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[AS,] A piece of steel made rough rasp has coarse single teeth. There are many shapes—fiat, square, knife-edged, half-round, rat-tail or round, three-square, cro , and slitting. besque pattern, made of gold or silver wire or wire used in decorating gold or silver. It is made mostly in India, Turkey, Italy, and Malta. charcoal, sand, or felt, through which liquid pa es, and by which it is cleared of foreign sub¬ stances. Filters are much used for obtaining pure drinking water, and are employed on large scale in purifying the water-supply of cities. artistic taste and give pleasure to observers, distinguished from the useful arts, designed benefit mankind. They are usually restricted the arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture. The parts of a fish by which it balances itself and moves forward in the water. The paired fins the opposite sides of the body are the true limbs of the fish. Those near the gills behind the head are the pectoral fins, and represent the fore limbs of quadrupeds those below are the ventral fins, and represent the hind limbs those on the back are dorsal or first and second dorsal; those un¬ derneath near the tail are the anal fins, and tail itself is the caudal fin. These are used as means of motion and the tail also serves as rudder. birds, as chaffinch, goldfinch, bullfinch. Many of the finches are beautiful singers, and others are prized for their delicate flesh. They frequent fields, groves, hedgerows, etc., and feed chiefly on grain and seeds. The common sparrow, European bird now abundant in the United States, is the true type of the Finch tribe. ous trees, producing valuable timber or resin. Firs, such as the balsam fir, the silver fir, and the red fir, are large in size and elegant in shape, and belong to the genus Abies. The silver fir the Pacific coast grows to a height of 200 feet. water can be thrown to a great height for purpose of extinguishing fires. The principle its action is the same as that of the force-pump for (q.v.) \ but in a force-pump the stream of wTater is intermittent, flowing only at each descent of the piston. This is obviated in the fire-engine by employing a strong air-ve el, into which the water is forced, the compre ed air reacting on the water so as to keep up a steady flow. In the force-pump there is only one cylinder, but in the fire-engine there are two, in which the pistons are worked simultaneously, one ascending while the other descends. Fire-engines were formerly worked by hand, but now steam fire-engines are widely employed. light in the dark. All glowworms are called fire¬ flies or fire beetles, but the American firefly, which generally sparkles in humid districts, is called Phot in us, and both sexes are winged. metallic filings, and salts, to be set on fire. The most common form of firework is a pasteboard tube filled with these explosive materials. A num¬ ber of these tubes are often arranged so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of figures in fire variously colored. Stars are made of nitrate of war and as ship signals, as well as in pyrotechnic displays. The life-saving rocket consists of a drawn steel tube with a composition that expels inch. It is used to carry a rope to a wrecked ve el near the coast. and, having a heart with only two chambers, its the blood is cold or of the temperature of the air. All the seas and rivers abound in fish. The true fishes; the Ganoidei, as the sturgeon; the Dipnoi, or air-breathing fish, of which there are the a few species the Selachians, or sharks and (■q-v•)» which overlap each other, and are moist¬ inward ened with a kind of slime. Many of them are of mandible. beautiful colors—gold, silver, and copper tints, two and attractive shades of blue, green, red, and black. the Fishes swim chiefly with the tail, and their fins red (q.v.) help them to keep their upright position of in the water. They are rich in nitrogenous material, chiefly albumen and fibrin. Some fishes—as salmon, herring, mackerel, and eels— also contain much oily matter, which makes them not so digestible as whiting, sole, etc. Among the fishes most useful as food for man are the cod, salmon, mackerel, pilchard, and herring.