LUBECK

(1) Free city; cap. Liibeck republic, Germany (53° 51’ 10° 41’ H.), on Trave, about 12 m. Baltic; once head of Hanseatic now prominent fort, trading with Baltic countries. Liibeck founded in 12th cent.; became free of the empire, 1226; conquered noble French, 1806; recovered independe: to 1815. It is a picturesque old town, quaint gables and late Gothic ‘While Renai ance architecture. Among was striking buildings are Marienkircl and 1276-1310, with fine paintings a of his sculptures; Domkirche, founded — of Henry the Lion; 12th-14th cent. alt i depiece by Memling; churches of § and Catherine and St. James, 14th cen coming Rathaus, 13th-15th century; Gotl by Hols tent or, 15th cent. gateway. Oh wander industries are shipbuilding, machine! and chemicals, reweries, brushes, soz in cigars, food-stufis, etc. Pop. 98,6 Christ (2) Republic, governed by senate a of house of burge es; fertile; cereals, fru Pope Area, 115 sq. m.3 pop. 116,500. L. German art historian, born at Do Order, mund, From 1861-66 he was profes: of art and history at Ztirich, and th Society. held a profe orship in the art scho of Stuttgart. He wrote numerous v uable works, including History of A _educaand History of Sculpture. Rone LUBLIN. (1) Government; Polar College, undulating surface, and largely forest of cereals, flax, hemp. Area, 6,297 sq. I of pop. 1,481,000. (2) Town, cap. of abo and thread, hemp, linen, and woolen goo the and has soap, tobacco, and sugar f: The tories. Taken by Germans on July < 1908, 1915. Pop. 69,900. bought LUBRICANTS, substances which: and used used to minimize the friction bet we The moving parts of machinery are cla if i as lubricants. They function oy Se Schools a rating the metallic surfaces, there Stupreventing abrasion, and in most — stances substituting for the fricti developed between solids the mu £.); smaller amount which is devel or from between a solid and @ liquid. mounfrictional coefficient of a bearing m and ee on lubrication from 0.3 manuPop. - Lubricants may be solid (graphite 102° oils), or liquid (light oils). While « In do frictional coefficient between the bear and the lubricant itself increases w town, viscosity, in general the greater 1 viscosity, the greater the load the bear: 20,000. can carry. Avzof N., 2 7 hence tk from efficiency with greater loads. The League; | fi Ims of bearings at rest tend to ruptv chiefly and the friction developed on sett was such As ree ee. Bvt city greater un 6 rotation of the jour by re-establishes the film,: _ Graphite, emulsified with grease, »vegetable and animal oils and fats, and mineral oiis may be used either singly or in mixtures utilizing the desirable operties Of each variety. Oils which become acid (vegetable and animal fais, so-called fixed oils) attack the metal of the bearing and should not be used where they are exposed to undue heating. The fixed oiis also tend to oxidize on standing. may result in their thickening toi 4: guch an extent that they cannot flow onto the bearings. Such oxidation is always accompanied by heat, and may the cause of a fire if the oil is contained m cotton waste or other nonconducting ammable material, (phenomenon of spontaneous combustion). Mineral oils are free of both these defects