dialysis

[Gr. dialysis = a loosening, a separating: dia (intens.), and lyo = to loose, to di olve.] 1. Rhet .: A figure of speech, by which connectives are omitted; asyndeton. 2. Print.: The same as DIÆRESIS (q. v.). 3. Med .: Exhaustion, weakne , lo of strength. 4. Chem .: A proce of analysis depending upon the differential rate of the diffusion of liquids through porous septa. Uncrystallizable bodies difthat sugar may be separated from gum or salt from gelatine by merely allowing their solutions in water to be subjected to the action of a parchment paper much more slowly than crystallizable ones, so A. As adj .: Pertaining to or exhibiting the phenomena of diamagnetism. The term is applied to certain bodies which, when magnetized and suspended freely, take up a position at right angles to the magnetic meridian-that is, either due west or due east. The principal of such substances are antimony, bismuth, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, mercury, silver, tin, zinc, and most solid, liquid, or gaseous substances. "For diamagnetic substances (such as bismuth) it is negative."--Everett: The C. G. S. System of Units (1875), ch. x., p. 59. B. A ubst.: A substance which, when magnetized and suspended freely, takes up a position at right angles to the magnetic meridian. di-a-măg-nět-ic-al-lý, adv . [Eng. diamag netic; -al; -ly .] In a diamagnetic manner; according to the principles of diamagnetism. di-a-măg-net-ism, s. [ Gr.dia =through, acro , and Eng. magnetism (q. v.).] 1. That branch of magnetism which treats of diamagnetic substances and phenomena. 2. That influence which causes a substance, when magnetized and suspended freely, to take up a position at right angles to the magnetic meridian. *di-a-măn-tine, a. [Mid. Eng. diamant =adamant, diamond, and Eng. adj. suff.- ine .] Adamantine. "In Destiny's hard diamantine rock." Sylvester: Du Bartas (1621), p. 82. di-am-et-er, *diametre, s . [Fr. diametre ; Lat. diametros; Gr. diametros =a diagonal, a diameter; diametreō to measure through or acro : dia = through, acro , and metreo =to measure.] I. Ord. Lang.: The length of a line pa ing through the center of any object from one side to the other: hence, equivalent to the width or thick IMG:content-2403.png:[blocks in formation] 2. Geometry: (1) A line drawn pa ing through the center of a circle or other curvilinear figure, and terminating each way in the circumference. That point which bisects all lines drawn through a figure from side to side is called a center, and every line drawn through a center and terminating in the circumference or opposite boundaries is a diameter. Every circle has an infinite number of diameters. chords A diameter which is perpendicular to the phras infinite number of axes, every diameter being an axis. The parabola has one axis and each of the other conic sections two axes. IMG:content-2404.png:[blocks in formation] septum or dialysis for a few hours. The septum is Math .: A which bisects system of parallel stretched over a wood or india-rubber ring, the edges cathar plane whicfacesita diametral plane is drawn up and fastened by an outer rim. It is then perpendicular to the chords which it bisects, it is allowed to float on water. The substance to be dicalled a principal plane of the surface. alyzed is poured on to the septum, when diffusion immediately begins, the crystallized elements pa diametral-surface, s . ing through and being di olved in the pure water, IMG:content-2405.png:[blocks in formation] 2. Fig .: In a manner directly opposed or opposite. "A public functionary might receive diametrically printing. 3. Print.: A small kind of type used in English 4. Cards : (1) Sing .: One of a suit in a pack of cards, the pips on which are diamond-shaped. found of various colors, from white or colorle , 5. Min .: An isometric mineral or precious stone, through yellow, red, orange, green, blue or brown, octahedral cleavage, highly perfect. It is composed to black. It is transparent and translucent, with carbon dioxide between the poles of a powerful of pur a carbon, and can be completely burned to battery. The back planes reflect all the light that strikes them at an angle exceeding 24°13', whence hardest substance known, being able to scratch all comes the peculiar brilliancy of the gem. It is the 3.52-3-55. Wnen cut and polished, a diamond of the other minerals. Hardne , 10; specific gravity, purest water weighing one carat is worth about $100. [CARAT.] The value of heavier stones, up to twenty carats, is calculated by multiplying the square of the weight in carats by the price per much more rapid rate. The slightest tinge of color carat; above twenty carats the value increases at a exceedingly rare coior, and one of this shade, known greatly affects the commercial value. Blue is an as the "Hope" diamond, though only weighing 44 carats, but of peculiar beauty and brilliancy, is val- ued at $125,000. Diamonds are found in several regions; the principal localities now are Brazil (the mines in which were first opened in 1727), and South Africa, the mines of which were discovered and pa ed under British rule in 1867-70. Fine ones have are used for many purposes. The powder is used by the lapidary for polishing gems; small fragments are set and used by glaziers for cutting gla [GLAZIER'S DIAMOND), while larger specimens are used for boring or drilling [DIAMOND-DRILL). They are also used by engravers for etching-points. They are cut in various forms, and the value is commonly combustible, but the first to establish the fact were Sir Isaac Newton suggested that the diamond is acid. (2) Secondary diamides, in which four atoms of hydrogen are replaced by two diatomic acid radicals, or by one diatomic and two monatomic the Florentine Academicians, in 1694; they suc- acid radicals. (3) Tertiary diamides, in which all ceeded in burning it in the focus of a large lens, one at least must be dib a cad amide, tion, which showed it to be pure crystalline form of the hydrogen is replaced by acid radicals, of which Lavoisier, in 1772, examined the results of comb us- which is formed by the action of argentosuccina mide, 2(NC4H4O2Ag), on chloride of succinyl, C4H4O2Cl2=N2(C4H4O2) 3. ( Watts : Dict. of Chem.) di-ăm-Id-ō-, in compos. [Pref. di =twice, two- fold, and Eng., ., amido (q. v.).] noted the following: Great Mogul, found in 1550, in Golconda, and seen by Tavernier. Weighed 793 carats; cut to 279 carats(carat=4grains). Austrian, a rose-cut diamond weighing 1391⁄2 car- ats Chem.: Compounds in which the radical amido- gen (NH2)' is contained twice, having replaced two atoms of hydrogen, as diamido-benzene, 1 oz. 2. gr. try. The empre Catherine II. C6H4(NH2)2. for the first-mentioned sum, without the annuity, afterward sold to Catherine's favorite, Count Orloff, and was by him presented to the empre on her birthday, 1772; it is now in the scepter of Ru ia. The Pitt (or Regent) diamond weighed 400 carats, IMG:content-2406.png:[blocks in formation] replaced, either by three diatomic base radicals, as Singh, the last ruler of the Punjab, and the annex- tri-ethylen-amine, N2(C2H4)3, or by two diatomic ation of his dominions to the British empire, in and two monatomic basic radicals, as di-ethylen- 1849, the Kohinoor was surrendered to the Queen of diphenyl-amine, N2(CH4)2 (CH3)2, which is formed England. It was accordingly taken to England by the action of chloride of ethylene on phenyl and presented to her, July 3, 1850. Its original amine. ( Watts : Dict. of Chem . ) weight was nearly 800 carats, but it was reduced by di-a-mond, *di-a-maunde, *di-a-maunt, *dit he unskillfulne of the artist, Hortensio Borghese, ay-mont, *dy-a-mand, *dy-a-mawnte, dy-aa Venetian, to 279 carats. Its shape and size re- mownte, s. & a. [Fr. diamant , constructed upon sembled the pointed half (rose cut) of a small hen's- -dimant , a shortened format adamant, egg. The value is scarcely computable. This dia- Diez, in his Wörterbuch d. roman . Sprachen , p. 123, mond was recut in 1852, and now weighs 102ecarats supposes that it was under the influence of the word Diamonds of unprecedented size have been pro- diafano -translucent, that adamante in Ital. was duced by the South African mines. Recently the changed into diamantthat adamante Ger. & Dut. Jagers fon tein Excelsior, weighing half a pound, diamant. The word is a doublet of adamant (q.v.).] was discovered there. It measures three inches in IMG:content-2407.png:[merged small][merged small][ocr errors] length, and is bluish white. During the 20 years ending Jan. 1, 1897, Africa has produced $350,000,000 worth of diamonds. After cutting they were worth fully $700,000,000. The total value of all diamonds known to exist in the world is estimated to be $1,000,000 000. The African mines during the last two decades have produced twice as many diamonds as were known in the world before, and there is no likelihood that the supply will diminish in the near rhombal, and not square in cro -section. 2. Glazing : A small piece of diamond, mounted world hat is said to be worth $2,500,000 uncut." Chicago in a handle, used for cutting gla ; a glazier's dia- Inter Ocean , March 21, 1897. mond (q. v.). merchant, diamond - mine . Obvious compounds: Diamond - hilted , diamond- diamond-beetle, s . terous insect belonging to the family Curculionidae. Entom.: Entimus imperial is , a splendid coleop- It is a native of South America. removed to form one facet. The projecting por- tion is then removed by attrition against another diamond similarly set in a handle, or by means of according to circumstances. When a facet is fin- diamond-dust and oil upon a disk, wheel, or wire, ce repeated. Several months are expended in ished, the stone is reset in the handle and the pro- cutting furge stones, as the work proceeds very slowly. The polishing is performed upon a rapidly revolving iron wheel, driven by a band, and fed by hand with diamond-dust and oil. The diamond is set in a dop as before, on the end of a weighted arm, and held against the wheel; the results of the proce being collected in a box for future opera- tions. IMG:content-2408.png:[blocks in formation] patented in France by him, June 3, 1854. He states that he makes crystals angular fragments of black diamond useful in "working, turning, and polishing, ., hard stones such as granite, por- phyry, marbles, ." The diamond is broken to obtain angular fragments, which are imbedded by alloys interaciallistock to form a cutting- tool. Diamond-drills were used in the Mont Cenis IMG:content-2409.png:[blocks in formation] diamond-jousts, s. Jousts instituted by King Arthur, "who by that name had named them since a diamond weiten inho was king be came by accident to a glen in Lyonne e, where two brothers had met in combat. was slain; but one had worn a crown of diamonds which Arthur picked up, and when he became king off red the nine diamonds as the prize of nine several jousts, "one every year, joust for one." Lance lot had won eight and intended to present them all to the "When the knight at last laid them all at her foot Guineverein a fit of Queen, "when all were won. jealous rage flung them out of the palace window into the river. IMG:content-2410.png:[blocks in formation] of monkey, so named from the crescent-shaped band, resem- bling that which poets and myth- ologists a ign to the godde Diana. a. [Greek dia- nao = to flow through.] Rea- soning, logical- ly and progre - ively, from one subject to an- other; using a con cate native and sequential argument. di-ăn-chor-a, s . [Pref. di =twice, twofold, and Bot .: In the Linnæan system the second cla containing those genera of plants, the flowers of which have only two stamens, provided these are neither united at the base nor combined with the pistil and stigma nor separated from the pistil. di-ăn-dri-an, di-ăn-drous, a . [English dian- Bot .: Applied to plants which have two stamens, pastilles. A decoction of it is prescribed in Java for gonorrhea, dysury, and fluor alb us . di-a-nīte, s. [Latin Dian (a); English suff. -ite (Min.) (q. v.).] thought, intellectual.] Capable of thought; intel lectual; of or pertaining to the discursive faculty. di-a-noi-al-o-gỹ, s. [Gr. dianoia = thought, and logos a discourse.] That branch of philosophy which treats of the dianoëtic faculties. ( Sir W. Hamilton .) IMG:content-2411.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-2412.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-2413.png:[blocks in formation] below the gen- eral surface; they are usually square, and placed close to each other, and are various in their pattern and design; it was intro- IMG:content-2414.jpg:[graphic] octave; Gr. diapason =a concord of the first and duced in the last notes of an octave; a contraction for dia pasōn early English chordōn sumph on i a =concord extending through all style in some of the notes: dia =through, and pasōn =all, gen it. plur. the principal fem. of pas =all.] IMG:content-2415.png:[blocks in formation] Gothic struct- ures in Eng- land. ( Weale .) , fat, färe, amidst, what, fall, wöre, wolf, wõrk, whô, sốn; mute, cub, cüre, unite, cur, rûle, full; try, Syrian IMG:content-2416.png:[blocks in formation] When she doth diaper the ground with beauties." Ford: Sun's Darling , iv. 1. B. In trans.: To work in embroidery; to em- broider. A. As adj .: Having the power or quality of in- reasing or promoting perspiration. "A diaphoretic medicine, or a sudorific, is something hat will promote sweating."- Watts . IMG:content-2417.png:[blocks in formation] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj.: (See the which stimulate the vascular system, as ammonia, verb.) carbonate, acetate, and citrate of ammonia, cam- phor, chloroform, ethers, opium, .; and Sedative sudorifics, as oxide of antimony, tart a rated anti- IMG:content-2418.png:[blocks in formation] diaphaneity."-Ray On the Creation. apt to grow dry, and shrink, and lose their IMG:content-2419.png:[blocks in formation] connective, and Gr. skopeō to see.] Optics: A dark box for exhibiting transparent pictures with or without a lens. skin, and warm diluents; and may be used: (1) To restore the action of the skin in cases in which its function has been checked by cold. (2) To deter- mine to the surface in febrile cases, to relieve the system of water and excreta. (3) To keep up an increased action of the surface in skin diseases. (4) To cause the skin to take an augmented action, and by this means to relieve certain other organs, especially the kidneys. (5) To cause the skin to act vicariously when the action of other secreting organs is exce ive, as in diabetes and chronic diarrhea. ( Garrod : Materia Medica .) IMG:content-2420.png:[ocr errors] organs of digestion, because the attenuation of the ali- ment makes it perspirable."- Arbuthnot . di-a-pho-rět-ic-al, a . [Eng. diaphoretic ; -al .] The same as DIAPHORETIC (q. v.). IMG:content-2421.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-2422.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-2423.png:[blocks in formation] 1. Anat.: An inspiratory muscle, and the sole agent in tranquil respiration. It is the muscular between the thorax and abdomen, and is composed of two portions, a greater muscle arising from the bodies of the lumbar vertebræ by two from the ensiform cartilage, and a le er arising tendons. There are three openings in the dia- phragm, one for the pa age of the inferior vena cava, one for the pa age of the œsophagus and pneumo-gastric nerves and the aortic, through thoracic duct. It a ists the abdominal muscles, which pa es the aorta, the right vena azygos , and ceded by a deep inspiration. It also comes into idiopathic diarrhea: (1) Diarrhoea of irritation; play in hiccough and sobbing, laughing and crying, (2) congestion or inflammatory diarrhea; (3) scope or other optical instrument, to exclude some sometimes causing hernia, or rupture of the viscera. the marginal rays of a beam of light. The di-aph-an-ous, a . phaino = to show through.] Transparent, trans- lucent, clear; having the power or quality of IMG:content-2424.png:[blocks in formation] to a diaphanous body." -Raleigh . di-aph-an-ous-ly, adv . [Eng. diaphanous ; -ly .] IMG:content-2425.png:[blocks in formation] iris of the eye, which shuts out strong light and regulates the quantity admitted. The use of the iris was known to Leonardo da Vinci. 3. Conchol.: The straight calcareous plate which divides the cavity of certain shells into two parts. diaphragm-plate, s. A plate beneath the stage of a compound microscope, to restrict the amount of light reflected from the mirror. The plate has a number of holes of varying sizes, either of which IMG:content-2426.png:[blocks in formation] pistached by an elastic diaphragm, usually of all the joint movements of the body. This clas diaphragm-pump, s. A pump in which a disc- Anat .: A movable articulation, the most common tarsal bones; Ginglymas, elbow, wrist, knee, ankle; of leather, to the sides of the was deis divided three genera: Arthrodia, carpal and scribed by Desaguliers, in 1744, as "a piston with out friction." It is much older than the time of and Enarthrosis, hip and shoulder. diary