Queen Caroline of England in 1814

He published "Topography of Troy" (1804), "Pompeiana" (an account of the discoveries at Pompeii), "The Topography of Rome and its Vicinity," etc. He lived at Naples and Rome. Gellatley (gel'at-li), David. A half-witted servant, a character in the novel "Waverley" by Walter Scott. Gellert (gel'ert). In Welsh tradition, the faithful hound of Llewelyn. He was killed by his master, though hailed and child ever seith blood. who, seeing him come toward him covered A huge wolf was found under the overturned cradle dead slain by the dog. Llewelyn, overcome with remorse, buried Gellert honorably, and erected a monument to his memory. The place, Bethgelert, in North Wales, is still shown. This story, with slight differences, was current in very ancient Gellert (gel'lert), Christian Fürchtegott. Born at Hainichen, near Freiberg, Saxony, July 4, 1715: died at Leipsic, Dec. 13, 1769. A'German poet. He was the son of a clergyman. He studied theology at Leipsic, where he was docent and subsequently profe or of philosophy, in which post he died. He was the author times in Persia, India, China, and elsewhere. of the romance "Das Leben der schwedischen Gräfin G." ("The Life of the Swedish Counte G.," 1746), and of several comedies, among them "Die zärtlichen Schwestern "("The Fond Sisters"), "Die Betschwestern" ("The Devotees"), and "Das Loos in der Lotterie" "The Chance in the Lottery"). His fame, however, rests upon his sacred songs and his fables, which have become cla ics. "Fabeln und Erzählungen" ("Fables and Tales") appeared in 1746, "Geistliche Öden und Lieder" ("Sacred Odes and Songs") in 1757. His lectures at Leipsic, where he may be said to have set the literary tone and to have fashioned the taste of the time, attracted attention throughout Germany. His works were published at Leipsic in 18:39 in 10 vols.; his letters at Leipsic in 1861;; his diary at Leipsic in 1862. phy, and natural science. Gelnhausen (geln'hou-zen). A small town in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, on the Kinzig 23 miles east-northeast of Frankfort-on- the-Main. It was formerly an imperial city, and contains a ruined imperial palace. Gelon (je'lon). [Gr. Γέλων .] Died about 478 B. C. A Sicilian ruler, tyrant of Gela (491) and later of Syracuse (485). He defeated the Car- thaginians at Himera in the autumn of 480. Gelves, Marquis of. See Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel , Diego . Gemara Gemara (ge-mä'rä). [Aram., 'completion,' 'perfection.'] The complement or commentary to the Mishnah (which see), being its dialectical analysis, discu ion, and explanation. Its rela tion to the Mishnah is that of exposition to thesis. The constitute the Talmud. See Talmud . Gembloux (zhon-blo). A town in the province of Namur, Belgium, 25 miles southeast of Brus sels. Here, in 1578, Don John of Austria defeated the Dutch. Population (1891), 4,019. Gemini (jem'i-ni). [L., 'twins.] A zodiacal constellation, giving its name to a sign of the zodiac, lying east of Taurus, on the other side of the Milky Way. It represents the two youths Castor and Pollux sitting side by side. In the heads of the twins respectively are situated the two bright stars which go by their names - Castor to the west, a greenish star in termed i ate between the first and second magnitudes; and Pollux to the east, a full yellow star of the first magni tude. The sun is in Gemini from about May 21 till about June 21 (the longest day). Gemini an i (jā-me-nē-ä'nē), Francesco. Born at Lucca, Italy, 1680: died at Dublin, 1761 (1762). An eminent Italian violinist, resident in England (except 1748-55, when he lived in Paris) from 1714 until his death. He published "Art of Playing the Violin" (1740). Gemistus (je-mis'tus), or Plethon (ple'thon), Georgius, or Gemistus Plethon. ['George the Full,' so surnamed on account of his great learning: Gr. Γεώργιος ὁ Γεμιστός or ὁ Πλήθων .] Lived in the first half of the 15th century. A celebrat ed Byzantine Platonic philosopher and scholar, probably a native of Constantinople. He was present at the Council of Florence, 1438, as a deputy of the Greek Church, and was influential in spreading the knowledge of the Platonic philosophy in the West. Gemma. See Alphecca . Gemmi Die. A the Bernese water-line, 15 feet; draught, 13 feet; and displacement, 141 tons. She won 19 prizes in England in 1884. She was built expre ly for the race for the America's cup, but was beaten by the Puritan in two races, Sept. 14 and Sept. 16, 1885. Genêt (zhe-na') (originally Genest), Edmond Charles. Born at Versailles, France, Jan. 8, 1765: died at Schodak, N. Y., July 14, 1834. A French diplomatist, brother of Madame Cam pan. He was appointed minister to the United States in Dec., 1792, and arrived at Charleston, S. C., in April, 1793. On the refusal of Washington to join France in the war of the revolutionary government against England, he sought to compel the President to change his attitude by popular agitation, commi ioned privateers, and ordered that prizes should be condemned by the French consuls in the United States. He was superseded at the request of Washington, but remained in the United States and settled in the State of New York. Genetyllis (jen-e-til'is). [Gr. Γενετυλλίς.] In Greek mythology, a godde , protectre of births, a companion of Aphrodite (Venus). The name is also used as an epithet of Aphrodite and Artemis (Diana). In the plural, Genetyllides, it is applied to a body of divinities presiding over nativity, and attached to the cortège of Aphrodite. Also called Gennaïdes. Genoa, Gulf of Geneviève (zhen-vyāv'), L. Genovefa, Saint. Born at Nanterre, near Paris, about 422: died at Paris, Jan. 3,512. The patron saint of Paris, reputed to have saved the city from Attila by her prayers in 451. Geneviève, G. Genoveva or Genovefa (ga-nófa'fä), of Brabant, Saint. The wife of Count Siegfried of Brabant. She is the subject of a popular medieval legend, according to which she lived about the middle of the 8th century, and was the wife of the palatine Siegfried. She was falsely accused by the major-domo Golo of adultery, and was sentenced to be put to death. Abandoned in a forest by the executioner, she lived six years in a cave in the Ardennes, together with her son, who during infancy was nourished by a roe. The roe, being pursued in the chase by Siegfried, took refuge in the cave, and led to the reunion of Geneviève and her husband, who had in the meantime discovered the treachery of Golo. Geneviève, Sainte-, Church of. See Panthéon . Genèvre (zhe-navr'), Mont. A pa in the Cottian Alps, leading from France (department of Hautes-Alpes) to Italy (province of Turin). Height, about 6,560 feet. Gengenbach (geng'en-bäch). A small town in Baden, on the Kinzig 17 miles southeast of Strasburg. It was formerly independent. Genghis Khan. See Jenghiz Khan. Geneura. See Guinevere and Ginevra . Geneva (je-nē'vä), F. Genève (zhe-nav'), G. Genf (genf), It. Ginevra (je-nā'vrä). A can- ton in Switzerland, lying between the Lake of Genigueh. See Chemehuevi . Geneva and Vaud on the north and France on Genii, Tales of the. See Tales of the Genii. the east, south, and west. It sends 5 members to Genius of Christianity. [F. Génie du Christ i- the National Council. About 51 per cent. of the popula- anisme .] A work in defense of Christianity, by tion are Roman Catholics, and about 48 per cent. Prot- is French. Area, 108 square miles. Population (1888), estants. The language of 85 per cent. of the population Geneva. [F. Genève , G. Genf , It. Ginevra ; the Roman Geneva : of Celtic origin.] The capital of the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, situated at the southwestern extremity of the Lake of 105,509. leading from Kandersteg (Bern) to Bad Leuk (Valais). Highest point, 7,553 feet. Gemünder (ge-mün'der), George. Born at Ing elfin gen, Würtemberg, April 13, 1816. A German-American violin-maker. Genala (jā-nä'lä), Francesco. Born at Sores in a, Cremona, Italy, Jan. 6, 1843: died Nov. 8, 1893. An Italian politician, minister of public works under Depretis in 1883. Genappe (zhe-nap'). A village in Belgium, 18 miles south of Bru els: often mentioned in the Waterloo campaign. Genazzano (jā-nat-säʼno). Atown in the province of Rome, Italy, 26 miles east of Rome. Population, about 4,000. Gendebien (zhond-by an'), Alexandre Joseph Célest in. Born at Mons, Belgium, May 4, 1789: died Dec. 6, 1869. A Belgian statesman. He settled at Bru els as a lawyer in 1811, and Sept. 25, 1830, became a member of the provisional government which effected the separation of Belgium from Holland. Gendron (zhon-drôn'), Auguste. Bornat Paris, 1818: died there, July 12, 1881. A French painter, a pupil of Paul Delaroche. Genelli (ga-nel'lē), Bonaventura. Born at Berlin, Sept. 28, 1798: died at Weimar, Germany, Nov. 13, 1868. A German painter. Gene see (jen-e-sē'). [Amer. Ind., 'pleasant valley.'] A river in western New York, which rises in Potter County, Pennsylvania, and flows into Lake Ontario 7 miles north of Rochester. It is noted for its falls (at Rochester, 95 feet: Portage Falls, 110 feet; and several others). It gives name to a geological epoch. Length, about 200 miles. Genesis (jen'e-sis). [Gr. γένεσις , origin, beginning.] The first book of the Old Testament. It records the creation of the world, the flood and the ensuing dispersion of races, and gives a more detailed history of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, The traditional view ascribes the authorship to Moses. Most modern scholars, however, find in it various periods of authorship, and particularly two chief sources, the so de partlonistic cording to ththatser view, the dates of composition fall chiefly within the periods of Judah and Israel (about the 8th century B. с.), the last redaction occurring perhaps after the return from Babylon. In Hebrew the book is designated by its first word, B'reshith , 'In the beginning': the title Genesis was supplied in the early Greek translation. Genes i us (je-nē'si-us), Joseph us, or Joseph us Byzant in us (of Byzantium). Lived about 950. A Byzantine historian. He wrote, by order of the emperor Const an tine VII. Porphyrogenitus, a history of the Eastern Empire from 813 to 886. This work, which is written in Greek, and entitled Βασιλειῶν Βιβλία Δ. was discovered in MS. at Leipsic in the 16th century, and, although an indifferent compilation, attracted much attention because it covers a period for which there are few other sources. The first printed edition appeared at Venice (1733) in the Venetian Collection of the Byzantines. Genesta (je-nes'tä). A cutter designed by J. Beavor-Webb and launched at Glasgow, April, 1884. Her dimensions are: length over all, 96.40 feet; length, load water-line, 81 feet; beam, 15 feet; beam, load 46° 13' N., long. 6o 10′ E. It is the wealthiest city in the country, and one of the most important. It has a large trade, and manufactures watches, jewelry, musical boxes, etc. The two parts of the city are connected by the Pont du Mont Blanc and other bridges. The cathedral was consecrated in 1024, but was modified in the next two centuries. The exterior is marred by a Corinthian portico built in the last century. The interior presents good work of the transition from Romanesque to Pointed, and pos se es good late-Pointed carved stalls and some fine monuments, notably those of the Rohan family in the 17th century. The beautiful Flamboyant Chapelle des Macchabées is of the 15th century. The monument to Duke Charles II. of Brunswick (died 1873) is a modified reproduction of that to Can Signorio dell a Scala at Verona. It is hexagonal, and consists of three stages: the lowest a group of ma ive columns supporting an entablature, the middle one gracefully arcaded and containing a sarcophagus with a recumbent effigy of the duke, and the highest a pinnacled and pedimented canopy upon which is an equestrian statue of the duke. The structure is surrounded by a wall upon which are square piers with tabernacles containing statues of noted Guelphs. The piers are connected by an elaborate grating of metal. The total height is 66 feet. Other objects of interest are the hôtel de ville. the university, the Musée Rath (picture-gallery), and the Musée de l'Ariana. The city is a favorite center for tourists. Geneva was a town of the Allobroges in the 1st century B. C.; later it was a Roman city. It was the capital of the early Burgundian kingdom, and it belonged to the Franks, to the later Burgundian kingdom, and to the empire in succe ion. In the middle ages it was under the influence of the bishops of Geneva and the counts (later dukes) of Savoy. It was allied with Fribourg in 1518, and with Bern in 1526. The Reformation was officially introduced in 1535; and it became a center of the Reformation under the lead of Calvin 1536-64. The repulse of the Savoyards in the so-called "escalade" of 1602 is still celebrated in the city. It was incorporated with France in 1798. The city and canton entered the Swi Confederation in 1815. A liberal constitution was adopted in 1847. Geneva was the birthplace of Rou eau, Population (1888), 52,638; including suburbs, 78,482. Geneva. A village in Ontario County, New York, situated at the northern extremity of Seneca Lake, 38 miles southeast of Rochester: the seat of Hobart College (Protestant Episcopal). Population (1890), 7,557. Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman. [F. Lac de Genève, or Lac Léman , G. Genfersee, L. Le manus (or Lemannus ) Lacus .] The largest lake of Switzerland, bordering on Haute-Savoie (France) and the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, and Valais. Length, 45 miles. Greatest width, 84 miles. Area, 225 square miles. Height above sea level, about 1,230 feet. Geneva Convention. An international convention of various European states held at Geneva, Switzerland, Aug., 1864, designed to le en the needle suffering of soldiers in war. It provided for the neutrality of the members and buildings of the medical departments on battle-fields. Geneva Tribunal. A tribunal of arbitration provided for by the treaty of Washington for the settlement of the Alabama claims (which see). Genevieve (jen-e-vev'). The heroine of a poem by Cole ridge, entitled "Love." The poem is sometimes called by her name. Chateaubriand, published in 1802. Félicité Ducrest de Saint-Aubin). Born near Genlis (zhon-les'), Comte e de (Stéphanie Autun, France, Jan. 25, 1746: died at Paris, Dec. 31, 1830. A noted French writer, canone of Alix in her sixth year under the title Comte e de Lancy, wife of the Comte de Genlis (1762), governe in the family of the Due de Chart res: "Adèle Théodore, ou lettres sur l'éducat i on" (1782), "Mademoiselle de Clermont" (1802), "Mémoires" (1825), etc. Gennadius (je-na'di-us), originally Georgius Scholar i us. Lived in the middle of the 15th century. A Greek scholar and prelate, patriarch of Constantinople 1453-56. Gennaïdes (je-nā'i-dez). See Genetyllis . Gennaro, Monte. See Monte Gennaro. Gennesaret (je-nes'a-ret), Lake or Sea of. See Galilee , Sea of . Genoa (jen'ō-ä). A province in the compart i men to of Liguria, Italy. Area, 1,582 square miles. Population (1891), 811,278. Genoa. [Formerly Gean, Jean, etc., from OF. Gene, F. Génes, Sp. Pg. Genova , It. Genova , MGr. Γένουα, Γενόα, G. Genua, from L. Genua .] A seaport, capital of the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa in lat. 44° 25′ Ν., long. 8° 55′ E.: from its magnificent situation surnamed "La Superb a." It is the leading seaport of Italy. The imports include sugar, coal, iron, etc. It has a large harbor protected by piers. The cathedral dates from the 14th century, but with older and French elements incorporated. The western façade, of black and white marble, has rece ed early-Pointed doors, with foliage-capitals. Some of the column-shafts are twisted. On the south side there is a canopied porch with Romanesque sculpture. The interior contains interesting paintings, inlaid choirstalls, and tombs, and a domed baptistery with sculptured altar and tabernacle, carvings by Sansovino, and a Romanesque façade. The Church of San Giovanni di Prè, built by the Knights of St. John in the 13th century, is of two stories with pillars and round arches. The crypt is interesting, in both architecture and sculpture resembling the English Romanesque. The Campo Santo is a great quadrangle filled with roses, surrounded by a ma ive two-storied cloister containing many beautiful sculptured tombs. In the middle of one side there is a handsome domed circular chapel; the gallery around the dome is supported by 16 Doric columns of black marble 27 feet high. This monumental burial-place was begun in 1838. The Palazzo del Municipio, formerly Palazzo Doria, is a 16th-century late Renai ance building. The façade has two tiers of pilasters and an entablature, and is flanked by terraces with graceful balustraded arcades. The Palazzo Ducale now serves for various public offices. The medieval prison tower remains. The façade is an imposing work of the Renai ance, with columns and statues. Other objects of interest are various other palaces, the statue of Columbus, and the churches of Santa Maria in Carignano and of San Matteo. Genoa existed from Roman times. It became a republic and a great maritime power in the middle ages, the rival of Pisa and Venice, having extensive trade and settlements in the Levant, the Crimea, the western Mediterranean, etc. The dogate was established in 1339. Genoa gained a great naval victory over Pisa at Meloria in 1284; took part in the Crusades; was defeated by Venice in 1380; was liberated from the French by Andrea Doria in 1525; lost its po e ions to the Turks and others; was taken by the French in 1684 and by the Imperialists in 1746; ceded Corsica to France in 1768; was transformed into the Ligurian Republic in 1797; was unsucce fully defended by Ma éna against the English and Austrian forces in 1800; was incorporated with France in 1805; capitulated to the English in 1814; was annexed to Sardinia as a duchy in 1815; and was the scene of an insurrection in 1849. Population (estimated, 1891), 210,000. Genoa, Gulf of. A gulf of the Mediterranean. south of Genoa. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names IMG:content-0453.png:[blocks in formation] Genovefa. See Geneviève. Genovesi (jā - nō - vā sē), Antonio. Born at Castiglione, near Salerno, Italy, Nov. 1, 1712: died at Naples, Sept. 22, 1769. An Italian philosopher and political economist, profe or of metaphysic and later of political economy at Naples. His works include "De arte logic a" (1742), "Element a scient i arum metaphysic arum" (1743-45), "Lezioni di commer cio" (1768), etc. Gens de Pitié. See Shoshoko . Genseric (jen'sèr-ik), or Gaiseric (gi'zėr-ik). Died in 477 A. D. A king of the Vandals. He was the natural son of Godigisdus or Modigisdus, king of the Vandals in Spain, whom he succeeded in conjunction with a brother Gontharis or Gonderic. Invited, it is said, by Bonifacius, the Roman governor, he invaded Africa in May, 429, and in Oct., 439, captured Carthage, which he made the capital of a Vandal kingdom in Africa. In June, 455, in answer to the supplications of the empre Eudocia for a istance against the usurper Maximus, he invaded Italy, sacked Rome for fourteen days, and carried off numerous captives, including the empre and her daughters. He profe ed the Arian creed, and persecuted his subjects of the orthodox faith with great cruelty. Gensonné (zhon-so-nā'), Armand. Born at Bordeaux, France, Aug. 10, 1758: guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. A French revolutionist, Giron dist deputy to the Legislative A embly 1791-92, and to the Convention 1792-93. Genthin (gen-tēn'). A town in the Saxon Province, Pru ia, situated 28 miles northeast of Magdeburg. Population (1890), 4,799. Gentile da Fabriano. See Fabriano . Gentile e (jen-ti-les'). A poem by Chaucer. It not only occurs independently, but is quoted in Scogan's poem addre ed "unto the Lordes and Gentil men of the Kinges house"; hence this poem of Scogan's was included in Chaucer's collected works. Gentili (jen-tē'lē), Alberico. Born at Sanginesio, Ancona, Jan. 14, 1552: died at London, June 19, 1608. An Italian jurist, one of the earliest authorities on international law. He resided in England from 1580, and taught law at Oxford. From about 1590 he lived in London. Still more important were the services of Gentili to the law of nations, which he was the first to place upon a foundation independent of theological differences, and to develop systematically with a wealth of illustration, historical, legal, biblical, cla ical, and patristic, of which subsequent writers have availed themselves to a much greater extent than might be inferred from their somewhat scanty acknowledgments of indebtedne . His prin tional Gallery), "Christ among the Pharisees and Publicans" (Chemnitz), "Halt of Caravan" (Stettin). Genzano (jen-zäʼnō). A small town in Italy, 17 miles southeast of Rome. Geoffrey (jef'ri) (Starkey), surnamed "The Grammarian." [ML. Galfridus Grammatic us.] Flourished about the middle of the 15th cent he tury. A Norfolk preaching friar, compiler of "Promptorium Parvulorum" (which see). Other works also are attributed to him. Geoffrey. Died in 1212. Archbishop of York, natural son of Henry II. and a woman named Ykenai or Hikenai. He was appointed bishop of Lincoln in 1173, a post which he exchanged in 1182 for that of chancellor of England. He aided his father against his rebellious half-brothers 1173-74, fought with distinction in the war against France 1187-89, and was the only one of Henry's children present at his death-bed (1189). He was nominated archbishop of York by Richard I. in 1189, and in 1207 was banished by John for opposing the latter's oppre ive taxation. Geoffrey, Count of Britt any. Born Sept. 23, 1158: died Aug. 19, 1186. The fourth son of Henry II. of England and Eleanor. He joined his brothers in their revolt against their father. He married Con stance of Britt any, by whom he was the father of Prince Arthur. Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. See Crayon . Geoffrey of Anjou, surnamed Plantage net. Born Aug. 24, 1113: died Sept. 7, 1151. Count of Anjou, son of Fule V. He married, in 1129, Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, and widow of the emperor Henry V. He waged war succe fully against Stephen of Blois for the po e ion of Normandy, which he claimed through his wife, and accompanied Louis VII. to the Holy Land in 1147. He derived his surname from the plant named genét, a species of broom, which he wore as a plume on his helmet. Geoffrey of Mon mouth. [Lat. Galfridus ( Gau fridus ) Mon emu tens is .] Born, probably at Mon mouth, about 1100: died at Llandaff in 1152 or 1154. An English chronicler. He may have been a monk at the Benedictine monastery at Mon mouth. He was in Oxford in 1129, where he met Archdeacon Walter (not Walter Map), from whom he profe ed to have obtained the foundation of his "Hist or i a Regum Britanniæ." In 1152 he was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph, having been ordained priest in the same year. It does not appear that he visited his see. The "Hist or i a Regum Britanniæ" was i ued in some form in Latin from the British or Cymric MS. by 1139; the final edition, as we now po e it, was finished in 1147. The first critical printed edition is "Galfredi Mon emu tens is Hist or i a Britonum. nune primum in Anglia novem codd. MSS. coll at is, ed. J. A. Giles" (1844). The publication of this book marks an Legation i bus," the "De Jure Belli," and the "Advocatio Hispanic a." The first of these was the best work upon emba y which had appeared up to the date of its publication. Dict. Nat . Biog . Gentilly (zhon-të-yē'). A town in the department of Seine, France, situated directly south of the fortifications of Paris. Population (1891), commune, 15,017. Gentle Geordie. See Staunton , Sir George . Gentleman (jen'tl-man), Francis. Born at Dublin, Oct. 13, 1728: died there, Dec., 1784. An Irish actor and dramatist. Among his plays are "The Modish Wife" (1773), "The Tobacconist (1771), founded on Jonson's "Alchemist," etc. In 1770 he published a series of criticisms called "The Dramatic Censor," and he afterward edited Bell's acting edition of Shakspere. Gentleman Dancing-Master, The. A comedy by Wycherley (1672). Gentleman Usher, The. A comedy by Chapman, printed in 1606. Gentle Shepherd, The. A pastoral drama by Allan Ramsay, published in 1725. Gentle Shepherd, The. A nickname given to George Grenville by William Pitt. See Grenville, George. Gentoo (jen-tö'). A Hindu: a term not now in use. Gentry (jen'tri), Sir Threadbare and Lady. Two characters in Cibber's comedy "The Rival Fools," which was an alteration of Beaumont and Fletcher's "Wit at Several Weapons." In the latter play they appear as Sir Ruinous and Lady Gentry. Gentz (gents), Fried rich von. Born at Breslau, Pru ia, May 2 (Sept. 87), 1764: died near Vienna, June 9, 1832. A German publicist and diplomatist, in the Pru ian and later in the Austrian service. He was chief secretary at the congre es of Vienna (1814-15), Aix-la-Chapelle (1-18). Carlsbad and Vienna (1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), and Verona (1822). His chief work is "Fragmente aus der neuesten Geschichte des pol it is chen Gleichgewichts" (1804). Gentz, Wilhelm. Born at Neuruppin, Dec. 9, 1822: died at Berlin, Aug. 23, 1890. A German painter, a pupil in Paris of Gleyre and Couture. He traveled extensively in Spain, Morocco, Egypt, Asia Minor, and elsewhere in the East. Among his works are "Funeral near Cairo" (Dresden Gallery), "Entry of years the Arthur i an Round Table romances based upon it were naturalized in Germany and Italy, as well as in France and England. It is thought that Geoffrey compiled it from the Latin Nennius and a book of Breton legends now perished. It was abridged by Alfred of Beverley; and Geoffrey Gaimar and Wace translated it into Anglo-Norman about the middle of the 12th century. Layamon and Robert of Gloucester translated Wace into semi-Saxon or transition English, and later chroniclers used it as sober history. Shakspere knew the legends through Holinshed. Geoffrey also wrote a Latin translation of the prophecies of Merlin. A life of Merlin has also been ascribed to him, perhaps incorrectly. Dict . Nat . Biog . Geoffrin (zhō-fran'), Madame (Marie Thérèse Rodet). Born at Paris, June 2, 1699: died at Paris, Oct. 6, 1777. A noted leader of Paris i an literary society. She was not a highly educated woman, but po e ed an extraordinary power of reading character, and was equally a favorite with royalty and with the fashionable, literary, and artistic circles of France and Germany. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (zhō-frwä' san-të-lar'), Étienne. Born at Etampes, April 15, 1772: died at Paris, June 19, 1844. A noted French zoölogist and comparative anatomist. He became profe or of zoology at the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, in 1793; joined the Egyptian expedition in 1798; was one of the founders of the Institute of Cairo, and made important scientific investigations and collections; and in 1809 was appointed profe or of zoology in the Faculty of Sciences at Paris. His zoological views led to a famous dispute with Cuvier. His published works are numerous. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore. Born at Paris, Dec. 16, 1805: died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1861. A French zoologist, son of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. He became profe or at the Museum of Natural History at Paris in 1841, and in the Faculty of Sciences in 1850. Geoffry (jef'ri), Bishop of Coutances. Died at Coutances, Feb. 3, 1093. A Norman prelate, one of the chief supporters of William the Con queror. Geok-Tepe, or Gök-Tepe. A former stronghold of the Tekke Turkomans, situated in Asiatic Ru ia about lat. 38° N., long. 57° 30′ E. It was captured by the Ru ians under Skobeleff in Jan., 1881. George (jôrj), Saint. [Gr. Γεώργιος, L. Georgius; from Gr. γεωργός , a farmer; F. Georges , George , It. Giorgio , Sp. Pg. Jorge , G. Georg .] A Christian martyr, a native of Cappadocia and military tribune under Diocletian, put to death at George III. Nicomedia in 303. The details of his life and death are unknown, and even his existence has been doubted. He was honored in the Oriental churches, and in the 14th century, under Edward III., was adopted as the patron saint of England, where he had been popular from the time of the early Crusades: for he was said to have come to the aid of the Crusaders against the Saracens under the walls of Antioch, 1089, and was then chosen by many Normans under Robert, son of William the Conqueror, as their patron. Many legends were connected with his name during the middle ages, the most notable of which is the legend of his conquest of the dragon (the devil) and the delivery from it of the king's daughter Sabra (the Church). He was the "Christian hero" of the middle ages. George, Saint, and the Dragon. A painting by Raphael (1506), in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. The saint, clad in armor and riding a white horse, charges the monster and transfixes him with his spear as he turns to flee. St. George wears the insignia of the Garter. George I. Born at Hanover, March 28, 1660: died at Osnabrück, June 11, 1727. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1714-27, son of Ernest August us, elector of Hanover, and Sophia, granddaughter of James I. through Elizabeth Stuart, queen of Bohemia. He married his cousin Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the Duke of Zelle, in 1682, and succeeded his father as elector of Hanover in 1698. His mother died May 28, 1714. On the death of Queen Anne, Aug. 1, 1714, he succeeded to the English throne by virtue of the Act of Settlement, pa ed by Parliament in 1701, which, in default of i ue from Anne and William, entailed the crown on the electre Sophia and her heirs, being Protestant. He was crowned at Westminster Oct. 20, 1714. He nominated at his acce ion a Whig ministry, with Town shend as prime minister, to the exclusion of the Tory party, which he regarded with suspicion as the stronghold of the Jacobites and of the Roman Catholics. In Jan., 1715, he di olved the Tory Parliament left by Queen Anne, and by a liberal use of the crown patronage secured a large Whig majority in the new Parliament, which convened in March following. In Sept., 1715, a Jacobite rising took place in Scotland under the Earl of Mar, who was subsequently joined by the Pretender. The rebellion was speedily put down by the Duke of Argyll, but the excitement which it produced was taken advantage of to pa the Septennial Act, providing for septennial instead of triennial parliaments, thus enabling the new dynasty to become firmly settled on the throne before a new election of Parliament. In 1717 he further strengthened his position by concluding the Triple Alliance with France and Holland, which guaranteed the Han over i an succe ion, and which was joined by the emperor in the following year. In 1717 Stanhope was appointed prime minister: he was succeeded in 1721 by Walpole, who held office during the remainder of the reign. George II. Born at Hanover, Nov. 10, 1683: died at London, Oct. 25, 1760. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1727-60, son of George I. and Sophia Dorothea. He married Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Ansbach Sept. 2, 1705; was declared Prince of Wales Sept. 27, 1714; and succeeded to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to the electorate of Hanover on the death of his father, June 11, 1727. He continued his father's domestic policy of favoring the Whigs, and retained Walpole as prime minister until 1742. His foreign policy was chiefly dictated by his anxiety for the safety of Hanover amid the contending powers on the Continent. He maintained an alliance with Maria The res a of Austria in the first and second Silesian wars (1740-42 and 1744-45), and commanded the Pragmatic army in person at the victory of Dettingen over the French, June 27, 1743. In 1745 a Jacobite rising took place in Scotland under the Young Pretender, who was totally defeated by the Duke of Cumber land, second son of George II., at the battle of Culloden, April 27, 1746. In June, 1754, hostilities broke out between England and France in America. The probability of a French attack on Hanover induced George II. to conclude a treaty for the mutual guarantee of the integrity of Germany with Frederick II. of Pru ia at Westminster Jan. 17. 1756. In the same year Frederick commenced the third Silesian or Seven Years' War, in which England sided with Pru ia. The Duke of Cumber land was defeated by the French at Hasten beck, July 26, 1757, and driven out of Hanover. The acce ion to power of the coalition ministry under Pitt and Newcastle, June 29, 1757, gave, however, a new aspect to the war. The Duke of Cumber land was replaced by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, who regained Hanover in 1758; and the last years of the king's reign saw the British armies victorious in India and in Canada, and the British fleet in control of the seas. George III. Born at London, June 4, 1738: died at Windsor, Jan. 29, 1820. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1760-1820, son of Frederick Louis, prince of Wales, and August a, daughter of Duke Frederick II. of Saxe-Gotha. He succeeded to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to the electorate of Hanover on the death of his grandfather, George II., Oct. 25, 1760, and married Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Sept. 8, 1761. His domestic policy was characterized by a prolonged and partly succe ful effort to break the power of the Whig party, which had maintained control of the government under his two predece ors, and to restore the royal prerogative to the position which it had occupied under the Stuarts. He was involved in the war of the American Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. His most notable prime ministers were Lord North (1770-82) and the younger Pitt (1783-1801 and 1804-06), both of whom consented to shape their policy in the main in accordance with the demands of the king At his acce ion he found the Seven Years' War in progre , of which the French and Indian war in America formed a part. He concluded the peace of Paris with France, Spain, and Portugal, Feb. 10, 1763, by which Eng land acquired Canada from France and Florida from Spain. IMG:content-0454.png:[blocks in formation] George, Henry. Born at Philadelphia, Sept. 2, 1839. An American writer on political economy and sociology. He went to sea at an early age, and in 1858 settled in California, where he became a journalist. In 1879 he published his chief work, "Progre and Pov- erty." He removed in 1880 to New York, where he was an unsucce ful candidate of the United Labor Party for the mayoralty in 1886, and where he shortly afterward founded a weekly paper called the "Standard." Besides "Progre and Poverty" he has published "The Land Question" (1883), "Social Problems" (1884), "Protection or Free Trade" (1886), and other works. George, Lake. [Named from George II. in 1755 by William Johnson.] A lake in the eastern part of New York. Its waters are carried by Ticon- deroga creek into Lake Cham plain. It is inclosed by mountains, and is noted for its picturesque scenery. It was the scene of military operations in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. A series of engage French force under Dieskau defeated the English under Williams, etc.; and in the afternoon the English under Lyman (nominally under Johnson) defeated Dieskau at the head of the lake. The Indians called it Horicon, the French St. Sacrement. Length, 36 miles. Width, 1 to 4 miles. George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wake field. A "pleasant conceyted comedie" by Robert Greene, licensed 1595, printed 1599. It is thought to be founded on an early prose romance, "The History of George-a-Green," preserved in Thom's "Early Prose Romances." It also owes something to the ballad "The Jolly Pinder of Wake field with Robin Hood Scarlet and John." George a Green, a "Huisher of the Bower," is in- troduced by Jonson in "The Sad Shepherd." George Barn well, or The London Merchant. A tragedy by George Lillo, produced in 1731. It is founded on an old ballad preserved by Ritson and Percy. George Bay (Nova Scotia). See St. George Bay. George Dandin (zhorzh don-dan'), ou le mar i confondu. A comedy by Molière, first played July 19, 1660. George Dandin is a man of humble origin whose money procures him the doubtful honor of a mar- riage with Angélique, a woman of noble birth. She and her lover turn the tables upon him whenever he seeks to convict them of their guilt, and even force him to apolo- gize. He addre es to himself the well-known reproach "Vous l'avez voulu, vous l'avez voulu, George Dandin, vous l'avez voulu" (You would have it so'). His name is a syno- nym for a weak husband. George Eliot. See Cro , Mrs. George Podiebrad. See Podiebrad . Gepida (jep'i-de), or Ger (Vopiscus) Gepida , Gr. (Procopius) Γήπαιδες .] A Germanic tribe, a branch of the Goths, who first appear in history in the reign of Probus, in the 3d century. Their original home was app a- rently on the Baltic, on the islands at the mouth of the Vistula, whence they joined the general Gothic move- ment southward. Later they had conquered Dacia, where they were, however, practically annihilated shortly after the middle of the 6th century by the allied Lombards and Avars. about 1786: died at Paris, Jan., 1867. A French actre , especially famous in tragedy. George Sand. See Sand , George. George town (jorj'toun). [Named from George II. of England.] 1. A port of entry, forming part of the city of Washington, District of Co- lumbia, situated on the Potomac 24 miles west- northwest of the Capitol. It is the seat of George- town College (Roman Catholic), chartered as a university in 1815. George town was founded in 1751, and incorporated as a city in 1789. Its charter was repealed in 1871, and it was incorporated with Washington in 1878. Now called West Washington. Population (1890), 14,046. 2. The capital of Scott County, Kentucky, 18 miles east of Frankfort: the seat of George town College (Baptist). Population (1890), 5,864.- 3. A seaport and the capital of George town County, South Carolina, situated on Winyaw Bay 54 miles northeast of Charleston. Popu- lati on (1890), town, 2,895; village, 4,978.-4. Formerly the Dutch Stabroek. A seaport and the capital of British Guiana, situated on the Demerara near its mouth. Population (1891), 53,176. George Wilkes (jorj wilks). A trotting stallion by Hamble ton i an (10), dam Dolly Spanker. Next to Electioneer he was the most succe ful sire among Hamble ton i an's sons. Georgia (jor'jiä). [Ru . Grusia, Pers. and Turk. Gurjistan .] A designation (non-official) of a region in Transcaucasian Ru ia, nearly corresponding to the modern governments Ye- lisabetpol, Kutais, and Tiflis. It is almost identical Geraint (ge-rant'). One of the knights of the Round Table. He appears in the Mabinogion, in the romance "Geraint the Son of Erbin," which is a Welsh version of Chrestien de Troyes's "Erec et Enide." Tenny- son has used the story in "Geraint and Enid," one of the "Idylls of the King." Gerald de Barry or Barri. [L. Gerardus , Ge- raldus, Giraldus ; F. Gérard , Géraud , Giraud , Girauld; It. Gerardo, Gherardo, Giraldo ; G. Gerhard, Gerold .] See Giraldus Cam brens is . Geraldine (jer'al-din) the Fair. [Fem. of Gerald ; It. Giralda , G. Gerhardine .] The lady dependent kingdom. It was at its height about 1200, and ander the Great, but soon after his death became an in- had a flourishing literature. It was subdivided in the be- ginning of the 15th century, and was annexed by Ru ia in 1801. The Georgians are a very handsome race, of the purest Caucasian type. One of the Southern States of the United States of America. Capital, Atlanta. It is bounded by Ten- ne ee and North Carolina on the north, South Carolina (from which it is separated by the Savannah River) and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Florida on the south, and Ala- bam a (from which it is separated in part by the Chattahoo- chee River) on the west. The surface is level in the south, undulating in the center, and mountainous in the north. It is one of the chief cotton-producing States. Other leading products are lumber, rice, etc. The chief minerals are gold, iron, and coal. The recent development of its manufactures, The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names IMG:content-0456.png:[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small] (1856), etc. Gerard (jer'ärd), Charles, Earl of Macclesfield. Died Jan. 7, 1694. A Royalist commander in the civil war in England. He commanded the Royalist forces in South 1644-45; was appointed lieutenant general of the king's horse and captain of the king's bodyguard in 1645; was created Baron Gerard of Brandon in 1645; was appointed vice-admiral of the fleet in 1648; was created earl of Macclesfield in 1679; was banished in 1685 for conspiring against the king; returned to England with the Prince of Orange in 1688; and was sworn of the privy council and made lord president of the council of the Welsh marches, and lord lieutenant of Gloucester, Here ford, Mon mouth, and North and South Wales, in 1689. Gérard (zhā-rär'), Comte Étienne Maurice. Born at Damvillers, Meuse, France, April 4, 1773: died at Paris, April 17, 1852. A French marshal, distinguished during the Napoleonic campaigns, minister of war 1830 and 1834. He compelled the surrender of Antwerp in 1832. Gérard, Baron François Pascal. Born at Rome, 1770: died at Paris, Jan. 11, 1837. A French historical and portrait painter. Among his works are the "Battle of Austerlitz" and portraits of the Bonapartes. Gérard, Jean Ignace Isidore. See Grandville. Gerard, or Gerarde (jer'ärd or je-rärd'), John. Born at Nantwich, Cheshire, England, 1545: died at London, Feb., 1612. An English sur ball," founded Dodoens's Pemptades," of it is nearly a translation. The genus Gerardia was named from him by Linnæus. geon and botanist one Published in 1597 hitch Her Gérard de Nerval (zhā-rär' dė ner-väl'), adopted name of Gérard Labrunie. Born at Paris, May 21, 1808: committed suicide at Paris, Jan. 25, 1855. A French littérateur, author of various translations ("Faust," etc.), poems, dramatic works, travels, etc. Gerardine. In Middle ton's "Family of Love," the pa ionate lover of Maria. Gérardmer (zhā-rär-mar') ā-rär-mar'). A town in the department of Vosges, France, 22 miles east southeast of Épinal. It has some manufactures, and is noted for its picturesque surroundings. Population (1891), commune, 7,197. Gerasa (jer'a-sä), modern Jerash (je-räsh'). In ancient geography, a city of the Dec a polis, Palestine, 56 miles northeast of Jerusalem. It contains many antiquities. The forum, which is oval and 300 feet long, is surrounded by a range of Ionic columns, many of which still stand with their entablature. From it extends a great colonnaded street, intersecting the entire city, and cro ed at right angles by another. Over 100 columns still stand along the street. They seem to have formed a series of porticos with galleries above. Among the remains are those of a great temple, the cella of which (66 by 78 feet) is in great part standing, together with many columns of the peristyle. A theater has 28 tiers of seats still remaining above ground, with one precinct i on, to which vaulted pa ages give acce . In the back wall of the precinct i on there are small chambers, perhaps boxes. A gallery surrounds the top of the cave a. A smaller theater on the same site is equally perfect and interesting.