CONCORDAT

the term applied to agreements between the ecclesiastical and secular powers, specially between the R. C. Church and the State in different countries in medizeval and modern times. When Church and State were practically coterminous, as they were in the Middle Ages, and the Church claimed not only sacred and spiritual but other authority besides, (e.g.) jurisdiction over all offenses committed by clerics, clash between the religious and secular arm was inevitable. This reached a height in the famous Investiture Controversy between the popes and emperors, terminated by the Concordat of Worms, 1122. Another famous concordat was that between Pope Pius VII. and Napoleon in 1801. This was repudiated by the Fr. Republic in 1905. Agreements have been made between the Roman See and various European countries. The right of the State to nominate to important benefices fs sometimes recognized, or at any rate the right of objection.