Jebb, Gr

Lit., p. 76. Charras (shä-rä'), Jean Baptiste Adolphe. Born at Pfalzburg, Lorraine, Jan. 7, 1810: died at Basel, Switzerland, Jan. 23, 1865. A noted French military writer. His chief work is a "His to ire de la campagne de 1815" (1857). Charrière (shä-ryar'), Madame de Saint-Hyacinthe de (Is a belle Agnès Van Tuyll). Born at Utrecht, Netherlands, 1746: died near Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Dec. 27, 1805. A French authore who wrote under the pseudonym Abbé de la Tour. Her chief works are "Lettres neufchâteloises" (1784), "Caliste, ou lettres écrites de Lausanne" (1786). Charron (shä-rôn'), Pierre. Born at Paris, 1541: died at Paris, Nov. 16, 1603. A noted French philosopher and Roman Catholic theologian. His works include "Traité des trois vérités" (1594), "Traité de la sage e" (1601), etc. Charruas (chä-rö'äs). The name usually given to a numerous race of Indians who, in the 16th century, occupied the region on both sides of the river Uruguay, ranging to the Paraná and the southern coast. The Bohanes, Minuanes, Yaros, and Guenoas were subtribes: but all these names are sometimes applied to the whole group. The Charruas were a dark race, apparently allied to the Chaco tribes. They were wandering hunters and robbers, very savage and treacherous, and waged a destructive war on the Spaniards. Solis, the discoverer of the Plata, was killed by them. They fought principally with the bolas or weighted la o; later they became skilful horsemen. About 1750 they were partly subdued and formed into villages. The modern Gauchos of Uruguay have much Charrua blood, and portions of the race remain in a nearly pure state. They are much employed as soldiers and herdsmen. Charter, The Great. See Magna Charta . Charter house (chär'ter-hous). [A corruption of Chartreuse; orig. the name of a village in at Sens, Yonne, France, May 11, 1807: died at Paris, Feb. 28, 1890. A French author. He was elected to the Constituent A embly in 1848, and to the National A embly at Bordeaux and Versailles in 1871, and became a senator in 1878. He founded the "Magasin Pit to res que" (1833), the "Illustration" (1853), and "Le Tour du Monde (1860). Author of "Les voyageurs anciens et modernes" (1855-57), etc. It has a large trade in Chart res (shärtr). The capital of the department of Eure-et-Loir, France, on the Eure 48 miles southwest of Paris: the ancient Autricum, later Carnutum. grain, and is famous for its cathedral, one of the great churches of the world, built in the 12th and 13th centuries, and notable for both beauty and solidity. The oldest part is the west front, with three admirably sculpe tured portals, and south tower and spire the finest of their type. The elegant and ornate north spire is much later. The great triple porches of the transepts, covered with sculpture, are matchle . The interior is simple, but of most impre ive dignity. Over 160 of the great windows retain their 13th-century gla , forming a display of jeweled color unequaled elsewhere. Other remarkable features are the rose of the west front, and the series of sculptures of the life of Christ and of the Virgin, framed in the richest Flamboyant tracery, which adorns the exterior of the choir-screen. Chart res was the capital of the Carnutes, and a center of Druid worship. It was the capital of the county and later duchy of Chart res and capital of Beauce. Henry IV. was crowned here king of France in 1594. It was taken by the Germans, Oct., 1870. Population (1891), commune, 23,108. Chart res, County of. An ancient district in northern France, comprised in the govern ment of Orléanais, and partly corresponding to the department of Eure-et-Loir. Capital, Chart res. It was united to Champagne 1125-52, and was purchased by St. Louis in 1234. It was afterward a duchy and a royal appanage. Chart res (shärtr), Duc de (Robert Philippe Louis Eugène Ferdinand d'Orléans). Born at Paris, Nov. 9, 1840. A French prince, younger brother of the Comte de Paris, and grandson of Louis Philippe. He served in the Italian army 1859, and on General McClellan's staff 18611862. After the revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he returned incognito to France, served under an a umed name in General Chanzy's army, and in 1871, when the National A embly revoked the law banishing the Orléans family, was appointed major. He became colonel in 1878, and was in command of the 12th Cha eurs, stationed at Rouen, when by the decree of Feb. 24, 1883, he was suspended from the active list: by the law of June 23, 1886, he was expelled from the army. He married Françoise Marie Amélie of Orléans, June 11, 1863, and has i ue two daughters and two sons, Prince Henri Philippe Marie and Prince Jean Pierre Clément Marie (born at Paris, Sept. 4, 1874). Maryland, April 17, 1741: died June 19, 1811. An American jurist, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was appointed a ociate justice of the Supreme Court in 1796; was impeached for Chase, William Merritt. Born at Franklin, Ind., Nov. 1, 1849. An American painter of portraits, still life, and landscapes. He was a pupil of the schools of the National Academy of New York. In 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he had some succe as a portrait-painter, and in 1872 to Germany, where he studied under Piloty at Munich, returning to New York in 1878. He is a member of the National Academy, has been president of the Society of American Artists, and the recipient of many honors at home and abroad. misdemeanor 1804; and was acquitted 1805. Chasidim (chä-sē'dim), or As side ans. [Heb., 'pious ones, pietists. A party which arose among the Jews during the period of the Maccabean struggles. Its object was the defense and maintenance of the Jewish law in all its particulars against the encroachments of Greek customs (Hellenism). It is not improbable that they were the forerunners of the E enes. In modern times a similar sect has spread among the Jews of eastern Europe and the Orient, which is supposed to have originated with a certain Israel Baal Shem in the 18th century. They strive after a closer communion with God by means of the Kabbalah ('mysticism') and the mediation of a rabbi or zaddik ('just man') whom they believe to be a special favorite of God, and to be endowed with the power of performing miracles by prayer. Chasles (shäl), Michel. Born at Épernon, Eure-et-Loir, France, Nov. 15, 1793: died at Paris, Dec. 19, 1880. A celebrated French geometer, profe or at the École Poly technique, and later at the Sorbonne. He was the author of "Aperçu hist or i que sur l'origine et le développement des méthodes en géométrie, etc." (1837), "Traité de géométrie supé"Rapport sur les progrès de la géométrie" (1870), etc. He rieure" (1852), "Traité des sections coniques" (1865), was the victim of a literary forgery (by Irène Lucas) in 1867, being persuaded of the genuinene of a large number of forged letters of Pascal, Dante, Shakspere, and others. On those of Pascal he made a report to the Academy. Chasles, Victor Euphémion Philarète. Born at Main villi ers, near Chart res, France, Oct. 8, 1798: died at Venice, July 18, 1873. A French literary critic, novelist, and general writer. His e ays have been collected in eleven volumes, under the title "Etudes de littérature comparée." Cha é (shäs-sā'), David Hendrik, Baron. Born at Thiel, Netherlands, March 18, 1765died at Breda, Netherlands, May 2, 1849. A Dutch general. He was distinguished in the French IMG:content-0334.png:[blocks in formation] Chastel, Jean. See Châtel , Jean. Chaste lain (shät-lan'), Georges. Born near Alost, Flanders, Flanders, about 1405: died at Valenciennes (?), Feb. or March, 1475. A Flemish chronicler and poet, author of "Chronique des ducs de Burgoyne," etc. His collected works were edited by Kervyn de Let ten hove, 1863-66. Chaste lard (shät-lär'), Pierre de Boscosel de. Born in Dauphiné, Fr cuted at the Tolbooth, booth, Edinburgh, 1563. A French poet at the court of Francis II. and Mary Queen of Scots, a descendant of the Chevalier Bayard. He was a page in the household of the constable Montmorency, and afterward in that of Marshal Damville. When Mary went to Scotland after the death of her husband, in 1561, Chaste lard followed her in the train of Damville who escorted her. He was violently in love with her, and she amused herself with him and his amorous verses. He went back to France, Chastellux (shät-lü'), François Jean, Mar- quis de. Born at Paris, 1734: died at Paris, Oct. 28, 1788. A French general and author. He served in the Seven Years'and American Revolutionary wars. His chief works are "De la félicité publique (1772), "Voyages dans l'Amérique Septentrion ale" (1786). Henry II., was i ued here in 1551. Population (1891), commune, 6,523. Châteaubriant, Comte e de (Françoise de Foix). Born about 1490: died at Chateaubri- ant, France, Oct. 16, 1537. A mistre of Fran- cis I., king of France. Château-Chinon (shä-to's he-nôn'). A town in the department of Nièvre, France, 20 miles west-northwest of Autun. Château de Meillant (shä-tō' dė mā-yon'). A castle at St. Amand Montrond, France, now a seat of the Duc de Mortemart. It is of very ancient foundation, but received its present great development in the florid Pointed style at the end of the 15th and the be- Jacques Cœur at Bourges in its many towers, its high roofs and dormers, and its most picturesque and ornate court. The interior is richly fitted out and decorated in the style of the architecture. Châteaudun (shä-to-dun'). A town in the de- part ment of Eure-et-Loir, France, situated on the Loir 30 miles west-northwest of Orléans: the Roman Castrodunum. It contains a castle of the former counts of Dunois. It was stormed and burned by the Germans in 1870. Population (1891), commune, 7,147. Château Gaillard (shä-to' gä-yär'). A cele- brated ruin near Les Andelys, Eure, France, on a cliff 300 feet above the Seine. It was built in 1197 by Richard Cœur de Lion, and was taken by Philip August us of France in 1204. The castle proper represents in plan a circle of waved outline, of very ma ive masonry. Outside rise flanking towers, and on the river side of the circle stands the huge cylindrical donjon, with walls 15 feet thick. Château-Gontier (shä-to'gôn-tyā'). A town in the department of Mayenne, France, situated on the Mayenne in lat. 47° 50′ N., long. 0° 42′ W. It was the scene of a Vendean victory, Oct. 27, 1793. Population (1891), commune, 7,281. Châteauguay (shä-to-gā'), Sieur de. See Le- moyne, Antoine . Châteaulin (shä-to-lan'). A town in the de- part ment of Finistère, France, 14 miles north of Quimper, on the Aune. Population (1891), commune, 3,677. Châteaurenault (shä-to-re-no'). A town in the department of Indre-et-Loire, France, 19 miles northeast of Tours. Population (1891), com- mune, 4,397. Châteauroux (shä-to-rö'). The capital of the department of Indre, France, situated on the Indre in lat. 46° 50′ N., long. 1° 42′ E. It has manufactures of coarse cloth, woolen goods, etc. It con- tains the Church of St. Andrew. Population (1891), com- mune, 23,924. Châteauroux, Duche e de (Marie Anne de Mailly, Marquise de la Tournelle). Born Oct., 1717: died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1744. A mistre of Louis XV., 1742-44. Châteaubriand (shä-to-bre-on'), François René Auguste, Vicomte de. Born at St. Malo, France, Sept. 14, 1768: died at Paris, July 4, 1848. A celebrated French author and states- man. He entered the army in 1786; traveled in America 1791-92; served in the royalist army at Thionville in Sep- tember, 1792; and subsequently emigrated to England, where in 1797 he published "E ai hist or i que, politique et moral sur les révolutions anciennes et modernes, etc." He returned to France in 1800, and, having been converted Châtelain de Coucy et de la dame de Fayel, Chatelain (shät-lan'), Heli. Born at Morat, Switzerland, 1859. A Swi -American African- ist. He came to the United States in 1883, and went to Angola in 1884 as mi ionary linguist. He became phi- lologist of a United States scientific expedition to West Africa in 1889, and United States commercial agent in 1891. He has published "Grammatic a do Kimbundu" (1889), "Grundzüge des Kimbundu" (1890), "Folk-tales of An- gol" (1894), etc. by the death of his mother from infidelity to the Roman Catholic faith, published in 1802 brilliant eulogy of Christianity, entitled "Le génie du christian is me. In personages were real, written about the begin 193 he was appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte secretary ning of the 13th century. It was published with of legation at Rome, and in Nov. of the same year a modern version in 1829 by M. Crapelet. See Coucy . fort.' An ancient fortre in Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine, on the present Place du Châtelet, used for a prison and for courts of justice until 1802, when it was de- simply a tower commanding the northern approach to the stroyed. Its origin is very obscure. It was at first city. There was probably a wooden tower as early as 885. The earliest mention is in a charter of Louis le Jeune in 1147. The Châtelet was the city prison of Paris in the medieval and Renai ance periods, and was one of the most terrible prisons of the Old World. The prisoners were generally of the more or le helple cla of city Chas am Islands. A group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, about lat. 44° S., long. 176° W., connected politically with New Zealand. The chief islands are Chas am, or Wairikaori, and Pitt. They were discovered by Lieutenant Brought on in the English ship Chas am in 1791. Area, 375 square miles. Popula- tion, about 400. Chat ill on (shä-tē-yôn'). In Shakspere's "King John," an amba ador from France. Châtill on-sur-Seine (shä-te-yôn'sür-san'). A town in the department of Côte-d'Or, France, situated on the Seine 44 miles northwest of Dijon. It was an important town in the middle ages. It was the birthplace of Marmont. Population (1891), commune, 5,127. Châtill on-sur-Seine, Congre or Conference of. An unsucce ful conference of the Allies, Feb. 5-March, 1814. The Allies offered Napoleon, through his envoy, Caul a in court, the po e ion of France with the boundaries of 1791. The negotiations came to nothing in consequence of the attitude of Napoleon. Chat Mo (chat môs). A peat bog in Lanea- shire, England, between Manchester and Liver- pool. A railway was built acro it by George Stephen- son, 1828-30. Area, about 6,000 acres. Chatrian (shä-trē-yon'), Alexandre. See Erck- mann - Chatrian . Chats worth (chats'werth). The seat of the Duke of Devons hire, situated on the Derwent about 34 miles northeast of Bake well, Derby- shire, England. This imposing Renai ance palace, 500 feet long, was begun in 1688. The interior is lavishly adorned with painting and sculpture, and contains a splen- did collection of drawings by the old masters, some fine old and modern paintings, a Venus by Thorwaldsen, and Canova's Napoleon, Madame Létiti a, and Endymion. The formal gardens are famous. They contain elaborate foun- tains and fine conservatories. ments near Chattanooga, Νον. 23-25, 1863. The Federals (about 60,000) under Grant defeated the Con- federates (40,000-50,000) under Bragg. Lo of Federals, 5,616; of Confederates, 8,684 (6,142 prisoners). See further under Lookout Mountain and Mi ionary Ridge . Chatter ton (chat'er-ton), Thomas. Born at Bristol, England, Nov. 20, 1752: committed suicide at London, Aug. 25, 1770. An English poet, famous for his precocity and for his liter- ary impostures. See Rowley Poems. Chatti (kat'i), or Catti (kat'i). [L. (Tacitus) Chatti , Gr. (Strabo) Χάττοι .] A German tribe, a branch of the Suevi, first mentioned by Strabo. They originally occupied Drusus to the old territory of Main, but were a igned by Drusus to the old territory of Chaucer, Geoffrey calciarius , a shoemaker, from L. calceus , calcius , a shoe.] Born at London about 1340: died at London, Oct. 25, 1400. A celebrated English poet. He was the son of a well-to-do London vintner, John Chaucer. He was liberally educated, but there is no certain evidence that he was a student at either Oxford or Cambridge. In the year 1357 he twice mentioned as being in the service of Prince Lionel, the second son of Edward III. In 1359 he was with the king's army in Britt any, where he was taken prisoner. According to his own statement, in 1386, he bore arms for twenty-seven years. In 1367 he described as a valet of king's household "dilectus valettus noster". About this time it is thought that he married Philippa Roet, the eldest daughter of Sir Payne Roet, the king at arms for Guienne, and a native of Hainault, who came to England in the train of Queen Philippa probably in 1328. ( Morley .) 1374 had raised to a higher rank, sent on royal emba ies to Italy, etc., and called "Esquire" in official records. He was also made comptroller of the customs of wools, skins, and tanned hides in London, and received other grants, mi ions, and pensions. John of Gaunt, the younger brother of Prince Lionel, became the patron of Chaucer: in 1396 married for his third wife Catherine Swinford, a widow, who had been his mistre , and who was the sister of Chaucer's wife. From 1374 to 1386 Chaucer lived in the Gate-house of Ald gate. In 1378 he was sent again to Italy, after which he was apparently closely confined by his busine to London till 1385, when he was allowed to have a deputy in the office of comptroller of customs of wool, etc. In 1386 he was elected knight of the shire for Kent, but was dismi ed from all to rand became poor before the end of the year. By 1399, however, he had, through the patronage of Henry IV., the recently crowned son of John of Gaunt, a sufficient income, and took a fifty-three years' lease of a house on the spot in Westminster where Henry VII.'s year. Among his works are - Genuine works before 1380: "Troilus and Cre ida," "The Translation of Boë chapel now stands: here, however, he lived le than a thius on the Consolation of Philosophy," "The Dream of Chaucer" (about 1369), "The A embly of Fowls," "Of e Queen Anelida and False Arcite," "The House of Fame," "Chaucer's A. B. C., called La Prière de nostre Dame." Genuine works after 1380: "The Canterbury Tales," "The Legend of Good Women," "The Conclusions of the Astrolabe," "The Complaint of Mars," "Good Counsel of Chaucer," "Lenvoye to Scogan," "Chaucer unto his Empty Purse," "Chaucer's Words unto his own Scrivener.' Genuine works, dates unknown: "The Complaint of Mars," "The Complaint of Venus" (a translation - Skeat ), "The Former Age," "How Pity is Dead and Buried in a Gentle Heart." Doubtful works: "The Romaunt of the Rose," "Orison to the Holy Virgin," "An Amorous Complaint." - Spurious works: "A Goodly Ballade of Chaucer," "The Flower of Courtesy, with a Ballade," "La Belle Dame sans Mercy," "The A embly of Ladies," "A Praise of Women," "The Testament of Love," "The Lamentation of Mary Magdalen," "The Remedy of Love," "A Ballade in Commendation of our Lady," "The Plowman's Tale," "Balade de bon Consail," "Against Women Unconstant," "The Craft of Lovers, a Ballade," "The Ten Commandments of Love," The Nine Ladies Worthy,' Vorthy," "Alone Walking," "Jacke Upland," "The Tale of Gamelin," "The Prologue, or the Merry Adventures of the Pardoner and Tapster at the Inn at Canterbury," "The Merchant's Second Tale, or the History of Beryn," "The Testament and Complaint of Cre ida" (by Robert Henrys on, about 1490), "The Com plaint of the Black Knight" (by Lydgate, first half of the 15th century), “The Cuckoo and the Nightingale" (about 1400, perhaps, but uncertain), "The Letter of Cupid" (by Occleve, 1402), "The Court of Love" (about 1500), “Chaucer's Dream," "The Isle of Ladies" (about 1450), and "The Flower and the Leaf" (about 1420). Lounsbury . Chaucer, Thomas. Born about1367: died March IMG:content-0335.png:[blocks in formation] wan go Creek, empties into Alleghany River. Length, 18 miles. Height above sea-level, 1,290 feet. Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. An a ociation for the purpose of promoting home reading and study, founded in 1878 by Bishop John H. Vincent of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It was an outgrowth of the Chautauqua summer a emblies. Its organ is "The Chautauquan.” place in the department of Cantal, France, lat. 44° 50′ N., long. 3o E.: the Roman Calentes Aquæ. It is noted for its hot springs. Chaudière (shō-dyar'). [F., 'caldron.'] Ariver in Quebec, Canada, which joins the St. Lawrence 7 miles above Quebec. Length, about 120 miles. Chaudière Falls. 1. A cataract in the Chaudière River, near its mouth. Height, about 100 feet.-2. A cataract in the Ottawa River, near Ottawa. Height, about 40 feet. Chauveau (shō-vō'), Pierre Joseph Olivier. Chaudière Lake. An expanson of the Ottawa Born at Quebec, May 30, 1820: died there, April River, on which Ottawa is situated. 4, 1890. A Canadian politician and man of Chauffeurs (shō-fer'), or Garrotteurs (gä-roletters, premier of Quebec 1867-73. He is the ter'). [F., 'burners' or 'garroters.] A band author of a novel, "Charles Guerin" (1853), etc. of French brigands, organized under the leader- Chauveau-Lagarde (shō-võ'lä-gärd'), Claude ship of Johann Bückler, surnamed "Schinder- François de. Born at Chart res, France, Jan. hannes," which during the Reign of Terror in- 21, 1756: died at Paris, Feb. 28, 1841. A French fested the forests of Argères, near Chart res, and advocate, noted as the defender of Miranda, which was dispersed by the consulate in 1803: Marie Antoinette, Charlotte Corday, and Bri o called from the practice of garroting their sot. victims, or of burning ( chauffer ) their feet to make them reveal their treasures. Chauliac (shō-lyäk'), or Cauliac (kō-lyäk'), or Chaulieu (shō-lye'), Gui de. Lived in the second half of the 14th century. A French surgeon, physician at Lyons and later at Avi gnon. He wrote a noted treatise on surgery, long an authority, "Inventorium, sive collectorium partis chirur gicalis medic inæ" (published 1489 or 1490). He has left a description of the great plague of 1348. Chaulieu (shō-lyė'), Guillaume Amfrye de. Born at Fontenay, Eure, France, 1639: died at Paris, June 27, 1720. A French poet and ecclesiastic, a member of the libertine society of the Temple (and called the "A nacre on of the Temple"). He was the author of light verses of an occasional character. His work is closely a ociated with that of the Marquis de la Fare. Chaumette (shō-met'), Pierre Gaspard. Born at Nevers, France, May 24, 1763: guillotined at Paris, April 13, 1794. A French revolutionist, appointed attorney of the commune of Paris in 1792. Chaumière (shō-myar') Indienne, La. [F., 'The Indian Cottage.'] A philosophical tale by Bernard in de St. Pierre (1791). Chaumonot (shō-mō-no'), Pierre Marie Joseph. Born near Châtill on-sur-Seine, France, 1611: died at Lorette, near Quebec, Canada, Feb. 21, 1693. A French Jesuit mi ionary among the Indians of Canada. He arrived at Quebec 1639, and resided among the Hurons until they were dispersed by the Iroquois about 1650. He left a grammar of the Huron language, which was published by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1835. Chaumont (shō-môn'). The capital of the department of Haute-Marne, France, situated between the Marne and Suize in lat. 48° 7' N., long. 5°7′ E. It was formerly the capital of Ba igny. A treaty was made here between the Allies, March 9, 1814. Population (1891), commune, 13,280. est son of Geoffrey Chaucer. He was chief butler of Richard II., constable of Walling ford Castle, steward of the honors of Walling ford and St. Valery and of the Chiltern Hundreds, succe or of Geoffrey Chaucer as for ester of North Pether ton Park, Somersets hire, and member of Parliament 1400-31. He was chosen speaker of the House of Commons in 1407, 1410, 1411, and 1414. He was present at the battle of Agin court. Chaucer of France, The. A name given to Clément Marot. Chaucer's Dream. 1. A name once given to "The Book of the Duche ," in which the poet relates his dream.-2. The title of an independent poem, first printed by Thomas Speght in the 1597 edition of the works of Chaucer. He prefixed to it a note saying: "That which heretofore hath gone under the name of his Dreame, is the Book of the Duche e: on the death of Blanche, Duche e of Lan caster."