WEIGHTS, MEASURES

ETC. WEIGHTS IN COMMON USE. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 27} grains = 1 dram, dr. 100 lbs. (U.S.A.) 16 dr. =: 437.5 gr = 1 ounce, oz. 112 lbs. (Gt. Br.).. 16 oz. = 7000 gr =1 pound, lb. 20 cwt 14 lbs = 1 stone. 2000 lbs. (U. S. A.). 25 lbs. (U. S. A.) =1 quarter, qr. 2240 lbs. (Gt. Br.). 28 lbs. (Gt. Br.) = 1 quarter, qr. 175 lbs. troy TROY WEIGHT. 3.2 grains =1 carat. 20 dwt 24 grains, gr =1 pennyweight, dwt. 12 oz. =r 5760 gr Gold, silver, and jewels are weighed by this weight. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 20 grains =1 scruple, 9.1 8 3= 480 gr 3 3 = ldram, 5- 12 3 = 5760 gr MEASURES IN COMMON USE. LONG MEASURE. 72 points = 1 inch, in. 4 poles =. 66 feet 3 barleycorns. = 1 inch. 100 links.s 12 lines = 1 inch. 10 chains = 1 palm. 8 fur 4 inches = 1 hand. 1760 yds 9 inches 1 span. 5280 ft. 12 inches = 1 foot, ft. 6080.27 ft 18 inches =1 cubit. 3 miles 3 ft. = 36 in = 1 yard, yd. 60 geog. m 6 feet = 1 fathom. 694 statute m 3j£?b} = 1 rod, perch, or pole. CLOTH MEASURE. 2^ in = 1 nail, na. 5 qr. = 45 inches. 4 na. = 9 inches =: 1 quarter, qr. 6 qr. == 54 inches 4 qr. = 36 inches =1 yard, yd. 37.2 in 3 qr. = 27 inches = 1 ell Flemish. SQUARE MEASURE. 144 sq. inches rr 1 square foot. 40 sq. rods feet = 1 sq. yard. 4 roods or 160 sq. rods sq. yards or = 1 square rod, perch, or or 10 sq. chains. "fe72i sq. ft. pole. 640 acres 16 sq. rods = 1 sq. chain. CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 cu. in = 1 cu. ft. 6cu. ft 27 cu. ft = 1 cu. yd. cord ft. or 128 cu. ft. 40 ft. of round or 50 ft. of = 1 ton or load. hewn timber LIQUID MEASURE. 4 gills =1 pint, pt. 63 gallons 2 pints =1 quart, qt. 84 gallons 4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal. 126 gallons 42 gallons =1 tierce. 252 gallons The barrel is usually taken to be 31£ gallons in some States, 32 gallons. contains 231 cubic inches; but the imperial gallon, 277.274 cubic inches. APOTHECARIES' MEASURE. 60 minims (or drops), 8 fluid drams 16 fluid ounces 8 pints = 1 hundredweight, cwt. — 1 hundredweight, cwt. = 1 ton. = 1 short ton. = 1 long ton. = 144 lbs. av. =r 1 ounce, oz. =1 pound, lb. =z 1 ounce, 3 = 1 pound, ft. 1 chain. 1 chain. 1 furlong, fur. 1 mile, m. 1 mile. 1 mile. 1 geog. or naut. mile. 1 league, lea. 1 degree. 1 equatorial deg. = 1 ell English. = 1 ell French. = 1 ell Scotch. 1 rood. 1 acre (43,560 sq. ft.). 1 sq. mile. = 1 cord foot. = 1 cord. = 1 hogshead, hkd. = 1 puncheon. = 1 pipe. = 1 tun. The gallon (U. S.) 1 fluid dram, f 3 1 fluid ounce, f 3 1 pint (oelarius), O. 1 gallon (congiw). 741 2 pints 4 quartB 2 gallons 4 pecks 36 bushels A gallon, dry 1 U. S. (or Winchester) -..,,,, 1 imperial bushel 1 E»gU,h,u. The weight corn, 56 lbs. The customary ington 50 lbs. Rboistkb Ton. — ve el This number Shipping Ton. 40 cubic feet 42 cubic feet 350 cubic feet A ton of wheal ume and weight 60 seconds 60 minutes 24 hours 7 days 2 weeks The length onds. As the day to the year, Every year centuries, which was not a leap January, March, April, June, lor)p years, when 60 seconds or 60 minutes or 12 units 12 dozen 24 sheets 1©tt quires WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. 721 DRY MEASURE. = 1 quart, qt. 4 bushels (in England) = 1 coom. =1 gallon, gal. 2 cooms (in England) = 1 quarter. = 1 peck, pk. 5 quarters (in England) = 1 wey. = 1 bushel, bu. 2 weys (in England) = 1 last. = 1 chaldron, ch. measure, contains 268£ cubic inches. bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches. = 2218.192 cubic inches. = 1.0315157 U. S. bu. [=8 imperial bushels. rter | = 8 &!fi2L [= 10.2694 cubic feet. of a bushel of wheat, as fixed by law, is GO lbs. avdp. of rye, 56 lbs. and of Indian A bushel of oats varies in weight from 30 to 36 lbs., and of barley from 32 to 50 lbs. legal weight of a bushel of potatoes is 60 lbs., but in Ohio it is 58 lbs., and in Wash- SHIPPING ADMEASUREMENT. — For Register Tonnage, or for measurement of the entire internal capacity of a 100 cubic feet = 1 register ton. is arbitrarily a umed to facilitate computation. — For the measurement of cargo — = 1 shipping ton. 10 milligrams. 10 centigrams 10 decigrams 10 grams 10 decagrams 10 hectograms 10 kilograms 10 my ria grams 10 quintals 64.798950 milligrams 453.592651 grams.... 1016.04754 kilograms. 907.18530 kilograms.. 10 millimeters 10 centimeters 10 decimeters 10 meters 10 decameters 10 hectometers 10 kilometers 25.398 millimeters 1.0159 decimeters 3.0479 decimeters 9.1438 decimeters 100.58 decimeters 20.116 meters 1.6093 kilometers The meter is designed Ordinary 100 centares 100 ares Ordinary 1 cubic meter « THE METRIC SYSTEM. WEIGHTS 1 milligram = k.000001 = 0.0154323 gr. 1 centigram. = 0^.00001 = 0.1543235 gr. 1 decigram = 0^.0001.. = 1.5432349 gr. 1 gram = 0*.001... = 15.4323488 gr. 1 decagram = Ok.01 = 154.323488 gr. = 0.3527 oz. av. 1 hectogram = k = = 3.52741543.23488oz. av.gr. 1 kilogram _, k == 15432.3488 gr. 2.204621 lbs. av. 1 myriagram = 10k = 22.04621 lbs. av. 1 quintal == 100k. == 1.9684220.4621cwt.lbs.ofav.112 lbs. = 2204.621 lbs. av. 1 millier or tonneau. 1000^.... = 0.9842 long ton of 2240 lbs. = 1.102320 short tons of 2000 lbs. = 1 grain troy. The kilogram is designed to be the exact = 1 pound av. weight in a vacuum of a cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of =z 1 long ton, or 2240 lbs. = 1 short ton, or 2000 lbs. 4° of the centigrade thermometer (39.2° Fahrenheit). MEASURES OF LENGTH. 1 millimeter Orn.OOl 0.0393708 inch. = 1 centimeter Orn.Ol 0.393708 inch. rr 1 decimeter Om.l 3.93708 inches. 39.3708 inches. 1 meter 1m.... 9.8427 hands. 3.280899 feet. r= 1 decameter = 10m 32.80899 feet. = 1 hectometer' = 100m 328.0899 feet. = 3280.899 feet. "— = = > = i-H "SMfci [= 0.621382 mile. = 1 my ria meter = 10000m. = 6.21382 miles. =1 inch. = 1 hand (4 inches). = 1 foot (3 hands). =1 yard (9 hands). =1 half-chain (99 hands). =1 chain. =1 mile (80 chains). to be the ten-millionth part of the quadrant of the Earth's meridian. MEASURES OF SURFACE. Measures. — The squares of the measures of length. LAND MEASURES. 1 are = 100 square meters _ 1076.4 square feet. 119.60 square yards. = 1 hectare = 2.471 acres. MEASURES OF VOLUME. Measures. — The cube of the measures of length. 61025.2 cubic inches. = 35.316 cubic feet. 1.3079 cubic yards. 743 1 cent i stere. 1 decistere. 1 stere 1 decastere 1 milliliter 10 milliliters = 1 centiliter 10 centiliters =1 deciliter 10 deciliters = 1 liter 10 liters = 1 decaliter 10 decaliters = 1 hectoliter 10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter WEIGHTS Weight or Measure achtel acre ady ahm ahnude almude alqueire alqueire alqueire anker anker anker archine ardeb are arratel arroba arroba arroba arroba baril barleycorn barrel (beer) barrel (beer) becher berkovitz bigg ah bonkal bott a bu bushel (Winchester) bushel (Winchester), wheat WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. '23 MEASURES FOR WOOD..= 0.01 stere.=.353 cubic feet. r= 0.1 stere = 3.53 cubic feet. = 1 cubic meter == 35.316.2759cubic cord.feet. = 10 steres.= 13.07!) cubic yards. DRY AND LIQUID MEASURES. 0!.001 0.00106 quart, liq. me as.:0.27 fluid dram. = 0.01057 quart, liq. me as. O'.Ol 0.338 fluid oz. = O'.l. 0.10567 quart, liq. me as. 0.845 gill. 1 cubic decimeter. = l 1.0567 quarts, liq. me as. 0.908 quart, dry me as. = 10 2.6418 gallons. 9.08 quarts, dry me as. = 100 2 bushels, 3.35 pecks. 26.417 gallons. 1 cubic meter. =: 1000 264.17 gallons. ALPHABETIC LIST OF AND MEASURES OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS WITH AMERICAN AND METRIC EQUIVALENTS. Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent Austria 0.872 pk. 7.68681. U. S. & G. B. 1. acre. 40.4629 are Madras 10.46 in. 0.2657 m. Hamburg 38.147 gal. 144.3988 Portugal 4.369 gal. 16.539 Spain 0.533 pk. 4.659 Brazil 1.135 bus. 39.996 Lisbon 2.184 gal. 8.269 Portugal 1.534 pk. 13.519 Hamburg 9.536 gal. 36.099 Saxony 17.176 gal. 65.017 U.S. 10. gal. 37.8523 Ru ia 28. in. 0.711 m. Egypt 5.2 bus. 183.2278 Metric 0.0247 acre 1. are Portugal 1.0119 lbs. 458.976 g. Argentina 25.3175 lbs. 11.4413 kg. Brazil 32.3792 lbs. 14.6874 kg. Portugal 32.379 lbs. 14.6874 kg. Spain 25.35 lbs 11.5023 kg. Mexico 20. gal. 75.704 G. B. 0.333 in. 0.0008 m. U. S. 31.5 gal. 119.237 G. B. 43.212 gaL 163.572 Austria 0.054 pk. 0.4792 Ru ia 360.676 lbs. 163.603 kg. Bombay 0.607 acre 24.577 are B. India 832. gr. 53.9136 g. Portugal 113.611 gal. 430.1272 Japan 0.1 in. 0.0025 m. U.S. 1. bus. 35.236 U.S. 60. lbs. 27.2156 kg. 744 724 Weight or Measure bushel (Imperial) butt cab an candy candy cantar cantar carat earga catty centare centigram centiliter centiliter centimeter centner centner (double) chaldron chitack covado covid covid cuadra cuartilla cuartilla cubit decagram decaliter decaliter decameter decigram deciliter deciliter decimeter dedo derhem de atine drachma drachme dram eimer eimer ell elle elle elle estadio fanega fanega fanega fanegada fa fa fa fa fathom feddan firkin foot frail frasco fuder fuder funte furlong WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent G.B. 1.0315 bus. 36.346 G. B. 129.665 gal. 490.819 Philippine Islands 133. lbs. 60.329 kg. Bombay 560. lbs. 254.032 kg. Madras 500. lbs. 226.796 kg. Central America 4.2631 gal. 16.1371 Egypt 98.19 lbs. 44.539 kg. U. S. 3.2 gr. 20.73 g. Mexico 300. lbs. 136. kg. Burma 1.111 lbs. 503.993 g. Metric 0.00025 acre 0.01 are Metric 0.154 gr. 0.01 g. Metric 0.1057 qt. 0.01 Metric 0.0011 pk. 0.01 Metric 0.3937 in. 0.01 m. Austria 123.461 lbs. 56.002 kg. Metric 220.46 lbs. 100. kg. G. B. 36. bus. 1.3084 kl. Bengal 0.0015 pk. 0.0132 Portugal 25.984 in. 0.66 m. Bengal 18. in. 0.4572 m. Java 27. in..6858 m. Argentina 4.2 acre 169.9442 are Central America. 1.0658 gal. 4.0344 Central America. 1.5745 pk. 13.8698 England 18. in. 0.4572 m. Metric 154.32 gr. 10. g. Metric 2.6418 gal. 10. Metric 1.1352 pk. 10. Metric 32.809 ft. 10. m. Metric 1.5432 gr. 0.1 g. Metric 0.1057 qt. 0.1 Metric 0.0114 pk. 0.1 Metric 3.937 in. 0.1 m. Spain 0.679 in. 0.0177 m. Egypt 47.73 gr. 3.093 g. Ru ia 2.6997 acre 119.249 are Ru ia 57.60 gr. 3.7325 g. Germany 57.53 gr. 3.7279 g. U. S. & G. B. 60. gr. 3.888 g. Hamburg 7.6295 gal. 28.88 Pru ia 18.1464 gal. 68.69 England 45. in. 1.142 m. Austria 30.6775 in. 0.779 m. Hamburg 22.54 in. 0.5725 m. Ru ia 26.2586 in. 0.6669 m. Portugal 0.1598 mi. 0.2572 km. Argentina 3.8936 bus. 137.19 Spain 1.599 bus. 56.3425 Uruguay 7.776 bus. 274. Spain 1.5871 acre 64.2188 are Germany 26.418 gal. 100. Hamburg 1.4941 bus. 52.646 Hungary 52.545 gal. 198.9 Saxony 100.1737 gal. 379.187 G.B. 6. ft. 1.8287 m. Egypt 1.0382 acre 42.0084 are G.B. 10.8054 gal. 40.0166 U. S. & G. B. 12. in. 0.3048 m. Spain 50. lbs. 22.68 kg. Mexico 2.5 qt. 2.3672 Austria 478.479 gal. 1811.19 Hamburg 228.884 gal. 866.39 Ru ia 0.9028 lb. 409.51 g. G. B. 0.125 mi. 0.2011 km. 745 Weight or Measure fu fu fu gallon (beer) gallon (Winchester) gallon (imperial) garse geira gill Winchester) gilt gonghau grain gram gran guirbeh guz hand hanth hectare hectogram hectoliter hectoliter hectometer hogshead hogshead hundredweight hundredweight inc inch jaob joch kahoon kanne kanne kerat kette kilogram kiloliter kiloliter kilometer kin klafter klafter koku korree lana last last last league legua libra line link liter liter loth loth loth malter mark mark WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Jo Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent Austria 12.4456 in. 0.3161 m. Hamburg 11.27 in. 0.2862 m. Saxony 11.148 in. 0.2831 m. U. S. 1.225 gal. 4.64 u. s. 1. gal. 3.7853 G. B. 1.2006 gal. 4.5435 Madras 139.508 bus. 4.9157 kl. Portugal 1.4287 acre 57.8094 are U. S. 0.125 qt. 0.11841. G. B. 0.1501 qt. 0.1421 Japan 0.9547 pk. 8.4 U. S. & G. B. 1. gr. 0.0648 g. Metric 15.432 gr. 1. g- Austria 1.13 gr. 0.0732 g. Egypt 17.6117 gal. 66.665 Bengal 36. in. 0.9144 m. G. B. 4. in. 0.1016 m. B. India 18. in. 0.4572 m. Metric 2.4714 acre 100. are Metric 3.527 oz. 100. g. Metric 26.418 gal. 100. Metric 2.838 bus. 100. Metric 328.09 ft. 100. m. U. S. 63. gal. 238.474 G. B. 64.8324 gal. 245.41 U. S. 100. lbs. 45.36 kg. G. B. 112. lbs. 50.80 kg. Japan 6.25 ft. 1.9062 m. U. S. & G. B. 1. in. 0.0254 m. Bengal 0.25 in. 0.0063 m. Austria 1.4223 acre 57.55 are Bengal 42.44 bus. 1495.42 Austria 0.7477 qt. 0.7079 Germany 1.0567 qt. 1. Egypt 1.99 gr. 0.1289 g. Germany 32.809 ft. 10. m. Metric 2.2046 lbs. 1000. g. Metric 264.18 gal. 1000. Metric 28.38 bus. 1000. Metric 3280.899 ft. 1000. m. Japan 1.325 lbs. 601.0226 g. Austria 6.2228 ft. 1.8966 m. Bremen 5.693 ft. 1.7351 m. Japan 5.1565 bus. 187.4181 Ru ia 3.5 bus. 127.211 Ru ia 1.2037 oz. 34.1251 g. G. B. 82.52 bus. 2907.68 Austria 4938.46 lbs. 2250.085 kg. Hamburg 89.6433 bus. 3158.68 G. B. 3. mi. 4.8279 km. Spain 4.2151 mi. 6.7834 km. Spain 1.0143 lbs. 460.90 g. G. B. 0.0833 in. 0.0021 m. G. B. 8. in. 0.2032 m. Metric 1.0567 qt. 1. Metric 1.1135 pk. 1. Austria 270.06 gr. 17.5 g. Hamburg 233.6 gr. 15.1374 g. Ru ia 197.49 gr. 12.7974 g. Pru ia 18.7164 bus. 659.492 Aiistria 9.8768 oz. 280. g. Hamburg 8.5431 oz. 242.2 g. 746 7^> Weight or Measure ma maund (bazaar) maund (factory) meile meile meter metze metze mile milha millier milligram milliliter millimeter aomme morgeu myriagram nail ioeuzoll no el ohm oitava oka onca once onza ounce (avoirdupois) ounce (troy) oxhoft palm pal mo peck (Winchester) peck (imperial) pennyweight perch pfund pfund pice pie pint (Winchester) pint (imperial) pipe pipe pole pood pound (avoirdupois) pound (troy) puncheon puncheon quart (Winchester) quart (beer) quart (imperial) quarter quarter quarter quartier quartillo quarto quentchen quentchen quintal quintal quintal rod rood WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent Austria 1.4954 qt. 1.4149 Bengal 82.285 lbs. 37.324 kg. Bengal 74.6667 lbs. 33.869 kg. Austria 4.7142 mi. 7.5866 km. Pru ia 4.6807 mi. 7.5327 km. Metric 39.3708 in. 1. m. Austria 1.7451 bus. 61.4994 Pru ia 0.3899 pk. 3.4346 England 1. mi. 1.6093 km. Portugal 1.2786 mi. 2.0573 km. Metric 2204.621 lbs. 1000. kg. Metric 0.0154 gr. 0.001 g. Metric 0.001 qt. 0.001 Metric 0.0394 in. 0.001 m. Japan 57.9 gr. 3.75 g. Hamburg 2.3852 acre 96.5123 are Metric 22.046 lbs. 10. kg. G. B. 2.25 in. 0.0571 m. Germany 0.3937 in. 0.01 m. Saxony 0.6362 qt. 0.6024 Pru ia 36.2928 gal. 137.379 Portugal 55.34 gr. 3.5857 g. Egypt 2.7275 lbs. 1237.2 g. Portugal 1.0119 oz. 28.6873 g. Ru ia 1.0532 oz. 29.8582 g. Spain 1.0143 oz. 28.756 g. U. S. & G. B. 1. oz. 28.3495 g. U. S. & G. B. 1.0971 oz. 31.1035 g. Hamburg 57.221 gal. 216.598 G. B. 3. in. 0.0762 m. Spain 8.346 in. 0.2120 m. U.S. 1. pk. 8.809 G. B. 1.0315 pk. 9.0865 U. S. & G. B. 24. gr. 1.5552 g. G. B. 16.667 ft. 5.0799 m. Austria 1.2346 lbs. 560.012 g. Germany 1.1023 lbs. 500. g. Bombay 163.33 gr. 10.5838 g. Spain 11.128 in. 0.2826 m. U. S. 0.5 qt. 0.4734 G. B. 0.6003 qt. 0.5679 U. S. 126. gal. 476.95 G. B. 129.665 gal. 490.82 1. G. B. 16.667 ft. 5.0799 m. Ru ia 36.114 lbs. 16.38 kg. U. S. & G. B. 1. lb. 453.5927 g. U. S. & G. B. 0.8229 lb. 373.2419 g. U.S. 84. gal. 317.965 G. B. 129.665 gal. 490.82 U.S. 1. qt. 0.9469 G. B. 1.2251 qt. 1.16 G. B. 1.2006 qt. 1.1358 U.S. 25. lbs. 11.34 kg. G. B. 8.252 bus. 290.8 G. B. 28. lbs. 12.7 kg. Hamburg 0.9536 qt. 0.9029 Spain 0.5329 qt. 0.4946 Portugal 0.3836 pk. 3.3791 1. Austria 67.51 gr. 4.375 g. Hamburg 58.4 gr. 3.7843 g. France 220.46 lbs. 100. kg. Portugal 129.518 lbs. 58.749 kg. Spain 101.433 lbs. 46.09 kg. G. B. 16.667 ft. 5.0799 m. G. B. 0.25 acre 10.1157 are 747 Weight or Meauure rottolo runlet rut he rut he sachine scheffel scheffel schoppen genua scruple 80 seer seer seer seidel ser shaku span stab stab staro stone strich stubchen tael tchetverik tchetvert tchetviert tierce tierce to tola ton (long) ton (short) tonelada tonelada tonelada tonne tonne tonneau tun tun unglee unze unze vara vara vedro verschok verst vierling viertel viertel viertel viertel wey wispel yard yugada zoll zoll. zolotnik WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 727 Country or Locality United States Unit Metric Equivalent Egypt 0.9819 lb. 445.41 g. U.S. 18. gal. 68.1341 Austria 12.4455 ft. 3.7933 m. Pru ia 12.357 ft. 3.7663 m. Ru ia 7. ft. 2.1335 m. Germany 1.419 bus. 50. Hamburg 2.9881 bus. 105.289 Germany 0.5284 qt. 0.5 Brunswick 11.235 in. 0.2853 m. U. S. & G. B. 20. gr. 1.296 g. Japan 3.6 ft. 1.097 m. Bengal 1.8667 lbs. 846.74 g. Bombay 11.2 oz. 317.5222 g. Ceylon 1.2 qt. 1.1363 Austria 0.3738 qt. 0.3539 B. India 2.2046 lbs. 1. kg. Japan 10. in. 0.254 m. G. B. 9. in. 0.2286 m. Germany 39.3708 in. 1. m. Hungary 62.2278 in. 1.5805 m. Austria 2.344 bus. 82.61 G. B. 14. lbs. 6.3503 kg. Germany 0.0394 in. 0.001 m. Hamburg 3.8147 qt. 3.6121 China 1.3334 oz. 37.8019 g. Ru ia 2.976 pk. 26.216 Ru ia 7. in. 0.1778 m. Ru ia 5.9521 bus. 209.728 U. S. 42. gal. 158.98 G. B. 43.2216 gal. 163.606 Japan 2.0626 pk. 18.7418 B. India 180. gr. 11.664 g. U. S. & G. B. 2240. lbs. 1016.0475 kg. U. S. & G. B. 2000. lbs. 907.185 kg. Portugal 113.607 gal. 429.998 Portugal 1748.493 lbs. 793.116 kg. Spain 2028.66 lbs. 921.803 kg. Germany 2204.621 lbs. 1000. kg. Hamburg. 45.7771 gal. 173.279 France 2204.621 lbs. 1000. kg. U. S. 252. gal. 953.895 G. B. 259.33 gal. 981.641 Bengal 0.75 in. 0.019 m. Austria 1.2346 oz. 35. g. Hamburg. 1.0679 oz. 30.282 g. Portugal 43.28 in. 1.0993 m. Spain 33.384 in. 0.8479 m. Ru ia 3.249 gal. 12.299 Ru ia 1.75 in. 0.0444 m. Ru ia 0.6628 mi. 1.0666 km. Austria 4.9384 oz. 140.006 g. Austria 1.7451 pk. 15.3724 Austria 3.7381 gal. 14.1498 Hamburg 1.9074 gal. 7.2208 Pru ia 1.5597 pk. 13.7394 G. B. 41.26 bus. 1453.84 Hamburg 29.8811 bus. 1052.89 U. S. & G. B. 3. ft. 0.9144 m. Spain 79.355 acre 3210.941 are Austria 1.0371 in. 0.0263 m. Hamburg 0.9391 in. 0.0238 m. Ru ia 65.83 gr. 4.2658 g. 748 The value the pure of an ounce even the silver Name of Alexander alphonse anna argentine bani bolivar boliviano cash eent cent cent centavo centavo centavo centavo centavo centesimo centesimo centime centimo centimo centimo colon condor condor copeck crown crown crown crown crown crown crown decimo dime dinar dollar dollar dollar doUar doubloon doubloon doubloon 5 COINS AND THEIK VALUES. given for coins of " silver standard " countries is based upon the market price of silver they contain, and fluctuates with the price of silver. For this table the price of pure silver was taken as $0.58313. For " gold standard " countries the value of coins is reckoned as the given proportionate part of the gold unit. Denominations Coined. Country and Standard, Coin. g. = gold. Equivalent Value in • 5 = silver. Other Native Coins. Gold. Silver. •3 Bulgaria, g. & s.* 1 20 levs $3,859 Cuba, g. 1 25 pesetas 4.823 — India, g. 4; 2 4 pice 0.02 — Argentina, g. i; * 5 pesos 4.824 — Roumania, g.* 50.01 lei 0.002 Venezuela, g.* 100; 50; 5; 2; 1; 20 centavos 0.193 20; 10; 5 frac. — Bolivia, s. 1; \\ etc. 100 centavos 0.422 — — China, s..001 tael 0.007 — Canada, g. 50; 25; 10;5.01 dollar 0.01 — Newfoundland, g. 50;20; 10; 5.01 dollar 0.01 — United States, g. 50; 25; 10.01 dollar 0.01 — Argentina, g. 5;10;20;50.01 peso 0.009 — Bolivia, s. 5; 10; 20;50.01 bolivar 0.005 — Chile, g. 20; 10; 5.01 peso 0.004 — Mexico, s. 50;20;10;5.01 peso 0.004 Venezuela, g.* — 10; 4 ^ bolivar.01 — Italy, g. & s.* 50; 20.01 lira 0.002 — Uruguay, g. 50; 20; 10.01 peso 0.01 — L. U.,* g. & s. 50; 20.01 franc 0.002 — Costa Rica, g. 50;25;10;5.01 colon 0.005 — — Cuba, g..01 peso 0.009 — Spain, g.* 50; 20.01 peseta 0.002 Costa Rica, g. 20; 10; 5; 2 \; etc.— 100 centimos 0.465 Chile, g. i;i 10 pesos 7.30 — Colombia, s. 2;i 20 pesos 9.647 Ru ia, g. 50; 25; 20;.01 ruble 0.005 15; 10; 5 Austiia-H., g. 10; 20 1;5 100 heller 0.203 Denmark, g. 20; 10; 5 2;1; —J; etc. 100 ore 0.268 Germany, g. 2;1. 10 marks 2.38 — Great Brit., g. i;i 5 shillings 1.216 Norway, g. 20; 10; 5 2; 1; frac. 100 ore 0.268 — Portugal, g. l; }; 1-5; 10 milreis 10.805 1-10 Sweden, g. 20; 10; 2; 1; frac. 100 ore 0.268 — Colombia, s. 2;i;i to peso 0.05 — United States, g. l 10 cents 0.10 Servia, g. & s.* 20; 10 5; 2; 1; J 100 paras 0.193 — Canada, g. \ \ etc. 100 cents 1.00 Mexico. See Peso. — Newfoundland, g. 2 100 cents 1.014 United States, g. 20 10 5 i; *; \ 100 cents 1.00 1-10 — Chile, g. 1 — 10 pesos — 3.65 isabella Cuba, g. & s. 1 5,017 See Onza. 2 See footnote, p. 730. 749 Name of Coin. drachma ducat eagle escudo florin florin florin franc gourde guilder imperial kran kreutzer lei lepton lev liang libra lira lira mark mark milreis milreia onza onza onza onza ore ore ore para para penni penny peseta peseta peso peao peso peso peso peso peso peso peso COINS AND THEIR VALUES. 729 Denominations Coined. S Countryg. =and gold.Standard, Equivalent Value in.Sc = silver. Other Native Coins. aS Gold. Silver.?« Greece, g. & s.* 100; 50; 5; 2; 1 100 lepta $0,193 20; 10; 5 — — Austria-H., g. 1; 4 2.287 — United States, g. 2; 1; i;J 10 dollars 10.00 — Chile, g. 5 pesos 1.825 — Austria, g. 1; 2; i 100 kreutzers 0.482 Great Brit., g.. l 2 shillings 0.487 Netherlands, g. 10 2£;l;frac. 100 cents 0.402 Belgium, g. & 8.* 100; 50 5; 2; 1 France 100 centimes 0.193 20; 10; 5 *;i-5 Switzerland Hayti, 10;5;2;1 1 frac- 100 centimes 0.965 tions Netherlands. See Floein. — Ru ia, g. i; i 15 rubles 7.718 — Persia, jV toman 0.078 — Austria, g. 20; 10.01 florin 0.005 Roumania, g.* 20; 10 5; 2; 1 lOObani 0.193 Greece, g. & s.* 50; 20.01 drachma 0.002 Bulgaria, g. & s.* 20 5; 2; 1; J 100 stotinki 0.193 — — Korea, 1 0.10 Peru, g. & i; * — 10 soles 4.8665 Italy, g. & s.* 100; 50; 5; 2; 1; 100 centesimi 0.193 20 10 5 fractions — Turkey, g. 5; 2£; 1;.01 lira 4.396 i; k Finland, g.* 20; 10 2 1 frac. 100 penni 0.193 Germany, g. 20; 10 5; 2; 1; 100 pfennigs 0.238 fractions Brazil, g. 50 10 5 2; 1; | 1000 reis 0.546 Portugal, g. 10 5 2 1 1 frac. 1000 reis 1.08 — — Guatemala, i;i 15.739 — — Honduras, 8. i; h — — 15.739 Nicaragua, 15.739 — — Salvador, s. l\\_ 15.739 Denmark, g. 50; 40;.01 orown 0.003 25; 10 — Norway, g. 50; 40;.01 crown 0.003 25; 10 — Sweden, g. 50; 40;.01 crown 0.003 25: 10 — Servia, g. & s.* 50.01 dinar 0.002 — Turkey, g. 20 ^ piaster 0.001 — Finland, g.* 50; 25.01 mark 0.002 — Great Britain, g. 6; 4; 3; 4 farthings 0.02 2; 1 Ecuador, g. 1 20 centavos 0.097 Spain, g.* 100; 50; 5; 2; 1; 100 centimos 0.133 25; 20; fractions 10; 5 — Argentina, g. 1 h 1-10 100 centavos 0.965 1-20 — Chile, g. 1; 1-5; etc. 100 centavos 0.365 — Colombia, s. 1; 1-5; etc. 10 decimos 0.487 — Cuba, g. 1 100 centimos 0.910 Guatemala, 20; 10; 5; 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 2;1 Honduras, s. 20; 10; 5; 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 2;1 Mexico, 20; 10; 5; 1 1; frac. 100 centavos g0.98 s 0.46 Nicaragua, s. 20;10;5;2;1 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 Salvador, s. 20;10;5;2;1 1; frac. 100 centimos 0.422 See footnote, p. "30. 750 730 COINS AND THEIR VALUES. Denominations Coined. Country and Standard, Name of Coin. g. = gold, Equivalent Value = silver. Other Native Coins. Gold. Silver. peso Uruguay, g. 1 1; i; 1-5; 100 centesimos 1-10 peso Venezuela. See Venezolano. — pfennig Germany, g. 50.01 mark piaster Egypt, g. 50 20;10;5;2; 1.01 pound piaster Turkey, g. 50; 25 20;10;5;2;.01 lira pound Egypt, g. i;i frac. 100 piasters — pound Great Brit., g. 5;2;1;£ 20 shillings — real Ecuador, g. 1 10 centavos — real Portugal, g. 500; 200;.001 milreis 100; 50 rixdaler Netherlands, g. 2£ florins ruble Ru ia, g. 15; 10; 7*;5 1; frac. 100 copecks — rupee India, g. — i; b b i 16 annas sen Japan, g. 50; 20; 10.01 yen — shilling Great Brit., g. 5;2£ 12 pence — sol Peru, g. & s. 1; frac. 100 centavos — sovereign Great Britain. See Pound. stotinki Bulgaria, g. & s.* — —.01 lev sucre Ecuador, g. 10 1; frac. 100 centavos tael (haikwan) China, not coined 1000 cash — thaler Germany, g. 1 3 marks — toman Persia, 2;1 10 krans — venezolano Venezuela, g.* 20;10;4;2;1 100 centavos yen Japan, g. 20; 10; 5 100 sen The Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Switzerland) has nominally standard with the ratio of gold to silver fixed at to 15J, but virtual ally has the single gold standard of the limiting of the silver coinage in 1873. All of these countries have coins of the same weight ne , but the "franc" and "centime" are called respectively "lira" and "centesimo" in " drachma " and " lepton " in Greece. This monetary system has also been adopted in whole or Bulgaria, Finland, Roumania, Servia, Spain, Venezuela, etc. it in *s?d 51.034 0.002 0.05 0.044 4.943 4.8665 0.05 0.001 1.005 0.515 0.324 0.005 0.243 0.487 0.002 0.487 0.703 0.714 1.704 0.965 0.498 a double because and fine- Italy and in part by 751 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS When a word in this vocabulary printed in small (compare) or not, means a reference to the word bo printed. A, &• Letter used in abbreviations as, A/C, account current A/c, account @ for to or at, usually in connection with prices, as 12 c. @ 14 c. (12 to 14 cents) 100 lbs. @ 10 c. (100 lbs. at 10 cents). A, alone, may signify Accepted or Audited. A 1. At Lloyd's Register of Shipping = first cla A 2, second cla , etc. In the U. S. the scale runs fractionally, — A 1, A 1 1-4, etc., A 2, etc. Loosely, A 1 is used in trade simply for " first-rate " of its kind. abandonment. Giving up of insured damaged property to insurers, with claim for total lo . abatement- Deduction from a bill or invoice diminution of a nuisance. abeyance. Suspension temporary suppre ion. abrasion. Lo of weight, as in coins, from handling. abstract. A summary or epitome, as of a title, a will. acceptance. Agreement to terms or conditions; engagement of a drawee of a bill or draft to pay it; reception of a thing bought as that agreed upon. acceptor. One who signs in acceptance. acce ion. Adding property through growth or by labor. acce ory. A subordinate aid to another's act (usually in crime). accident insurance. Agreement to pay a specified sum in case of injury or death by accident. accommodation paper. Promi ory notes made only for borrowing, not standing for real transactions. accord and satisfaction. Discharge of a contract as performed when something else is given or done and accepted therefor. account. Registry of pecuniary transactions statement of debits and credits. accountant- One skilled in commercial and financial affairs and their accountings; profe ional keeper or examiner of books of account. account current Statement of transactions between two parties, showing the condition of the account to date. account, profit and lo . Statement of own transactions for own information, showing expenses and lo es as against gains, for a specified time, account sales. Statement of an agent or broker to a principal, showing dates, quantities of goods sold, rates, prices, expenses, and commi ions, with balance due principal. account Stated. An account rendered, and agreed to by both parties, accrue. To increase to come as profit. AND LAW TERMS. capitals, whether preceded by See " or " Cf acknowledgment- Admi ion, as of payment made or of facts alleged sworn admi ion of one's own signature. a compte. Fr. On account a part payment. acquittance. Written release from liability. act. A thing done, or a formal statement of action taken as, an act of Congre . action. Law. Civil proceeding commenced as may be prescribed by rules of court. actionnaire. Fr. A shareholder. active partner. One who takes active share in managing a busine in which he is part owner. act of bankruptcy. Act which renders the doer liable to be declared bankrupt. act Of God. Damage arising from natural causes, not to be foreseen or prevented — used commonly in BILLS OP LADING. actuary. Company officer skilled in mortality tables, annuities, life probabilities, life insurance values, etc. adjustment. Settlement of lo es in marine and fire insurance agreement upon disputed accounts. administer. To manage or conduct; Law, to settle, as an estate. administrator. See executor. admiralty court. One having jurisdiction in maritime cases. ad referendum. Lat. To be further considered used in some contracts leaving minor matters for further agreement. ad valorem- Lot. According to value as, an ad valorem customs duty, reckoned by a percentage of value, not by weight, quantity, etc., dist. from specific duty. advance. To increase in value to make a prepayment. — the increase, or the prepayment. adventure. A speculative shipment of goods on shipper's own risk, with no liability to ve el. adverse po e ion- Occupation of real estate in opposition to others' claims. advice, letter Of. Letter informing of things done or to be done, as bills or drafts made, consignments of goods, payment of accounts, etc. affiant. One who makes an affidavit. affidavit. Written declaration made and signed under oath before an authorized officer. affreight To hire, as a ship, for transportation of freight. after date. After the date of the bill, draft, or note in question. after sight. After presentation to and acceptance by the drawee of a bill or draft. agenda- Lat. Things to be done. agent. One employed to act for another. aggravation. Law. Whatever increases criminality, or makes an injury heavier. DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS ney in fact, a substitute for transaction of busine b attorney at law, one legally qualified to act for another in legal proceedings. attorney, power Of. Vested authority to act for another in specified ways. auction Selling of property by competitive bidding. auctioneer. A licensed conductor of auctions. audit. Verification of accounts by examination of records, vouchers, etc. auditor. One who audits. authenticate. To give authority to, by legal attestation. authority. Law. Legal sanction a precedent previous decision of a court. aver. To declare positively to affirm. average. A mean proportion; medial sum or quantity. average, general. Proportionate distribution of marine lo among underwriters or owners. average, particular. Partial lo by damage to ship or a part of cargo, to be borne by owner or insurer, not averaged upon all. average Of payments. Equitable adjustment of a single date for settling payments due at several times. averaging. Stock Exchange. Increasing speculative transactions according to price fluctuations, so as to maintain profitable margin. avoid. Law. To defeat or evade, as a plea; to become void or vacant. avulsion. Removal of land from one estate to another, as by flood. award. Finding or decision of an arbitration. back bond. Scots Law. An instrument which, with another making absolute disposition, constitutes a trust. backwardation. Stock Exchange. Seller's postponement of delivery on payment of premium to buyer also, the premium. bail. One who becomes surety for appearance of another in court amount pledged as security act of freeing from custody by bail. Also to deliver, as goods in trust, upon a contract. bailee. One to whom goods are bailed. bailiff. Agent or overseer for another a legal officer (Eng.), a sheriff's deputy. bailment. Act of bailing a person or goods. bailor. One who bails money or goods to another. balance. Scales for weighing equality of two sides of an account; also, difference between the two required to make them equal. balance Of trade. Difference between imports and exports of a country for a specified time. balance Sheet. A paper giving a summary and balance of accounts. bale. A corded bundle of heavy goods. ballast. Heavy material in a ve el's hold to steady it in ballast, loaded with ballast, without cargo. banc A bench or court in banc, a court sitting with full judicial authority. banco. European term, — difference between bank money and depreciated currency. bank- Establishment for custody, loan, exchange, and i ue of money. bankable. Receivable at a bank. bank bill. In U. S., a bank's promi ory note, AND LAW TERMS. 33 payable on demand, used as currency in Eng., a bank's bill of exchange, payable to order, usually at a specified time. bank book. Depositor's pa book, showing the state of his account. banker. One who does a banking busine . bank note. See bank bill. bank rate. Eng. Rate at which the Bank of England declares (weekly) it will grant loans or discount bills. bankrupt. Colloquially, one unable to meet his liabilities legally, one so adjudicated by authority. bar. The legal profe ion a special plea in court sufficiently answering plaintiff's action. bargain. An agreemeut, esp. for purchase and sale an advantageous purchase. bargain and sale. A contract to transfer real estate for a consideration. barratry. Marine Insurance. Willful wrongdoing by shipmaster or crew damaging ve el or cargo. Common Law. Encouraging or inciting litigation. barrister. Brit. Lawyer admitted to plead at English and Irish bars in Scotland called advocate. Dist. from solicitor. barter. Exchange of goods for goods. battery. Law. Unlawful beating or touching another's person or clothes. bazaar. In the Orient, a market place, or a shop in U. S., usually a fair. beacon. A signal mark or light on shore to guide mariners. beadle. A me enger or crier of a court. bear. Slock Exchange. One who sells what he does not po e , for future delivery, expecting a fall in price. Opposed to bull. bearer. One who holds and presents a check, note, draft, or other order for payment of money to bearer. below par. Market price of stocks, etc., when lower than their nominal value. bench warrant. Proce i ued by judge or court against one accused or indicted. berth. A ship's station when at anchor or wharf. bid. Offer of a price for an article on sale, as at auction offer to take a price as for work to be done or goods to be furnished under contract. bill. Law. A written declaration of wrong suffered or done. Com. Eng. A written prom- — ise to pay a certain sum at specified time, in U. S. usually termed a note; also, a written statement of account, as of goods bought or work done, with prices. bill book. Book recording all bills, notes, drafts, etc., payable and receivable by any busine concern. bill Of credit Letter requesting for a bearer credit for goods or money on account of the writer. bill Of entry. Account of goods for export or import entered at the Custom House. bill of exchange. Written order for payment of money to another on account of the writer. bill of lading. Written receipt for goods shipped. bill of particulars. Law. Detailed statement of the items of plaintiff's demands or defendant's set-off or counterclaim. 754 734 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS 1)111 of sale. Formal instrument for transfer of goods and chattels. bill Of Sight. Custom house entry permitting landing of goods for examination before acceptance. Dill Of Store. Custom house license permitting carriage of ship's stores nece ary for a voyage customs free. bills payable. Outstanding notes or bills, to be paid. bills receivable. Outstanding notes or bills, to be received. bimetallism. Legalized use of two metals, as gold and silver, in a currency at a relative fixed value. blackmail. Extorting money by threats, as of injury to one's reputation. bona fide. Lat. In good faith. bond. A sealed writing binding signer or his legal representatives to pay money or perform contract under pecuniary penalty for failure also, an instrument made by a government or a corporation for borrowing money upon stated security. bonded warehouse. A building for storing imported goods liable for customs duty, not to be chargeable with duties until taken out for domestic use, and exempted from duty if reexported. Such goods are said to be in bond, the owners having signed bonds securing the conditions. bondsman. One who becomes under bond security for another's fidelity, honesty, or performance. bonus. Lat. good. Extra money paid, or stock given, or profits divided, beyond stated requirements. book accounts. Accounts entered in the books. bookkeeping. Act or proce of recording busine transactions as, by single entry, carrying each transaction to the debit or credit of a single account or by double entry, carrying each transaction to the debit of one and the credit of another account, one balancing the other. book value- The worth of a concern, as a bank, as shown by its books, which, owing to goodwill or prospective busine , may be surpa ed by its market value. bottom. A freight-carrying ve el. bottomry bond. A bond pledging the bottom or whole ve el as security for nece ary stores. bought notes, and sale notes. Contract memoranda exchanged between merchants, brokers, etc., specifying commodities bought or sold, with prices, terms, etc. bounty. A premium paid by government to encourage production and exportation. bourse. Fr. An exchange spec if., the Paris Stock Exchange. brand. Orig., a trade-mark made with a hot iron on a packing case for identification of maker or quality; colloquially, the special kind of a cla of goods as, a certain brand of cigars. breach. A breaking or violation of any obligation as, a breach of trust, of contract. breadstuffS. Grain, flour, or meal. breakage. Allowance made for goods broken in transit. break. Law. To separate with violence and AND LAW TERM." felonious intent any part (of a house or its fastenings). break bulk. To begin unloading to transfer (freight) in detail, as from boat to cars. brief. A summary of a case or of points of a law argument a court writ. broker. An agent a buyer or seller for others, on commi ion, — the chief lines of their employment are in bills (negotiable paper), money exchange, insurance, produce, shipping (getting ships for freight and freight for ships), stocks and bonds (securities of all kinds). bucket Shop. A place outside the exchanges, where small sums can be bet on prices of stocks, produce, oil, etc. Slang. bull. Stock Exchange. One who buys in expectation of or for producing a rise in prices. Opposed to BEAR. bullion. Gold or silver uncoined, or reckoned by weight. burden. Carrying capacity of a ve el as, a ship of 600 tons burden. burden Of proof. Law. Obligation of proving a position or a ertion in court. burglary. Breaking and entering another's dwelling house by night with felonious intent. buy the refusal. To pay a sum for the privilege of buying at a future time at a fixed price. by-law. A private minor regulation made by a society, company, corporation, etc. C. C. Letter used in sundry abbreviations: as, C/A, capital account C/B, cashbook C. F. I., cost, freight, and insurance Cg., centigram Cr., credit or creditor etc. cable. A ship's rope or chain for anchor or mooring a metallic wire rope surrounded by insulating material to serve as a submarine telegraph line a me age sent by submarine cable. cablegram. A telegram by submarine cable. calculate. To reckon by mathematical proce ; to forecast. call. Privilege to demand delivery of stock or other security at a fixed price within a fixed time, — see option also, summons to pay an installment due on company shares. call loan. A loan at fixed interest, repayable on demand. cancel. To annul, as a paid check to revoke, as an order to buy or sell. canon. A law or rule, esp. ecclesiastical. Capias. Lat. A writ commanding legal officer to arrest or seize. capital- Money, property, or stock employed in busine sum invested or lent, as dist from income or interest. Capital offense. Crime liable to the death penalty. capital Stock- Total amount of money or property in any corporation, as represented by its shares of stock at par value. capitation. Poll tax. caption. Law. The part of a legal instrument showing where, when, and by what authority it was taken, found, or executed. Carat. The unit of weight (3^ grains) by which precious stones are weighed a twenty-fourth part, term used in denoting the finene 755 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS of gold (12 carats being half gold, carats pure gold, etc.). cargo. Load of a ve el freight. carriage. Conveyance; the sum charged for carrier, common. One that undertakes for hire the carriage of persons or goods from place to place for any who choose to hire. Persons or corporations owning means of conveyance, as railroads, ships, etc., are included. cartage. Charge for carting goods. carte blanche. Fr. blank paper. Unlimited authority. case. A mercantile box and its contents. Law. A suit or action, or the matters involved. case Of need- Sometimes indorsed on a bill of exchange In case of need, apply to A. B. &\ Co.: designating a party who will guarantee payment if not made at maturity. cash. Ready money. cash book. Record of money received and paid out. cash credit. A credit granted on security or confidence. cashier. One who has charge of receipts and disbursements. ca ation. Act of annulling. Court of Ca ation, the highest French court of appeal, having power to quash or to reverse lower decisions. casting vote. Vote by chairman of a meeting, when ayes and noes are equal. caveat. Law. Notice not to do a certain act until after a hearing in opposition. Caveat empt or. Lot. Let the buyer beware e., examiue goods and judge for himself. cellarage. Charge for storage in a cellar. certificate. A written, authorized declaration of some fact, as a certificate of deposit in a bank a certificate, of stock in a company. — cent. One hundred, or one hundredth used to designate a ratio, as ten per cent., ten in a hundred also name of sundry coins, as the U. S. rent, the one hundredth part of a dollar. certified Check. One certified as good by the bank on which it is drawn. cestui que trust. One who has the beneficial interest in a property the legal interest in which vests in a trustee. Chamber Of commerce. A voluntary a ociation of merchants for the promotion of trade interests. charter. A State grant to a municipality or a corporation to transact its own affairs the letting or hiring of a ve el by special contract. Charter party. A contract letting all or part of a ve el. charts. Maps esp. those showing a projection of water, and usually features of a coast-line, as rocks, shoals, lights, etc., and the depths of soundings within a given range. Chattels. Items of property, except real estate; as c. personal, movable goods, money, etc. c. real, rights in real estate les a than ownership leases, mortgages, etc. Cheap money. Money plentiful, for loans at low rates. Check. A written order on a bank or banker to pay money on account of the drawer. Check book. A book of printed blank checks. Check to bearer. One payable on demand to whoever presents it. AND LAW TERMS. 735 Check to order. One payable to the order of the person named, his signature to be indorsed upon it before payment. Chose in action. Law. A right enforceable by legal proce , as a debt, warrant, mortgage, note, etc. Cipher. A private alphabet or system of secret writing. circular notes. A form of letter of credit for convenience of travelers. Circulating medium. A current medium of exchange, whether coin, government notes, or bank notes. Clear. To enter a ve el at the custom house, fulfill nditions, pay dues, and receive permi ion to sail. Of goods, for export, the same. Of banks, to settle mutual accounts. Clearance. Certificate that a ve el has cleared at the custom house. Clearing house. Establishment where banks settle daily mutual accounts by exchange of checks, bills, etc. Client- One who employs a legal adviser. The term has been extended to customers of bankers, brokers, and any profe ional agents. Coasting trade. That carried on betweeu seaports of the same country. C. D- Collect on delivery. Collateral. Persons descended from the same stock, but not from the same parents. Collateral security. A secondary or indirect security, as of stocks or bonds", for a loan, should the principal fail to perform contract. collector. One who collects or receives money for another an officer commi ioned to receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. combine, or combination. A union of manufacturers or merchants to protect their common interest, regulate prices among themselves, etc. Sometimes applied to trusts. commerce. Traffic on a large scale. commi ion. Allowance to an agent for transacting busine . commi ioner of deeds. An officer authorized to take affidavits, acknowledgments of deeds, depositions, etc., for use in the State appointing him. commitment. Act of sending to custody or to prison. commodity. Any movable article bought and sold (except animals). common carrier. See cabrieb. common law. The unwritten law the law arising from immemorial usage and universal reception dist. from statutoby law, as enacted by legislation. common Stock. Ordinary capital stock, without privileges of preferred stock. commute. Law. To diminish, as a penalty, as death to life imprisonment. Com. To substitute a smaller payment for a greater or one form of payment for another, as a larger immediate sum for many smaller fares, as on a railroad. company. A busine a ociation of joint stockholders partners in a firm but not named in its title. composition. Adjustment of liabilities by mutual agreement, as by payment of a part instead of the whole also, the amount of compensation agreed upon in the adjustment. 756 736 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS compound interest. Interest on the principal and on unpaid interest. compromise. Adjustment of differences by mutual conce ions. conce ion. Grant of privileges by foreign governments to mining companies, railroads, etc. consideration. Compensation value received. Consign. To send to a party in another place, as goods for sale. Consignee. Party to whom goods are consigned. Consignment. Goods sent to another party for sale the sending by a consignor. Consols. Securities in the consolidated debt of the English government (now more than half the national debt). In 1903 the rate of interest paid was set at 1\ per cent until 1923. Consul. Official commi ioned to reside abroad to look after the commerce and seamen of his own country. Consulage. Fees paid to a consul for services. consular invoice. Invoice of exports made and declared before the foreign consul of the country of import. contingent. Denoting events that may or may not occur as, a contingent liability, as of an indorser of a bill of exchange. contraband. Prohibited by law or treaty, as smuggled goods. contraband Of war. Goods that international law forbids a neutral to furnish to a belligerent. contract. An agreement between two or more persons to do or not do certain things. contractor. One who undertakes to perform work or furnish commodities at a fixed price, — usually for corporations or municipalities. convertible. Easily sold or converted into money as, convertible paper currency, securities, etc. conveyance. Transfer of property document or deed expre ing it transportation of persons or goods. cooperation. A ociation of a number of persons for their common benefit, as cooperative societies buying for and selling to their members. copyright. Exclusive right to print and sell a iterary, musical, dramatic, or art work. corner. Control of the price of stocks or produce by buying nearly all supplies. Colloq. corporation. An a ociation of persons in one body, endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual, as to transact busine , sue and be sued, etc. Coupon. Interest certificate, attached to a bond or stock certificate, to be cut off and presented for payment when due. Credit. Trust given or received in expectation of future payment good mercantile reputation; in Bookkeeping, record of values received from the party named in the account. creditor. One to whom money is due. Credit sales. Sales to be paid for in future. CUm. Lat. With. Cum dividend. With the dividend that is due or accruing in sales of stock so named the buyer takes the next dividend. cumulative preferred stock. Stock upon which if the guaranteed dividend cannot be paid in any year or years, the dividend accumulates AND LAW TERMS. till it can be paid, taking precedence of later dividends. curbstone broker. A broker not a member of the stock exchange. Slang. currency. Circulating money of a country time between the written and the due date of a bill or rate. current. Now moving, running, active as, a current account. custom. Law. Long-established practice considered as unwritten law, authorized by long universal consent. customary. Holding or held by custom as, customary tenants, customary practice. customer. A regular purchaser. custom house. Establishment where customs or duties are levied and paid, where ve els are entered and cleared. customs. Duties or tolls on goods imported or exported. customs entry. Presentation of a ship's papers etc. to the custom house for clearing. D. D. Letter used in abbreviations as, D/B, daybook d/d, day's date Dft., draft; Dis., discount; Div., dividend; dr., debtor; d/s, days' sight. damage. Injury pi., Law. Money reparation for injury sustained. date. Statement of time (month, day, and year) when a paper was executed, or is to mature. day book. Daily record book of transactions. days Of grace. Days (usually three, except where abolished in the U. S., as in New York) allowed for payment of notes or bills after expiration of written due date. dead. Law. Legally deprived of rights of a citizen. dead freight. Money paid by shipper who fails to use load-space contracted for. dead hand. One who cannot alienate or convey property, as one civilly dead. See mortmain. dead letter. A letter that fails to reach the person addre ed a letter or a law that has lost its force by lapse of time. dead light. Iron shutter of a ship's porthole. dead reckoning. Determining ship's position by compa and log-line, showing courses and distances. dead weight. The part of a cargo paying by weight, not measurement. dear money. Money scarce, not to be borrowed but at high rates. debase. To lower in value, as adulterated coinage. debenture. Written acknowledgment of debt; custom house certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a drawback in England, municipal and other bonds for money loaned. debit. To charge with debt to enter on books — as debtor n., a book-charge of debt opp. of CREDIT. debt. That which is due. debtor. One who owes opp. of creditor. decimal system. That in which weights, measures, money, etc. are reckoned by decimal division — oy tenths, as most coinages except of England, and most European weights and measures. decline. To le en in value or price. 757 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS deed- Written contract, signed, sealed, and delivered usually conveying real estate. default. Neglect or failure to fulfill obligations, as to pay debts, or, spec if., to account duly for entrusted funds or property. default, to suffer a. Law. To fail to answer an action when called. defendant. Law. One required to make answer m an action. deferred bonds. Bonds bearing increasing interest to a certain rate, and then exchanged for active bonds at a fixed rate. deferred Stock. Stock not entitled to dividends until prior stock shall have been satisfied. deficit. A falling short, esp. of income as a deficit in revenue. del credire. Ital. Additional premium paid agent who guarantees customers solvency. deliver. To give over yield po e ion of. demand. To claim. demand draft or note. One payable on presentation. demurrage. Charge for detention of a ve el beyond time allowed in charter-party. demurrer. Law. Stop or pause in an action, for judgment as to whether the opposing allegations, if true, are sufficient to sustain action or defense. deposit. Bailed goods money paid in advance on contract money placed with a bank subject to order. depot. A place of deposit or storage a military station Colloq., a railroad station. depreciation. A le ening of value or price. derelict. A ve el or goods abandoned at sea. deviation. Marine Ins. Divergence of a ve el from the specified course of the voyage. devise. To give real estate by will. devisee. One receiving real estate by will. dies non. Law. A day on which courts are not held. director. One of the managers of a corporation. discharge. To unload, as a ship to pay, as a debt to set free, as from arrest to absolve from liability, as a bankrupt. disclaimer. Law. Renunciation of rights or interest. discount. To deduct, as from a bill of charges: to lend money upon (a note) after deducting the interest. disembark- To unload or land, as from a ship. di olution. Breaking up of a partnership. distrain. To seize goods as security, esp. for rent. ditto. The same the aforesaid usually indicated by do, or". dividend- Money to be divided, whether from busine profits or from a bankrupt estate one person's share therein. dockage, dock dues. Charges for use of a dock. docket. A bill or label attached to goods Law., abridged entry of a judgment or proceedings U. S., a calendar of cases ready for hearing. document. An original or official paper. dollar. Silver U. S. coin the value of a dollar the gold dollar, unit of money reckoning in U. S., is no longer coined. See coins, etc., p. 728. domicile. One's place of residence, with intention of permanency. AND LAW TERMS. 737 double entry. See bookkeeping. draft. A money order deduction from gro weight of goods first sketch of a writing or document depth of water needed to float a ship. draw. To make a draft, in any sense. drawback. Money repaid by government to one who exports goods on which import duties have been paid. drawee. One on whom a money draft is drawn. drawer. One who makes a draft. drayage. Charges for cartage. drug in tie market Unsalable commodity. drummer. A commercial traveler. dry dock. Inclosed dock, from which the water can be drawn, used for repairing ve els. dry goods. Com. Name for textile fabrics. due. Owed payable. due bill. Brief written acknowledgment of debt, not payable to order. dun. To urge payment. dunnage. Loose stuff for stowing and protecting cargo and the ve el's hold. duplicate. An exact copy an original document repeated and valid a second article like a first. dure . Constraint compulsion to commit an action. duties. Taxes levied by a government on importation, exportation, or consumption of goods. E- Letter used in abbreviations as, E. E. written on accounts, Errors Excepted E. & O. E., Errors and Omi ions Excepted e. g., for example Ex. d., ex dividend; Ex. cp., ex coupon Ex. int., ex interest. effects. Goods movables po e ions. ejectment. Expulsion of a tenant legal action for recovery of real estate, damages, etc. embargo. Government prohibition of trading ships to leave home ports. embark. To board a ve el to put on shipboard. employers' liability. Legal enactments as to employers' pecuniary liability for injuries to their workmen on duty. emporium. A place of trade esp., a city of large commerce. endorse, endorsement. See indorse, etc. endowment. A permanent fund also, Life Ins., a fixed sum payable a certain number of years in the future. engro er. One who raises prices by purchasing the whole or large quantities of a commodity a forestaller also a large-hand copyist, as of legal documents. Entered at Stationers' Hall. English form of copyright notice. entrepot. In France, a bonded warehouse Colloq., a commercial center through which pa many goods. entry. Registry of a ve el or goods at a custom house Bookkeeping, a record made Law, taking po e ion of real estate by entering putting upon record. equity. A system of jurisprudence supplemental to law properly so called, and complemental of 758 738 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS equity of redemption. Law. Advantage allowed to a mortgagor to redeem property after legal forfeiture. estate. Aggregate of po e ions or interests of any one. estimate. Rough calculation, as of the cost of a building to be erected, value of an estate, etc. estoppel. Law. A bar to one's alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action or statement. ex. Lot. Without by virtue of. exchange. Settling accounts at a distance by orders or bills of exchange to correspondents; differences in value between national currencies [cap.'] a place where merchants meet for mutual busine , as stock exchange, produce exchange. exchange, par Of. Fixed value of coin or standard of one country expre ed in that of another (as, £1 = $4.86), fluctuation of market value being a matter of demand and supply. exchequer. Eng. The government treasury; hence, Colloq., pecuniary po e ions as, my exchequer is low. excise. An inland duty or impost levied upon the manufacture, sale, or consumption of commodities within the country. OX coupon- Without the interest coupon. ex dividend. Without the dividend next due. execute. Law. To complete, as a document, by signing, etc. executor. One appointed to administer or carry out the provisions of a will, executrix, feminine. executory. Law. To take effect in the future. exequatur- Recognition of a consul by the government to which he is accredited. exhibit. Law. Document or article used for evidence in court. ex Officio. By virtue of office officially. export. To send goods to foreign lands in commerce. expre . To send quickly; expre company, a company for transmitting goods rapidly from place to place. extension. Writing in the details of an account; extra time allowed a debtor for settling. extra. Beyond what is due, usual, expected or P. F. Letter used in abbreviations as, F. A. S., free alongside ship F. O. B., free on board (ve el or cars) f franc or francs. face. Amount for which a note, check, etc., is drawn. face value. Nominal par value on the face of bonds, notes, stock certificates, etc. facsimile. An exact copy. factor. Agent who buys or sells for another, but may do it in his own name. factorage. A factor's commi ion. facture. Invoice or bill of parcels. failure. Being insolvent inability to pay debts. fair. Of good average quality, — below excellent. fair trade. Eng. Admitting imports from other nations on the same terms they give to British goods. fall. Lowering of prices. AND LAW TERMS. false pretenses- Untrue statements made with intent to defraud. fancy goods. Fabrics of various colors, patterns, etc. fare. Price of personal conveyance. favor, or favour. Term used in correspondence denoting a letter received. fee. Payment for services rendered or to be rendered. fee Simple. Law. An estate of inheritance without condition or limits. fiat. Lat. Let it be done a command or decree. fiat money. Irredeemable paper currency, decreed by government. fiduciary- Holding or held in trust a trustee. fiduciary loan. Loan without collateral security. finance. Public money resources science of public revenue. finances. Available funds, public or private. financier. One skilled in financial affairs. fire insurance. Security against lo by fire. firm. A busine partnership of two or more persons name of the same the partners collectively. first-hand. Goods from maker, importer, or wholesale dealer. fixed capital. Money invested in land, buildings, machinery, etc. expected to return an income. fixtures. Permanent appendages to real estate, so as to constitute a part of flat. Depre ed, dull as, a flat stock market. flat value. Stock Exchange. Value without accrued interest. floating capital. Money at command for investments or enterprises. floating policy. Policy of insurance on goods in various places. flotsam. Floating goods lost by shipwreck. folio. A sheet of paper once folded Bookkeeping, a page in an account book Law writing, in England, 72 words, in U. S. 100 words. footing- Sum of a column of figures. foreclosure. Seizure and sale of property under an overdue mortgage. forestall the market. To buy up goods with intent to raise prices. forgery. Fraudulently making or altering a writing or signature purporting to be made by another. forwarder. One who transmits goods. fractional currency. Small coin or paper note3 in circulation, of le value than the monetary unit (as in U. S., le than a dollar). franking- Privilege of sending mail matter free of postage. fraud. Law. Intentional untruth for obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another. free goods. Goods not liable to customs duties. freehold estate. Real estate held in absolute ownership with power of transmi ion. free port. A port where no duties are exacted. free trade. Trade carried on without interference of a customs tariff. freight. Price paid for transportation of goods also goods transported. funded. Government loans not payable at fixed times, but consolidated into general interest bearing securities. See consols. funds. Government debts paying interest gov- 759 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS eminent stock and public securities available money. futures. Speculation in the future values of merchandise, produce, stocks, etc. G. Q. Letter used in abbreviations as 6. A. or g. a., general average. garnishee. One in whose hands property or money of another is attached. garnishment Legal warning to one holding another's goods or money, not to deliver to owner but to appear in court with information. gauge. Instrument for measuring capacity of a cask, barrel, etc. a standard measure. gilt-edged securities. Such as are considered absolutely safe. goods. Wares, commodities, personal property. good Will. Habit of customers to resort to an established concern, a valuable a et in busine . grain. The smallest weight measure in Gr. Britain and the U. S. the edible seed of any cereal. gro . Twelve dozen also, full weight of goods without deduction for package, opp. to net. gronndage. Fees paid by a ship for space occupied in port. ground rent. Rent paid a landlord for right to build upon his ground. guarantee. Warrant or surety for some act, as payment of a debt, by another person also, the one to whom the guarantee is made. guarantor. Person guaranteeing another. guaranty. Variant of guarantee. guinea. A former British gold coin, worth 21 shillings. It is still usual to reckon profe ional fees in guineas, although the coin has not been minted since 1817. gunny-bags. Coarse sacks used for coffee, nuts, etc. H. Letter used in abbreviations: as, Hhd., hogshead; H. P., horse-power; H. P. N., horse power nominal, etc. habendum. Lat. That must be had. The part of a deed determining extent of interest or property granted. hand. Measure equal to hand's breadth, about 4 in., used for horses' height. handsel. Earnest money hand money, to bind bargain. harbor. Safe shelter for ve els. harbor dues. Fees for use of a harbor. harbor master. Official in charge of a harbor. haulage. Charges for hauling. haven. Same as harbor. high seas. The open sea, beyond the three mile coast limit. hire. Wages for service price for temporary use. hold. A ve el's below-decks, for cargo. holder. The payee, owner, or po e or of a bill of exchange, note, etc. home. One's own dwelling place. home, adj. Of or relating to one's dwelling or country as home comforts the home (not foreign) market home consumption, domestic use. AND LAW TERMS. 739 hong. Chinese name for European busine house or factory in China. honor. To accept and pay when due. hnsbandage. Commi ion or compensation to ship's husband. hypothecate. To pledge or mortgage as security. I. Letter used in abbreviations: as, lb., ibidem, the same, in the same place Id., idem, the same Inst., instant — of the present month; Int., interest; Inv., invoice. immovables. Real estate and its appurtenances. immunity. Freedom or exemption, as from duty, charge, penalty, etc. import. To bring foreign goods into a country. imports. Imported goods. impost. A tax esp., government duty on imports. income. Profit from labor or capital annual receipts. income tax. Government tax upon incomes. inconvertible paper currency. Paper money not good for cash at its face value. indemnification Securing against or making good a lo . indemnity. Exemption from or compensation for lo immunity from penalty. indenture. Mutual written agreement; pi.. contract binding master and apprentice. index. Alphabetical list of names or accounts. indict. To formally charge with crime on presentment of grand jury. indictment, bill Of. Charge of crime pa ed on by grand jury as a true bill or not. indorse. To write one's name on the back of a bill, note, or draft, for collecting, a igning, or guaranteeing it to guarantee or certify. Ingot. A cast bar of gold, silver, steel, or other malleable metal. inheritance tax. A tax imposed on estates received by inheritance. injunction. Court writ enjoining one to do or refrain from doing a certain thing. inland bill. Money order drawn upon a party in the same jurisdiction. Insolvent. Law. One the aggregate of whose property at a fair valuation is not sufficient in amount to pay his debts. Installment- System of debt payment by parts at different times, usually specified. instant. Of the current month as, the sixth instant. insurable interest. A pecuniary interest. insurance or a urance. Contract whereby one party (the insurer) agrees for a stipulated consideration (the premium) to indemnify or guarantee another (the insured) against lo by certain specified risks (as fire, sea peril), or to pay a sum of money on the death of the insured or at a specified time. (See a urance, ENDOWMENT.) insurance policy. Contract for insurance executed in form. interest. Money paid for the use of money, usually reckoned by percentage share in profit and responsibility. internal revenue. Annual yield from domestic taxation. international law. Rules regulating mutual intercourse of nations. 760 740 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS interpleader. Law. Proce by which one of whom the same debt or thing is claimed by two parties may compel them to settle it between themselves before suing him. intestate. Dying without making a will not disposed of by will. in transitu. Lai. On the way during pa age. inventory. A list or catalogue, as of goods. investment. Purchase of property money so used, in expectation of profit. invoice. Written detailed account of goods sent to a purchaser, with prices, etc. invoice book. Book for recording invoices sent or received. involved. Entangled embarra ed by debts. I. 0. U. I owe you a due bill, acknowledging debt, without promise to pay. J. Jetsam. Goods jettisoned often spec if., when washed on shore. jettison. The throwing overboard of cargo or tackle to lighten a ve el in distre goods so treated. jobber. One who buys from importers or producers and sells again a middleman. Job lot. A mixed a ortment, usually as sold at a price for the whole. joint account. Account of busine transacted by two or more parties with common interest in gains or lo es. joint Stock. Stock or capital held in company. joint Stock company. A form of partnership representing interest by transferable shares, the management limited to persons especially authorized. Joint tenancy. Tenure of estate by two or more, in which the survivor takes the whole. journal. A book of account containing condensed and grouped statements of daily transactions, with references to ledger entries. judgment. Law. Act of decision by a court court's decision or decree. Judgment debtor. Debtor against whom judgment for money may be enforced. judgment note. Promi ory note authorizing holder to enter judgment and take execution on default forbidden by law in some States. jurisdiction. Sphere and extent of authority of a government or a court. Jury. A body of men chosen and sworn to declare the truth of matter in evidence before them; grand not le than 12 nor more than 23, to examine accusations and present indictments for crime, and to act in other matters, as to public nuisances, etc. coroner's to make inquest into the cause of sudden or violent death petit or petty 12 men to try, and finally decide upon, facts in civil or criminal cases before the courts. K. kiting. Borrowing money by exchanging checks for » day, or accommodation notes. L. L- Letter used in abbreviations as, L. c. letter of credit Led., ledger L. S., locus sigilli, place for seal (often written, within a circle, on documents instead of placing a seal) Ltd., limited. AND LAW TERMS. lac, or lakh. Anglo-Ind. One hundred you sand Colloq., a great number spec if., 100,000 rupees. lading. See bill or lading. land. To put cargo ashore to disembark. landlord. One who leases real estate to another. larboard. The left side of a ve el to one facing forward now usually called port. lascar. A native Hindu sailor. law. Rule of conduct prescribed by governmental authority the body of such rules applying to special interests; as, commercial law, insurance law; the whole body of such rules as generally applicable. See common LAW, STATUTE LAW. lay days. Days allowed by charter party for loading or unloading ve el. lazaretto. Public pest hospital house or ve el for quarantine detention and fumigation. leakage. Allowance for lo by leaking. lease. Contract conveying the use of land or tenement upon consideration for a fixed period or for life. ledger. Final double entry record of a concern's transactions, containing every debit and credit, summarized from all the other books of account. leeward. The direction toward which the wind blows opposed to windward. legal tender. An offer to do or pay in performance of a contract according to its terms under the law money which a government prescribes as obligatory to be offered or received in payment of debt. le ee. A tenant under a lease. le or. One who leases. letter book. Book containing copies of letters sent. letter of advice. See advice, letter of. letter Of credit. A banker's money order on his agent or correspondent in a distant place (or several of them) in favor of a third party, — not negotiable. letter Of license. One by which creditors extend a debtor's time for payment. letter Of marque. Governmental commi ion to a privateer ve el to prey on an enemy's commerce. letters Of administration. Authorization to administer the estate of an intestate or one having no proper executor. letters patent. Eng. Law. Government authorization to a person to do some act or enjoy some right. See patent. letters testamentary. Law. Authorization to an appointed executor to act as such. liabilities. Obligations under contract, including debts. license. Authorization to do acts or carry on busine which without it would be illegal. lien. Legal claim or charge upon property for satisfaction of debt or duty. life. For life until death as a life annuity, a life estate, a life interest. life insurance. See a urance, insurance. lighterage. Charges for loading or unloading ships by lighters or open barges. limited liability. Corporation law. The liability of a company in which each shareholder is liable only to the amount of his shares, or to an amount fixed by guarantee. The word 761 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS " Limited " (or Ltd.) is by law to be the last word in such a company's name (unle not organized for gain). line. A supply of goods as, a line of shirtings; a fleet of regular trading ve els. liquidation. Adjustment (of debts or damages); payment or settlement of debts winding up of a busine . Lloyd's- An English marine insurance society, founded by Edward Lloyd, 1688, which registers and publishes specific information as to all British and foreign shipping, grading each ve el by its qualities. See Al. Similar a ociations are the Austrian Lloyd in Trieste, and the North German Lloyd in Bremen. loan. That which is lent or borrowed to be returned, as money on interest. lock out. Withholding employment from one's employees, for compelling acceptance of terms. Correlative of strike. locum tenens- One who acts as agent or substitute for another. 10CUS Sigilli. See L. (abbr. L. S.). log book. Record of daily events on a voyage — courses, distances, weather, incidents, etc. kept by ship's master. long. Exchanges. Having goods or securities in anticipation of rising price. long dozen- Thirteen for twelve. longshoreman. Laborer who loads and unloads ve els. lot. A separate portion, as of goods for sale. M. M. Letter used in abbreviations as, M, 1,000; MS., manuscript; MSS., manuscripts; M/s, month's sight. mala fide. Lot. In bad faith. mandamus. Court writ, or statutory proceeding, directing the doing of some public duty. manliest. List of ship's pa engers and cargo, specifying marks and contents of each package, etc., for exhibition at custom house. manufactures. Things made from raw material by hand, machinery, or art. margin. Exchanges. Deposit of money or securities with broker to a ure him against lo in speculative operation for customer. marine. Pertaining to the sea or to ships, as marine insurance. maritime. Connected with the sea, navigation, commerce, etc. as, maritime law. mark. A character, device, label, letter, etc., put on an article to identify maker, quality, etc. Cf. TRADE-MARK. market. A public sales place the course of commercial activity, as, a dull market. maturity. Being due end of period a note or other obligation has to run. mercantile. Commercial. mercantile agency. Establishment furnishing subscribers information as to resources and credit of busine concerns. mercantile paper. Negotiable notes, etc., given by merchants in busine . merchant. A trader, usually on a large scale. merchant service. Collective term for ve els engaged in freight or pa enger trade. merger. Law. Absorption of one estate or interest in another, or of a minor offense in a greater. As to corporations, the vesting oi AND LAW TERMS. 741 control of several in a single one, by i uing stock of the controlling one in place of a majority of stock of the others. metric system. See Tables of Weights and Measures. middleman. Intermediate buyer and seller between producers and consumers. mileage. Allowance for travel expenses at a given rate per mile. minimum- Least quantity lowest price. mint. Place where money is coined. misfeasance. Doing of a lawful act in an unlawful manner. mixed fabric. A textile fabric made of two or more kinds of fiber, as poplin. mixed policy. Marine Ins. Combination of a voyage and a time policy. money. Anything customarily used as a medium of exchange or measure of value, as wampum, etc., but usually gold, silver, and copper coin, or their paper representatives. money market. Combined agencies of supply and demand that fix the rate of interest upon loans dealings in money. money order. Commonly an order for money deposited at one post-office and payable at another any order to pay money. monometallism. Legalized use of currency based on one metal, as gold, or as silver also, the theory or belief in this practice. Diet. from BIMETALLISM. monopoly. Exclusive right or power of selling or buying a certain commodity in a given market, usually giving control of price. mortgage- Conveyance of property as security for debt, conditioned on release when debt is paid, otherwise, to stand. mortmain. Lat. dead hand; the holding (of real estate) by any corporation likely to be perpetual, as ecclesiastical. mutual life insurance company. One with no shareholders, whose profits are supposed to belong to the insured, divided by payments, reduction of premiums, or enlargement oi policies. movables. Personal belongings, not fixtures. muster. A sample or collection of samples. To pa muster means bulk equal to sample. N. N. Letter used in abbreviations as, N. B., take notice N/e, no effects N/f no funds N. G., not good No., number. national bank. U. S. A bank under national control, which, besides ordinary banking, may i ue circulating notes to amount of U. S. bonds it deposits in U. S. Treasury. nece aries. Law. Such things, as to infants, lunatics, married women, or other dependents, as are needful for suitable support. negotiable paper. Bills, notes, drafts, and checks transferable or a ignable in busine , — bonds and some forms of stock sometimes included. negotiation. A treating with another for coming to common terms. net. Clear, pure, as net wine without deduction, as net price; after deductions, as utt profit, net proceeds. net weight. Weight of goods without package, etc. 762 742 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS UO funds. Sometimes indorsed on checks by bankers when drawer lacks money to meet them. See N. abbr. nominal. In name only non-existent or very slight as, nominal consideration, price, capital. non-feasance. Law. Omi ion of what should have been done. non-joinder. Law. Omi ion of some nece ary party or cause of action. notary public. One authorized to take acknowledgments, affidavits, protests, etc., and to attest deeds or other legal documents. note Of hand. A promi ory note for payment of money. not good- Similar to no funds. See N. (abbr. N/f). nudum pactum. Lat. A contract without consideration of value. o. O. Letter used in abbreviations: as, O/a, on account O/d, on demand %, per cent % per mille. Obligation. Duty imposed by law, promise, or contract a bond with condition and penalty for nonfulfillment. octroi. Fr. Tax on goods brought into a French city. On demand. Payable on presentation. On sale. Placed with another to be sold. open account. One that is current, or not settled. open policy. Marine Ins. One insuring goods not yet fixed in valuation. Option. Choice Stock Exchange, privilege of fulfilling a contract of purchase or of sale at a fixed price on a fixed day. Option to buy is termed a call to sell, a put. order. A direction, as to buy or to sell the direction by which the payee of negotiable paper prescribes to whom payment shall be made, — as, Pay to the order of ordinary. A ship out of commi ion is said to be in ordinary. output. Quantity of goods produced, or sales, within a given time. outstanding. Undischarged uncollected unpaid. over-capitalized. Having a nominal capital so large that the income does not pay interest on it. overdraw. To make drafts in exce of credit. overdue. Delayed (as a ship) or unpaid (as a note) beyond the proper time. evert. Public apparent manifest. P, p. Letter used in abbreviations as, P/A, power of attorney P. C, price current P. c, per cent. P. M. or p. m., afternoon P. O., postal order; p/c, postal card; Prox., proximo; P. S., postscript. package. A parcel a bale, case, etc., in which goods are packed. paction. A contract. paid up. Paid in full, as a debt, capital stock, etc. panic Sudden public alarm in monetary affairs great fall in prices. paper. Negotiable evidences of debt. AND LAW TERMS. paper currency. Paper documents circulating as money. par. Nominal value. par of exchange. See exchange, par of. partner. One of two or more a ociates in busine for joint profit. See active partner, SILENT PARTNER. partnership. Contract of two or more persons to join capital, labor, or skill in busine for their joint profit. part owner. One of several owners in common. pa book. Books pa ing between a trader or bank and a customer, in which credit purchases or deposits and withdrawals are entered. pa port. Official permi ion to enter, traverse, and leave a foreign country. patent. An official writing, securing to an inventor exclusive right to make, use, and sell his invention, for seventeen years (England, fourteen years). pawn. To deposit as security for money lent. pawnbroker. One who, as a busine , lends money at interest on security of personal property pledged in his keeping. payable. That should or can be paid due. payee. One to whom a note, bill, or check is made payable. per annum. By the year. per cent, per centum. Lat. By the hundred. percentage. Rate or allowance per cent, as interest, discount, commi ion. per contra. Lat. On the other side as offset. per diem. Lat. By the day. per mille. Lat. By the you sand a broker's charge on foreign drafts, — abbr. % permit. Custom house. Written permi ion to land or remove dutiable or excisable goods. personal property, personalty. Things temporary or movable chattels. petty cash book. Record of small expenses and receipts. plaintiff. Law. Bringer of an action for remedy against wrong suffered. plant. Real estate, machinery, apparatus, etc, used in a trade, manufacturing or industrial busine . plea. Law. An allegation in support of a cause a defendant's answer. policy. Certificate of insurance. port. Place for arrival and departure of ships the left side of a ship (facing forward), formerly called LARBOARD. port Of entry. Revenue Law. A place, whether nautical or not, where foreign goods may be entered for import, — as Springfield, Ma . post. Bookkeeping. To transfer from day-book or journal to ledger. postdate. To date after the real time, as a check. poste restante. Fr. Phrase written on letters to be left in post-office till called for. post meridian. After mid-day; afternoon. Written P. M., or p. m. post obit bond- A bond to secure a loan, payable after the death of some person, from an estate in reversion expected by the maker. power Of attorney. Written authority to act for another. See attorney. precis. Fr. An abstract summary. — preferred. Having prior right, as, preferred stock, which receives dividends of profits or 763 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS final a ets before common stock preferred creditor, one by law or by debtor's choice having advantage in payment. premium. Bounty bonus beyond interest, for a loan consideration paid for insurance. presentment. Law. Finding of grand jury as to a true bill op indictment statement made by grand jury of unlawful facts, without indictment. Com. Presentation at the proper time and place of a document requiring acceptance or payment. price current. List of prevailing prices for commodities, etc., i ued periodically by dealers to customers. prime. Of first or highest quality. prime COSt. Original cost. principal. Chief person in a concern employer of an agent; money bearing interest. probate. Official proof of genuinene of a will, establishing correctne of form and testator's capacity, but not validity of provisions. proceeds. Actual sum realized, le all expenses. produce. Yield; product of labor spec if., agricultural products. profit. Exce of returns or income over expenditures or investment. profit and lo . See account, profit and lo . pro form a. As a matter of form. promi ory note. Written promise to pay at a fixed time a certain sum of money to, or to the order of, a specified person or to bearer. promoter. One who does preliminary work in establishing a busine enterprise, company, etc. proof in bankruptcy. Law. Evidence of the existence of debt or liability exacted from every creditor before admi ion of his claim. pro rata. Lot. In proportion; according to share, interest, or liability of each. protective tariff. Customs duties for protecting domestic producers against foreign competition. protest. Attestation by a notary public of failure to pay a note or bill of exchange, notified to indorsers to confirm claim upon them. proviso. A provision or condition in a contract. proximo. The next month. proxy. Authority to act for another one so authorized. put Stock Exchange. The right to sell at a given price, at or within a fixed time, specified securities or commodities. See option. Q. quarantine. The time (orig. forty days) during which a ship suspected of infectious disease is restrained from shore intercourse; the restraint itself the place where enforced in general, forced stoppage of intercourse by land or sea on account of such disease. quarter. The fourth part of a year, three months. quarter day. Day on which quarterly installments of rent are due. quash. Law. To make void as, to quash an indictment. quid pro quo. Lat. Something for something one thing in place of, or compensation for, another; a mutual conce ion. quittance. Discharge or release from obligation. AND LAW TERMS. 743 quorum. The number of members of an a embly that are legally competent to transact busine . quotation. Statement of the current price or prices of commodities, securities, etc. the prices named. R. R. Letter used in abbreviations as, Reg., registered Rev. A/c, revenue account R. R., railroad Ry., railway. rack rent. A rent of the full value of a tenement, or near it exce ive rent. rate Of exchange. Amount in currency of one country offered for that of another on a given date, varying, under conditions of supply and demand, from the par op exchange. real estate. Property in house or land. rebate. An allowance or discount, esp. in money already paid. receipt. Written acknowledgment of goods or money received. A receipt is merely presumptive evidence and may be disputed. receiver. Law. One appointed, usually by a court, to receive, hold, and administer in trust property in litigation or that of a bankrupt or concern in di olution. recourse. Resort (to a person) for the meeting of another's obligation. recoup. To reimburse make good one's lo es. rectify. To purify or refine (distilled liquors), esp. by redistillation. referee. Law. One (usually an attorney at law) appointed by a court to take evidence and decide on an i ue referred to him, with or without consent of the parties concerned. Reference is dist. from arbitration. register. An official record customs certificate describing a ve el, its name, ownership, tonnage, etc. reinsure. To insure again, by an insurer as against lo by orig. insurance. release. Discharge from obligation relinquishment of a right or claim. re-lease. To grant a new lease of. remittance. Transmittal of money or its representative to a distant person. renewal. Giving or accepting a new note in place of one unpaid when due. rent. Payment for holding and use of real estate. rente. Fr. Annual income spec if., interest on government consolidated debt, — used also in other European countries. replevin. Return to or recovery by one of his goods wrongfully detained, on security of giving them back if defeated in court. reprisal- Internal. Law. Forceful redre of grievances, as by seizing property, embargo or any retaliatory acts short of war. retail. To sell in small quantities. retainer. Law. Act of engaging the services of a lawyer fee for the same. returnable. Law. Required to be returned, delivered, or rendered, on a certain day, as a writ of court. returns. Proceeds; results. revenue. Income, esp. of a state from duties and taxes. reversion. Right of succe ion or future po e ion. 764 744 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS S- Letter used in abbreviations as, $, dollars sc. or scil., scilicet; S. S., steamship Stg., sterling; Stk., stock. Sagging. Drooping as, a sagging market. salary. Fixed regular periodical pay for services, as monthly, quarterly, yearly. Cf. WAGES. sale. Transfer of ownership for a consideration. Salvage. Saving of ship or cargo from wreck, or house or goods from fire articles saved compensation to rescuers. sample. A portion taken as evidence of quality of the whole a specimen. sans recourse. Without recourse. schedule. A list or inventory. SGllicet. Lat. To wit; namely. scrip. Preliminary certificate esp., of stock after allotment and before complete payment and registered i ue. sea-letter. A neutral ship's pa port in time of war. search warrant. Law. Legal authorization to search for stolen goods, or other things held in violation of law, as gambling implements, smuggled goods, etc. seaworthy. Fit, whether in condition or outfit, — to take a voyage said of a ve el. Secured creditor. One holding security covering his claims. security. Something given or pledged to insure the performance of a contract, payment of debt, etc. PL, Evidences of debt or of property, as bonds, stock certificates, etc. seisin, or seizin. Occupation or po e ion of real estate by its owner. sell. To dispose of property for a consideration. sequestration. Law. Placing of disputed property in the hands of a third party until question is settled. Internal. Law. Seizing private property for the State. Set-off. Offset against a debt of a claim in favor of the debtor. settlement. Adjustment, as of accounts payment, as of debts. Share. Any of the equal interests into which a property or the capital of a company is didded. Ship. Nautically, a square-rigged ve el with a bowsprit and three masts colloquially, any large seagoing ve el. Shipment. Act of dispatching goods by a ve el or other conveyance also, the goods shipped. shipper. One who places goods in shipment. Shipping. Ve els generally tonnage. Shipping articles. Articles of agreement between shipmaster and seamen. Ship's husband. An agent on land, representing the owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts. Ship's papers. A ship's certificate of registry, manifest, muster-roll of cargo, charter-party, bills of lading, bill of health, and log-book. Ship's Stores. Nece ary provisions of all kinds for a voyage. Short. Exchanges. Not owning what one has sold for future delivery, but hoping to buy it cheaper before it is due. Opposite of long. AND LAW TERMS. short hills. Bills of exchange payable in le than ten days. Short Shipment. Outgoing cargo lacking some articles cleared but relanded, delayed, etc. Sight- Demand or presentation (of a bill or draft payable at sight). Signature. One's own name written with one's own hand. Silent partner. One interested by investment but without power in management. Also called dormant or sleeping partner. If his name appears he is liable with the rest if not, not, except as to his investment. Cf. ACTIVE PARTNER. Simple interest. Interest paid only on the principal lent. Cf compound interest. Sinking fund. Sums set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for extinguishment of a debt by accumulation of interest. smuggling. Importing or exporting goods without paying legal duties. solicitor. Brit. An attorney-at-law, without the right to plead in court. Cf. Barrister. solvency. Ability to meet all obligations. specie. Coin, usually of gold and silver. specification. A written description of particulars. specific duty. A certain impost on a given article or quantity of a given kind of article imported, without reference to value. speculation. Irregular dealing for profit from probable fluctuations in price, as in securities, real estate, etc. Stamp duty. A tax collected by stamps required to be bought and affixed to specified articles, documents, etc. Standard. A fixed legal measure of quantity, weight, extent, value or quality, esp. the orig. specimen sanctioned by government, — as the standard pound, gallon, yard, meter, etc. Staple. Principal production of a place, or commodity of traffic in a market. Starboard. The right hand side of a ship, looking forward. Statement of account. Periodical rendering of general accounts, with dates and amounts of transactions. Statute law. The law as expre ed in statutes; dist. from common law. Statute Of limitations. Law. Statute fixing a period after which a claimant may not en- — force his claims by suit in real estate, 20 years in personal property, 6 years in tort, 2 years. Sterling. Lawful British money. Stock. Shares in a company or corporation capital; unsold goods. Stock broker. One who deals in securities on commi ion. Stock exchange. Institution for the purchase and sale of stocks and other securities. Stockholder. One who owns shares of stock. Stock taking. Periodical inventory and valuation of goods on hand. Stop a Check. To notify the bank on which it is drawn not to pay it till further notice. Stoppage in transitu. Law. The arresting of sold goods after shipment by the seller if buyer insolvent. Storage. Storing goods charges therefor. Stowage. Loading a ship charges therefor. 765 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS Strike. Quitting work by a body of workmen to enforce demands upon tbeir employer. Cf LOCKOUT. SUbpOMia. A writ commanding attendance in court, under penalty for failure. subpoena ad testificandum. A writ commanding attendance in court as a witne . subpoena duces tecum. A writ commanding attendance in court, bringing certain specified documents. subrogation- Law. Substituting one person -other as creditor, the second paying the uebt and a uming the claim. suit. Law. Legal application to a court for justice. sundries. Miscellaneous things. supercargo. One superintending the sale of cargo abroad, procuring other freight for return voyage, etc. surety. One bonded as answerable for the debt or obligation of another. surrender value. Life Ins. The amount a company will pay the insured for surrendering his policy and claim. surveyor Of customs. Officer in superintendence at a custom house station. Suspense account. A temporary record of uncertain debits or credits pending decision of their proper entry. suspension. Stoppage of payments of debts or obligations. SUttle weight. Light weight after deduction of tare. sympathetic strike. A strike by a body of workmen, to aid another strike in which they are not directly interested. T. tale. Reckoning goods by number, not by weight. tale quale (ta'le kwa'le). Lat. Such as [it is]. Phrase used in contracts for goods "to arrive." the buyer taking the risk of their being equal to sample. tally. To check off an account. tare. Allowance for weight of box, cask, or packing, tare and tret, allowance for case and for waste see tret. tariff. A table of fixed charges also, a government schedule of duties on goods imported. (Gr. Brit, and U. S. have no export duties.) teller. A bank officer, usually one for receiving deposits and one for paying money on checks. tenant. Law. One who holds real estate by any title commonly, one who occupies the real estate of another by lease. tender. A sufficient offer of money, service, etc., in pursuance of an obligation; as, the tender of rent due. tenor. Law. An exact copy of a document. tenement. Land or other real property held by one person of another also, a dwelling house. tenure. Act, right, or manner of holding real property. term. Time for which a paper or contract is drawn, as a note. testament. Written document directing disposal of one's property after death. testator. One who makes a will. testimony. Law. Declaration under oath in affirmation of some fact. AND LAW TERMS. 745 time bargain. Contract to buy or sell at a certain time, at a price to be then fixed. toll. A tax on privilege, as for cro ing a bridge charge for service, as canal tolls. ton. Weight measure =20 cwts. — in Eng., 2,240 lbs. in U. S. and Canada, 2,000 lbs. unit of cubical capacity for ships = 100 cubic feet unit of displacement of ships (esp. warships), 35 cubic feet of water. tonnage. Weight of goods carried in a ship cubical content of a ship batons (100 cu. ft.) tax on ve els, or toll on canal-borne goods, per ton total shipping of a place or nation estimated by tons. tontine. Life Ins. An annuity shared among a number, the survivors taking benefit of rhe accumulations, the last taking balance. tort. Law. A civil wrong (not breach of contract) liable for damages. trade. Buying and selling; commerce; one's busine a mechanical occupation, as carpenter's trade; those in the same busine , as the book trade. trade discount. Deduction to traders in the same line. trade mark. A mark or device of identification which the producer has exclusive legal right to use on goods. trade name. Name used by traders for any article. trade sale. Periodical auction for dealers, as book trade sale. trade-union or trades-union. A ociation of working people in any trade to further their own interests. traffic Trade, esp. if large spec if., that of transportation of pa engers and goods, as of a railroad. tran hipment. Transferring from one conveyance to another. transportation. Carriage, removal, conveyance, esp. of goods. transit duty. Customs tax on goods pa ing through a country. traveler. One who travels taking orders, etc., for a commercial house. treasury note. Currency bill i ued by the U. S. Treasury, receivable for taxes. tret. Allowance to purchaser, for waste of 4 lbs. in 104 lbs. of suttle weight. trust. Credit given committal of property to one for the benefit of another a combination of producers or dealers (if of corporations, by putting control of their affairs into the hands of trustees, hence the name) for economical production and le ening of competition. trustee. One to whom property is committed for another's benefit also, a gaknishee. trustee proce . See garnishment. U. U. Letter used in abbreviations as, U/a, underwriting account {Marine Ins.); Ult. orult., of last month; U. S., United States (or U. S. A. — of America) TJ/w, underwriter. ullage. Amount a cask lacks of being full deficiency. Ultimatum. A final proposition. Ultimo. Of the last previous month. umpire. One called to settle disagreement between arbitrators. 766 746 DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS under protest. Condition of paying money demanded illegally or in exce . underwriter. An insurer, — sometimes of loans or enterprises, commonly of marine risks. Undervaluation. Custom House. Giving invoice price below the truth. Unseaworthy. Unfit for voyage, whether as to condition or outfit. Upset price. Lowest fixed price which seller will take, or allow in starting an auction. Usage. Long-continued practice custom. Usance. Custom practice customary time allowed for payment of a foreign bill of exchange, — as New York upon Europe, 60 days on East Indies, 4 months, etc. USUfrnct. Right of using the property of another without impairing the substance. usury. Interest in exce of legal rate. V. V. Letter used in abbreviations: as, V. or v., meaning versus, against via, by the way of videlicet, namely. valid. Law. Legally sufficient strong binding. valuation. Estimate or statement of worth or price. value. Proper price. value received. Phrase used in promi ory notes, bills, etc. denoting valuable consideration. vendee. A purchaser. vendor. A seller. vendue. An auction. venture. Goods shipped for trade. verdict. Law. Decision of a jury on facts submitted in evidence. verify. To confirm the truth or authenticity of, as a signature. Via. LMt. By the way of as, via New York. Visa (ve'za), or vise" (ve-za'). Examination and approval, as of a pa port by authority, or of any document requiring superior approval. void. Law. Of no force or effect null. voucher. A document in proof of correctne of account, as a receipt, canceled check, etc. voyage. Journey by water to a distant place or country, — time of beginning and ending, as for insurance, depending on agreement. w. W- Letter used in abbreviations as, W. B., way bill W. b., water ballast Wt., weight W/W., warehouse warrant. AND LAW TERMS. warehouse. Place for storing goods for pay. See BONDED WAREHOUSE. warehouse warrant. Receipt for goods on storage. wages. Pay for (usually mechanical or manual) work, commonly by the day or week thus dist. from salaky. Warrant. An authorization, — as, a warrant on a city treasurer to pay money a court warrant for arrest. warranty. A guarantee of something, — as of performance of a contract by another, or of title in goods sold. wastage. Lo by use, decay, leakage, handling, etc. waste. Rubbish refuse wastage. watering of Stock. Colloquial. I uing company stock without corresponding value received or representing available capital. waybill. Written description of goods transported by a common carrier on land. wet goods. Liquids in bottles or casks. Wharfage. Charges for use of a wharf. wholesale. Trade by large quantity selling to jobbers or retail dealers. Wind up. To end to close up, as the affairs of a busine concern. Windward- Direction from which the wind blows, — opp. of leeward. Without recourse. Phrase sometimes added to indorsement of negotiable paper, protecting indorser from liability to the indorsee and subsequent holders. See recourse. wreckage. Goods afloat or washed ashore from a wreck. writ. An order of court commanding the doing or not doing of a certain act, under penalty. X. X. Letter used in abbreviations as, X. c, ex coupon X. d.,ex dfvtbend X. in., ex interest. Y. year's purchase. Indicating that real estate is worth so many times its annual rental. Zollvereln. Former toll or customs union of German states for duty collected on a common frontier superseded by government of the Empire. 767