Moffat (mof'at). A watering-place in Dumfrie hire, Scotland, 43 miles south by west of Edinburgh. It has mineral springs. Population (1891), 2,290. Moffat, Robert. Born at Or mist on, East Lothian, Dec. 21, 1795: died at Leigh, Aug. 8, 1883. A celebrated Scottish mi ionary. For a while he was occupied as under-gardener, but after a course of study he was accepted by the London Mis sionary Society in 1816, arrived at Cape Town Jan. 13, 1817, labored among the Bechuana 1870, 1826 he had prepared a spelling-book of the Bechuana language. Parts of the Scriptures were translated into Bechuana. The New Testament was completed and carried by him to London in 1839. In London he met David Living stone, who married his daughter in 1844. The translation of the Old Testament into Bechuana was finished in 1857. He returned to England finally in June, 1870. He published "Mi ionary Labours in South Africa" (1842). Mogador (mog-a-dor'), or Suera (swa'rä). A seaport in Morocco, situated on the Atlantic in lat. 31° 30′ N., long. 9° 43′ W. It has important The French bombarded it in 1844. Popula commerce. tion, about 19,000. Moghileff. See Mohileff . Mogilas (mo-ge'läs), or Mogila (mo-gē'lä), Peter. Born about 1596: died 1647. A Ru ian prelate and theologian. He drew up the "Orthodox Confe ion," the leading symbol of the Eastern Church. Mogollon (mo-gō-lyōn', corrupted into mō-gōyon'). A subtribe of the Gileño tribe of North American Indians, living in the Mogollon Mountains, Arizona. See Gileño . Mogollons (mo-go-yōnz'). [Sp. Mogollones ; probably from mogote , lump.) The name of several ranges of mountains in Arizona and New Mexico. Mogontiacum (mo-gon-tia-kum). A Roman name of Mainz. Mogridge (mog'rij), George. Born at Ashted, near Birmingham, Feb. 17, 1787: died at Hastings, Nov. 2, 1854. An English writer, chiefly of juveniles. He entered into partnership with his brother in the japan trade in Birmingham, and, failing in busine , took to literature. He published the "Juvenile Culprits" (1829), "Juvenile Moralists" (1829), the "Churchyard Lyrist" (1832), "A Ramble in the Woods" (1840), "Soldiers and Sailors" (1842), etc. He used various pseudonyms, including "Old Humphrey," "Peter Parley" (first used by S. G. Good rich), etc. Mogrovejo (mo-gro-vā hō), Toribio de. Born in 1538: died at Saña, Peru, March 23, 1606. A Spanish prelate, archbishop of Lima from 1581. He was canonized in 1680 as St. Toribio. Mogul (mo-gul'), Great. An Indian diamond, said to have been seen at the court of AurungZeb in 1665, and to have weighed 280 carats. Moguls (mo-gulz'). The Mongols or Mongol i ans; specifically, in history, the subjects of the Mogul empire (see below). Moguls (mo-gulz'), or Mughals (mö'galz), Em pire of the. A Mohammedan Tatar empire in India. It began with Baber, conqueror of Hindu stan, 1526; and was at its height under Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jehan, and Aurung-Zeb. After the death of the last-named (1707), the empire split up and the power pa ed to the Mahrattas and British. The last (nominal) emperor was deposed in 1857 (died 1862). Mohács Mohács (mō'hach). A town in the county of Baránya, Hungary, situated on the Danube in lat. 45° 58′ N., long. 18° 37′ E. Here, Aug. 29, 1526, the Turks under Soliman II. defeated the Hungarians under Louis II.; and Aug. 12, 1687, the Imperialists under Charles of Lorraine inflicted a crushing defeat on the Turks. Population (1890), 14,403. Mohammed (mō-ham'ed), or Mahomet (mahom'et). ['The praised one': the name is also written Mahomed, Muhammad (the Arabic form), Mahmoud , Mehemet , etc.] Born at Mecca, Arabia, about 570: died at Medina, Arabia, June 8, 632. The founder of Mohammedanism, or Islam ('surrender,' namely, to God). He was the posthumous son of Abdallah by his wife Amina, of the family of Hashim, the noblest among the Koreish, and was brought up in the desert among the Banu Saad by a Bedouin woman named Halima. At the age of six he lost his mother, and at eight his grandfather, when he was nations. With regard to his prophetic claims, it is as difficult to a ume that he was sincere throughout, or self-deceived, as that he was throughout an impostor. In his doctrines there is practically nothing original. The legends of the Koran are chiefly drawn from the Old Testament and the rabbinical literature, which Mo- hammed must have learned from a Jew near Mecca, though he presents them as original revelations by the angel Gabriel. See Koran. Mohammed I., or Mahomet. Sultan of the IMG:content-0692.png:[ocr errors] and "The Great." Born about 1430: died 1481. Sultan of Turkey 1451-81, son of Amurath II. Moivre don and Oxford; and was appointed profe or of Persian in the Collège de France in 1845. He edited the "Shanamah" (1838-68), etc. Mohl, Robert von. Born at Stuttgart, Würtemberg, Aug. 17, 1799: died at Berlin, Nov. 5, 1875. A German jurist. He published works on constitutional law, political science, etc., including "Geschichte und Litteratur der Staatswi enschaft" (1855-58), "Staatsrecht, Völkerrecht und Politik" (1860-69). Möhler (mé'ler), Johann Adam. Born at Igersheim, Würtemberg, berg, May 6, 1796: died at Mu Mohler (meler), J heim, nich, April 12, 1838. A German Roman Catholic theologian, profe or at Tübingen, and after lie theologian, 1835 at Munich. His chief work is "Symbolik" (1832). whom he succeeded. He besieged and captured Con- stantinopte in 1453; and conquered the Morea, Servia, Bos- nia, and Albania, and made the Crimea a dependency of Turkey (1475). He was defeated by Hunyadi at Belgrad in 1456, and unsucce fully besieged Rhodes in 1480. Mohoce. See Tusayan . Mohn (mon). A small island in the Baltic Sea, belonging to Livonia, Ru ia, situated north- east of Osel. years old (582) he accompanied a caravan to Syria, 1595-1603, son of Amurath III. whom he suc Mohocks (mo'hoks). Ruffians who infested the streets of London about the beginning of the ceeded. His army defeated the Imperialists 18th century: so called from the Indian tribe at Keresztes in 1596. Mohammed IV. Born about 1641: died 1691. Sultan of Turkey 1648-87, son of Ibrahim whom he succeeded. He was deposed as a result of the re- verses sustained by his arms at Vienna (1683) and Mohács (1687). may on this occasion have come for the first time in con- tact with Jews and Christians. A few years later he took part in the "sacrilegious war" (so called because carried on during the sacred months, when fighting was for- bidden) which raged between the Koreish and the Banu Hawazin 580-590. He attended sundry preachings and recitations at Okatz, which may have awakened his poet i- cal and rhetorical powers and his religious feelings; and for some time was occupied as a shepherd, to which he later refers as being in accordance with his career as a even as it was with that of Moses and David. When twenty-five years old he entered the service of the widow Khadijah, and made a second journey to Syria, on which he again had an opportunity to come in frequent contact Mohammerah (mō-häm'me-rä). A small town with Jews and Christians, and to acquire some knowledge of their religious teachings. He soon married Khadijah, who was fifteen years his senior. Of the six children which she bore him, Fatima became the most famous. In 605 he attained some influence in Mecca by settling a dispute about the rebuilding of the Kaaba. The im which he had gathered from contact Judaism and Christianity, and from Arabic lore, began now strongly to engage his mind. He frequently retired to solitary places, especially to the cave of Mount Hira, north of Mecca. He pa ed at that time (he was then about forty years old) through great mental struggles, and repeatedly meditated suicide. It must have been during these lonely contemplations that the yearnings for a me enger from God for his people, and the thought that he himself might be destined for this mi ion, were born in his ardent mind. During one of his reveries, in the month of Ramadhan, 610, he beheld in sleep the angel Gabriel, who ordered him to read from a scroll which he held before him the words which begin the 96th sura (chapter) of the Koran. After the lapse of some time, a second vision came, and then the revelations began to follow one another frequently. His own belief in his mi ion as apostle and prophet of God was now firmly established. The first convert was his wife Khadijah, then followed his cousin and adopted son Ali, his other adopted son Zeid, and Abu Bekr, afterward his father-in-law and first succe or (calif). Gradually about 50 adherents rallied about him. But after three years' preaching the ma of the Meccans rose against him, so that part of his followers had to resort to Aby in i a for safety in 614. This is termed the first hejira. Mohammed in the meanwhile continued his meetings in the house of one of his disciples, Arqaan, in front of the Kaaba, which later became known as the "House of Islam." At one time he offered the Koreish a compromise, admitting their gods into his system as interce ors with the Supreme Being. but, becoming conscience-stricken, took back his words. The conversion of Hamza and Omar and 39 others in 615616 strengthened his cause. The Koreish excommunicated Mohammed and his followers, who were forced to live in retirement. In 620, at the pilgrimage, he won over to his teachings a small party from Medina. In Medina, whither a teacher was deputed, the new religion spread rapidly. To this period belongs the vision or dream of the miraculous ride, on the winged horse Borak, to Jeru salem, where he was received by the prophets, and thence ascended to heaven. In 622 more than 70 persons from Medina bound themselves to stand by Mohammed. The Meccans proposed to kill him, and he fled on the 20th of June, 622, to Medina. This is known as the heir a the flight'), and marks the beginning the Mohammedan era. This event formed a turning-point in the activity of Mohammed. He was thus far a religious preacher and persuader; he became in his Med in i an period a legislator and warrior. He built there in 623 the first mosque, and married Ayesha. In 624 the first battle for the faith took place between Mohammed and the Meccans in the plain of Bedr, in which the latter were defeated. At this time, also, Mohammed began bitterly to inveigh against the Jews, who did not recognize his claims to be the "greater prophet" promised by Moses. He changed the attitude of prayer (kibla) from the direction of Jerusalem to that of the Kaaba in Mecca, appointed Friday as the day for public worship, and instituted the fast of Ramadhan and the tithe or poor rate. The Jewish tribe of the Banu Kainuka, settled at Medina, was driven out; while of another Jewish tribe, the Banu Kuraiza, all the men, 700 in number, were ma acred. In 625 Mohammed and his followers were defeated by the Meccans in the battle of Ohud. The following years were filled out with expeditions. One tribe after another sulmitted to Mohammed, until in 631 something like a definite Mohammedan empire was established. In 632 the prophet made his last pilgrimage to Mecca, known as the "farewell pilgrimage," or the pilgrimage of the "announcement" or of "Islam." In the same year he died while planning an expedition against the frontier of the Byzantine empire. Mohammed was a little above the middle height, of a commanding figure, and is described as being of a modest, tender, and generous disposition. His manner of life was very simple and frugal. He mended his own clothes, and his common diet was barley-bread and water. But he enjoyed perfumes and the charms of women. His character appears composed of the strongest inconsistencies. He could be tender, kind, and liberal, Mohammed Ali. See Mehemet Ali . Mohammedan Empire. See Calif and Moham- med. Moharram. See Muharram . Mohave (mō-hä'vā). [Pl., also Mohaves . The name means 'three mountains.'] A tribe of North American Indians. They number about 2,000 (1893), living upon the lower Colorado River in Arizona, about one third being on the Colorado River reservation, Arizona. See Yuman . Mohave (mō-hä'vā) Desert. A low-lying basin in San Bernard i no County, southeastern Cali- fornia. Mohawk (mō'hak). [Pl., also Mohawks . The word is derived from the Algonquin maqua , bears.] Atribe of North American Indians. The Hurons called them Agniehronnon , abbreviated by the the Mohawk River, New York, but they claimed the terri- tory north to the St. Lawrence and south to the Delaware River watershed and the Cat skill Mountains. They were the first tribe of the region to obtain firearms, and their frontier position made them so conspicuous that their name was often used by the English and the New England tribes for the whole Iroquois Confederacy. Their present (1893) number is over 2,000. See Iroquois . Mohawk (mō'hak). Ariver in New York which joins the Hudson 9 miles north of Albany. It forms the Cohoes Falls (70 feet high) near its mouth. Length, about 175 miles. Mohegan (mō-he'gan), or Monhegan (mon-he'- gan). Atribe of North American Indians. They once lived chiefly on Thames River, Connecticut, and claimed a large territory extending eastward into Ma a- chusetts and Rhode Island and west along the coast to Guilford. After the destruction of the Pequots in 1637 they claimed their country. They had once formed one tribe with those Indians under Sa acus against whom Uncas rebelled and led the Thames River band. On the fall of Sa acus in 1637, most of the survivors of the Pe- quots came under the Mohegan chief. After the death of King Philip in 1676, the Mohegan were the only im- portant body in the region. They became scattered, some joining the Brother ton Indians in New York. See Mahican and Algonquian . Mohican. See Mahican . IMG:content-0693.png:[blocks in formation]