Amenorrhea ( am in orreah)

[From Gr. a, priv., menes, the menses, and rheo, I flow.] ( Path.) Obstruction of the menstrual or monthly flow. It is most commonly symptomatic, and hence the chief attention must be paid to the cause. Usually, there is an atonic state of the system generally, and hence chalybeates and other tonics are advisable. America's Cup, The. A cup won by the yacht America in 1851, in a race around the Isle of Wight, in which 14 British yachts contested for the prize. The cup was brought to this country, where it has since remained, a succe ion of British yachts having contested for it in vain. During the period in question great progre has been made in the performance of yachts, their speed and sailing qualities being much improved, but in all contests hitherto the American boats have maintained the supremacy shown in 1851, and the cup has grown famous as a practical symbol of American supremacy in the art of yachting. The first effort to retrieve the defeat of 1851-in which the America held her own against a fleet of crack British yachts, beating 1 BRITISH SCHOONERF 18se AMERICA Fig . 2662.-RACE OF 1858. them all by 8 minutes in spite of the lo of her jibboom-was made in 1870, when the Cambria cro ed the ocean to contest for the cup, and was distanced by no le than 9 American boats, of which the old victor, America , was one. In 1871 the Livonia was defeated by the Columbia and the Sappho -in one race by more than 30 minutes. The next race took place in 1876, the Canadian yacht Counte of Duffer in now contesting for British honor. She was beaten by the Madeleine , in two races, one by 11 and the other by over 27 minutes. In 1881 Canada entered the field again, this time with the centreboard yacht A talant a . She was badly beaten GENESTA PURITAN Fig . 2663.-RACE OF 1885. GALATEA MAYFLOWER Fig . 2664.-RACE OF 1886. by the Mischief and Gracie. In 1885 a challenge was received by the New York Yacht Club in behalf of the British yacht Genesta , a fast representative of the extreme cutter type. Two yachts were built to defend the cup, the succe ful one, the Puritan , being a centreboard yacht with a deep outside keel of lead and a cutter rig. In 1886 the Galatea , a sister ship of the Genesta , was defeated by the Mayflower , and in 1887 the Thistle , fitted with all the recent improvements, was badly beaten by a new champion, the Volunteer , a still deeper centreboard yacht. The next challenge for the cup in 1893, in which the Vigilant , a boat with a deep keel and a centerboard weighing 4 tons, defeated the British cutter Valkyrie II ., a boat of the same length, but of narrower beam and deeper draught. In 1895 the Earl of Dun raven, the owner of the 1893 contestant, had a larger yacht, the Valkyrie III ., built for the race, a boat of 90 feet water-line, 26 feet beam, and 20 feet draught. Only one yacht was constructed to meet her, the De fender , of 90 feet water-line, 23 feet beam, and 19 feet draught. These boats approached somewhat closely in formation, both having extreme draught and small area of midship section, of the fin-keel type. The Defender was built of steel framing, with manganese bronze plating below the water and aluminium bronze above. Her deck beams were alternately of steel and aluminum, causing a reduction of top weight, while her rigging and spars were remarkably light. The Valkyrie III. THISTLE VOLUNTEER Fig . 2665.-RACE OF 1887. VALKYRI! Il VIGILANT Fig . 2666.-RACE OF 1893. American Hereditary Patriotic Societies. At the close of the war of the Revolution the officers of the Continental Army organized the Society of the Cincinnati. Membership was restricted to officers who had served for three years and on their death it pa ed to their eldest male descendant. By this restriction much adverse criticism was created by many (including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin) who saw in the new organization an attempt to form an aristocracy. To counteract this tendency the Society of Tammany was organized in New York City in 1798. As the original members grew older the annual meetings of the Cincinnati lapsed and many of the State societies ceased to exist. The coming of Lafayette in 1824 revived it somewhat and again it flourished only to return to a state of quiescence out of which it has recently emerged into a new and healthful life. Organizations of a somewhat similar character were formed at the close of the War of 1812 and the war with Mexico. Subsequent to the centennial celebrations of the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill, efforts were made to induce the Cincinnati to so amend its constitution as to admit all descendants of those who participated in the military events of the war of the Revolution. This proved unsucce ful and the societies of the Sons of Revolutionary Sires and Sons of the Revolution were organized. Other societies commemorating historical periods in American history were formed, and later, owing to the unwillingne of the male societies to admit women, the Colonial Dames and the Daughters of the American Revolution came into existence. Each of these societies has an elaborate insignia including a badge and ribbon (most of which by act of Congre may be worn on occasions of ceremony by officers and enlisted men of the U. S. Army and Navy), together with a button decorated with the colors that belong especially to the order. Annual meetings are held on the anniversary of some patriotic event, and periodic dinners or functions are given in honor of some great historical occasion. A vast amount of genealogical and historical research has resulted, and much permanent good has ensued by the preservation of historical sites and their marking by bronze tablets or other means. The date of the organization, principal object, eligi was of composite construction, consisting of elm plank-bility, and number of members of the leading societies ing on nickel steel frames, and was painted with a patent enamel said to give a remarkably smooth surface. She was more stoutly rigged than the Defender , and in every respect a heavier boat. Three races, or the best two, were to be sailed. In the first the Defender won by a handsome margin. In the second the Val kyrie III. was disqualified on account of a foul, while the Defender was given the race by the verdict of the club officials. In the third race both yachts started, but the Valkyrie III. was withdrawn after she had cro ed the line, Lord Dunraven's reason for this being that the club had refused to impose new conditions to govern this third race. Lord Dunraven subsequently brought charges of unfairne against the owners of the Defender , which were considered by an investigation committee of the New York Yacht Club and dismi ed as unfounded. The sporting world both in this country and Great Britain supported this decision, and blamed Dunraven for his action and charges. Meanwhile the VALKYRIE III DEFENDER Fig . 2667.-RACE OF 1895. America's cup remains on American soil, and the meed of triumph in yacht construction abides with American designers and builders. The accompanying illustrations, showing the longitudinal and cro sections of the yachts which participated in the more important contests for the America's Cup, po e a special interest as showing the gradual evolution in yacht forms from the simplified models of the original contestants to the highly specialized form of the racing yachts of the present day. American A ociation for the Advancement of Science. This scientific society, based on the British A ociation for the same object, grew out of the A ociation of American Geologists, which met at Philadelphia in 1840, and which two years later adopted the title of A ociation of American Geologists and Naturalists, and, at a meeting held in Boston in 1847, adopted the above title. This society is a migratory one, meetings being held every summer in some American city and continuing for a week. Any citizen of the U. S. or Canada may become a member, while from the membership is chosen a body of fellows, who elect the officers. The A ociation is divided into nine sections, viz: Section A, Mathematics and Astronomy; B, Physics; C, Chemistry; D, Mechanical Science; E, Geology and Geography; F, Zoology; G, Botany; H, Anthropology; I, Economic Science and Statistics. These sections meet separately for the reading and discu ion of papers. The A ociation i ues an annual volume of Proceedings. are herewith given. The Society of the Cincinnati, founded in Newburg, N. Y., on May 13, 1783, by American and foreign officers that served for three years in the Continental Army, has for its object the perpetuation of the mutual friendships that were formed under the pre ure of common danger in the war of the Revolution. Membership descends to the eldest lineal male descendant, and in failure of direct male descendant, to male descendants through intervening female descendants. Of the original thirteen State societies, those in Georgia and New Hampshire no longer exist. Membership, 537.-The Society of the War of 1812, instituted in New York City on Jan. 30, 1826, has for its purpose the inspiration of the mem-bers and of the American people with the patriotic spirit of the men who, during the War of 1812, defended their country against hostile encroachments on its rights and interests. It admits to hereditary membership descendants of commi ioned officers who actually served in the War of 1812. It absorbed the Veteran Corps of Artillery in 1848, and in 1892 adopted its present name. Membership 93.-The General Society of the War of 1812 was organized in Philadelphia, Pa., on January 8, 1891, by the Pennsylvania A ociation of the Defenders of the Country in the War of 1812 (organized in 1854), and the A ociation of the Defenders of Baltimore in 1814 (organized in 1842), and now includes State societies in Ma achusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, District of Columbia, and New York. Its objects are to perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men who completed the war of the Revolution by the victories of the War of 1812. Membership is open to any male person above the age of twenty-one years who participated in, or who is a lineal descendant of, one who served during the War of 1812. Membership about 800.-The Aztec Club of 1847, founded in the city of Mexico on Oct. 13, 1847, has for its object to keep alive the traditions that cluster about the names of those officers of the army and navy and marine corps who took part in the Mexican War of 1846-48, and admits to membership as primary members officers who participated in the war, and, as a ociate members, a son or a blood relative. Membership 245.-The Society of the Sons of the Amer ican Revolution , organized in San Francisco, Cal., on Oct. 22, 1875 (as the Sons of Revolutionary Sires which, on April 30, 1889, became one of the state societies of the Sons of the American Revolution), of which there are State societies in Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Ma achusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mi ouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin, Washington, and the Hawaiian Islands. Its chief object is to perpetuate the memory of the men who, by their services or sacrifices during the war of the American Revolution, achieved the independence of the American people. It admits to membership any lineal male descendant of an ancestor who was at all times unfailing in his loyalty to, and rendered actual service in, the cause of American independence. Membership, 8,779.-The Society of the Sons of the Revolution was organized in New York City on Feb. 22, 1876. Its objects are to perpetuate the memory of the men, who in the military, naval, or civil service of the Colonies, and of the independence during the War of 1812. There are state societies in Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, New York, Mary- land, and Pennsylvania. Membership 450.The Society of Mayflower Descendants was organized in New York City on Dec. 22, 1894. Its objects are to preserve the memory, the records, the history, and all facts relating to the Mayflower pilgrims, their ancestors, and their posterity. It admits to membership any lineal descend- ant, either man or woman, over eighteen years of age, of any pa enger of the voyage of the Mayflower which terminated at Plymouth, Ma ., in Dec., 1620, including all signers of the compact. State societies exist in New York, Pennsylvania, Ma achusetts, and Connecticut. Membership 200.-The Military Order of Foreign Wars was instituted in New York City on Dec. 27. 1894, as the Military and Naval Order of the United States , but on June 21, 1895, a umed the above name. It has for its objects the commemoration of the efforts of the forces engaged in establishing and maintaining the principles contended for by the American Colonies, and later by the United States in the war of the Revolution, the War of 1812, the war with Tripoli, and the Mexican War. It admits to membership commi ioned officers who participated in any of these foreign wars as veteran companions, and direct lineal descendants in the male line of the fore- going as hereditary companions. Commanderies exist in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Illinois, Cali- fornia, Ma achusetts, Florida, Ohio, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Membership 150.-The Daugh- ters of the Cincinnati was incorporated in New York City on Dec. 28, 1894. It has for its objects to renew and foster among its members the friendships formed and cemented amid the trying ordeals of the war of the Revolution in the camp and on the battle-field, by their ancestors, who by wise leadership and study achieved the independence of the American colonies and established the govern- ment of the United States. This society admits to mem- bership (on invitation only) women who are direct lineal descendants of officers of the American army or navy who took part in the Revolutionary struggle with Great Britain and who were entitled to original mem- bership in the Society of the Cincinnati. Membership le than 100.-The National Society of New England Women was organized in New York City on Jan. 24, 1895. It has for its objects to promote social and intellectual intercourse among its members, and to offer advice and a istance to women of New England extraction resid- ing in other portions of the United States. It admits to active membership any woman over eighteen years of age who is a native of New England or one of whose parents and whose husband are or were natives of New England. Descendants of active members may become a ociate members. Membership 372.-The Society of the Children of the American Revolution was organized in Washington City on April 5, 1895. Among its objects are the acquisition of knowledge of American history, the saving of the places made sacred by the American men and women who forwarded American indepen- dence; and to find out and to honor the lives of chil- dren and growth of the Colonies and of the American Revolution. Membership is extended to any boy or girl who is descended from a man or woman who with unfailing loyalty rendered material aid to the cause of Independence. There are nearly 100 local societies, with a total membership of 2,200, distributed in the States of Ma achusetts, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Washington, Rhode Island, Kentucky, Ohio, Vermont, New York, Tenne ee, California, Maryland, Minne- sot a, Illinois, Louisiana, Texas, New Jersey, Maine, Georgia, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia.- The Dames of the Revolution was organized in New York City in August, 1896. It was established for the pur- pose of perpetuating the memory of those ancestors to whose sacrifices and labors we owe the existence of this great Republic and to preserve the records of these men in the war of the Revolution. It admits to membership any woman above eighteen years of age who is descended in her own right from an ancestor who, either as a military, naval or marine officer, soldier, sailor, marine, or official in the service of any one of the thirteen Colonies, a isted in establishing American Independence during the war of the Revolution. Mem- bership 60.-The Order of the Founders and Patriots of America was incorporated in New York City on March 18, 1896. It has among its objects to teach reverent regard for the names and history, character and perseverance, deeds and heroism of the founders of this country and their patriot dec end ants. Its members, called A ociates, must be lineally descended in the male line of either parent from an ancestor who settled in any of the colonies now included in the United States from the settlement of James town, May 13, 1607, to May 13, 1657, and whose immediate ancestors, at the call of its colonists, adhered as patriots to this cause through the Revolutionary War that followed. Membership, 100.-The Order of the Old Guard was organized in Chicago, Ills., on Oct. 15, 1896. It has for its pur- pose the establishing of a military society, with State organizations, to which any male descendant, of twenty- one years, of a patriot who served in the Colonial war, war of the Revolution, or War of 1812, is eligible. The object is to organize a three-company battalion, the first company of which will wear Colonial uniforms, and the second the uniform of the war of the Revolution, and the third the uniform of the War of 1812. State socie- bership, 100.-Also of general interest are the following societies: The Colonial Order , of New York City, which admits, on invitation only, male descendants in the male line of ancestors, resident, prior to July 4, 1776, of those Colonies that became the thirteen original States; The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia though an independent institution. This is a thriving college, with numerous buildings and instructors, and an experimental farm of 300 acres.