Doran, English Stage, II

362-366. Ops (ops). In Roman mythology, a godde of plenty, wife of Saturn. Optic (op'tik), Oliver. The pseudonym of William Taylor Adams. Opuntian Locrians. See Locri Opuntii . Opzoomer Opzoomer (op'zō-mer), Karel Willem. Born at Rotter dam, Sept. 20, 1821: died at Oosterbeck, Aug. 23, 1892. A Dutch philosopher and jurist, profe or at Utrecht. He wrote a manual of logic (1851), etc. Oran (ō-rän'; F. ō-ron'). 1. The westernmost department of Algeria, bordering on Morocco on the west. Area, 44, 616 square miles. Population (1891), 942,066.-2. The capital of the department of Oran, a seaport situated on the Mediterranean in lat. 35° 44′ N., long. 0°42′ W. It has important trade. The old Spanish town exists along with the modern town. It was a flourishing medieval town; was held by the Spaniards from 1509 to 1708, and from 1732 until after the earthquake of 1790; and was taken by the French in 1831. Population (1891), 73,839. Orange (or'ānj; F. pron. ō-ronzh'). A town in the department of Vaucluse, France, 13 miles north of Avignon: the ancient Arausio, noted for its Roman antiquities. The Roman triumphal arch here, well preserved and of fine masonry, is attributed to the reign of Marcus Aurelius. It has a large central arch between two smaller ones flanked by Corinthian columns, the two middle ones of which support a pediment. It is ornamented with reliefs among which naval trophies are conspicuous; and the deep vault of the central opening is beautifully coffered. The height is 72 feet, width 67, and thickne 26. The Roman theater is much ruined in its cave a, but po e es probably the finest surviving example of an ancient stage structure. The splendid uncemented wall at the back is 340 feet long, 118 high, and 13 thick, and still shows the pierced corbels which received the awning-poles. The stage has 3 doors, and was roofed. The theater could seat about 7,000. The Cimbri defeated the Romans here in 105 B. C. It was a flourishing Roman town. Later it was the capital of a principality which fell to the house of Na au in 1530; was under the Na au-Orange family until 1702; and was annexed to France in 1713. The title of Prince of Orange was retained in the house of Na au. Population (1891), 9,859. Orange (or'anj). A city in E ex County, New Jersey, 13 miles west of New York. It contains many residences of New-Yorkers. Population (1890), 18,844. Orange. See Clove and Orange . Orange, Prince of. See William "the Silent," Prince of Orange, and William III ., King of England. Orange, Principality of. A small principality now in the department of Vaucluse, France, containing Orange and neighboring places. It fell to the house of Na au in 1530. See Orange . Orange Free State, or Orange River Free State. A republic in southern Africa. Capital, Bloemfontein. It is bounded by the South African Republic (separated by the Vaal) on the north, Natal on the east, Basutoland on the southeast, Cape Colony (separated by the Orange River) on the south, and Griqualand West on the west. The surface is undulating and hilly. The chief occupation is the raising of live stock; the leading products are wool, diamonds, ostrich-feathers, and hides. The government is vested in a president and a legislative a embly called the Volksraad. The inhabitants are natives (129,787 in 1890), and whites of European (especially Dutch) descent. The territory was settled in the first half of the 19th century by emigrants from Cape Colony; was annexed by Great Britain in 1848; and became independent in 1854. Area, 52,000 square miles. Population (1890), 207,503. Orange men (or'ānj-men). 1. Irish Protestants. The name was given about the end of the 17th century by Roman Catholics to the Protestants of Ireland, on account of their support of the cause of William III. of England, prince of Orange. 2. A secret politico-religious society, instituted in Ireland in 1795. It was organized for the purpose of upholding the Protestant religion and ascendancy, and of opposing Romanism and the Roman Catholic influence in the government of the country. Orange men are especially prominent in Ulster, Ireland, but local branches called lodges are found all over the British empire, as well as in many parts of the United States. Orbe (orb or or'be). A town in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, situated on the Orbe 15 miles northwest of Lausanne. It was the ancient capital of Little Burgundy. Population (1888), 3,855. Orbe. A small river in the department of Jura, France, and canton of Vaud, Switzerland, flowing into the Lake of Neuchâtel. It is the upper course of the Thièle (or Zihl). Or be go so (or-bā-gōsō), Luis José. Born near Huamachuco, Aug. 25, 1795: died at Truxillo, 1847. A Peruvian general and politician. He was elected president by the constitutional a embly, Dec. 20, 1833; but Gamarra, Salaverry, and others declared against him; and in June, 1835, he accepted the intervention of Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia. Santa Cruz established the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1836, and Or be go so was nominated president of North Peru, with the rank of grand marshal. In Aug., 1838, he was defeated by Gamarra and the Chileans, and went into exile for some years. Also written Orbegozo . Orbetello (or-ba-tel'lo). A small town in the province of Gro eto, Italy, situated near the Mediterranean, 75 miles northwest of Rome. Orbigny (or-ben-ye'), Alcide Des salines d'. Born at Couéron, Loire-Inférieure, Sept. 6, 1802: died near St. Denis, June 30, 1857. A French naturalist. From 1826 to 1833 he traveled in southern Brazil, the Platine States, Bolivia, and Peru. The results of his journey were published at government expense as "Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale" (9 vols. 1834-47: including narrative, 3 vols.; "L'Homme América in," ethnological, 2 vols.; and the remainder on zoology, etc.). Among his other writings are "Paléon to logie française" (14 vols. 1840-54: unfinished) and several works on Foraminifera . He contributed to Ramon de la Sagra's "History of Cuba" the volumes on birds, Mollusca , and Foraminifera . Orbigny, Charles Des salines d'. Born at Couéron, Loire-Inférieure, France, Dec. 2, 1806: died Feb. 15, 1876. A French geologist, brother of A. D. d'Orbigny. Orc (ôrk), The. 1. A deformed giant who eats men but not women, in Boiardo's and Ariosto's "Orlando." He has two projecting bones for eyes. Man dricardo delivers Lucina from him. 2. A sea-monster in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," killed by Orlando when about to devour Olympia. Orcades (ôr'ka-dēz). The ancient name of the Orkney Islands. Orcagna (or-kän'yä) (properly di Cione), Andrea, called Arcagnolo (of which name Orcagna is a corruption). Born at Florence about 1329: died about 1368. A Florentine painter, sculptor, and architect. He studied the goldsmith's craft under his father, and painted with his brother Bernardo. In the practice of this art he appears to have been chiefly occсиpied during the early part of his life. After painting with his brother the life of the Madonna, and the two great frescos of Heaven and Hell in Santa Maria Novella, the frescos of the Cresci chapel, and the façade of San A poll in are, he painted the picture of the Coronation of the Virgin (now in the National Gallery). By these works he gained a great reputation. The frescos of the Triumph of Death and the Last Judgment in the Campo Santo at Pisa, by painters of the Tuscan school, have been attributed to him. (See Campo Santo .) About 1348 he transformed the old granary of Arnolfo del Cambio (Florence) into the Church of Or San Michele. Orchard of Ireland. A name given to County Armagh, Ireland. Orchards on (or'chard-son), William Quiller. Born at Edinburgh, 1835. A British figure painter. He removed to London in 1863. He has painted "The Challenge" (1865), "Casus Belli" (1870), "The Bill of Sale" (1876), "On Board H. M. S. Bellerophon July 23, 1815" (1880: bought by the Chantry bequest), "The Salon of Madame Récamier" (1885), etc. Orange River, or Kai Gariep (kī gä-rep'). The Orchha. See Tehri . chief river in southern Africa. It rises in Basutoland near the border of Natal, and flows generally westward, separating Cape Colony from the Orange Free State, British Bechuanaland, and German Southwest Africa. Its chief tributary is the Vaal. Length, about 1,200 miles. It is "not much better than a huge torrent." Oranienbaum (ō-rä'nē-en-boum"). [G., 'orange tree.'] A town in the province of St. Petersburg, Ru ia, situated on the Gulf of Finland 25 miles west of St. Petersburg. It is noted for its imperial palace. Population, 3,350. Orarian (ō-ra'ri-an). See Eskimauan . Orators, The. A play by Samuel Foote, performed in 1762. It satirizes a Dublin printer named George Faulkner. It is a whimsical truth that George Faulkner actually printed, published, and sold "The Orators." W. Cooke , Memoirs of Foote, I. 197. Oratory of St. Philip Neri. A Roman Catholic religious order, founded at Florence by Filippo Neri in 1575: so named from a chapel he built for it and called an oratory. It is composed of simple priests under no vows. Its chief seat is Italy, but congregations were founded in England in 1847 and 1849 under the leadership of former members of the Anglican Church. Orchies (or-she'). A town in the department of Nord, France, 14 miles southeast of Lille. Population (1891), commune, 3,918. Or cho menus (ôr-kom'e-nus). [Gr. Ορχομενός .] In ancient geography, the name of several cities in Greece. (a) A city in Bœotia, situated on the Cephi us and on Lake Copais, 55 miles northwest of Athens. It was the capital of the ancient Minyæ. Here, in 85 B. C., Sulla defeated Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, king of Pontus. The site contains important remains of antiquity. The treasury of Minyas, so called, is a very ancient tomb of the Mycenean beehive type. The plan is circular, 45 feet in diameter, covered in by a pseudo-dome formed by corbeling in the stones of the wall. A side chamber, rock-hewn, had its sides and ceiling incrusted with slabs carved with beautiful arabesques. The "treasury" is approached by a dromos or pa age 16 feet wide. (6) A city in Arcadia, 33 miles west-southwest of Corinth. It was one of the leading Arcadian cities. Orcus (or'kus). A Latin name for Hades. Ord (ord), Edward Otho Cresap. Born in Maryland, Oct., 1818: died at Havana, July 22, 1883. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1839, served against the Seminole Indians 1839-42, and was appointed brigadier-general of United States volunteers at the beginning of the Civil War. He gained the victory of Dranesville in Dec., 1861, and served before Rich mond and Petersburg in 1864-65. He retired with the brevet rank of major-general in 1880. Orders Ordaz (ōr-däth'), or Ordás (ōr-däs'), Diego de. Born about 1480: died at sea, 1533. A Spanish captain. It appears that he was with Ojeda at Darien, 1509-10; subsequently he served with Velasquez in Cuba, and with Cortés in the conquest of Mexico, 1519-21. Having obtained a grant of the country now embraced in Guiana and eastern Venezuela, he explored the Orinoco to the mouth of the Meta, 1531-32. Martinez, one of his officers, afterward a erted that he had seen on this expedition the golden city of Manoa, thus probably starting the myth of El Dorado. Ordaz, on his return to the coast, was arrested on false charges, and sent to Santo Domingo: he was freed by the audience, and died while on his way to Spain. Ordericus Vital is (ôr-de-ri'kus vi-tā'lis), or Orderic (ôr'de-rik). Born at Atcham, near Shrews bury, England, 1075: died about 1143. An English historian and Benedictine monk. He wrote an "Ecclesiastical History," especially relating to Normandy and England in the 11th and 12th centuries (ed. by Le Prévost 1838-55). Orders. Institutions, partly imitated from the medieval and crusading orders of military monks, but generally founded by a sovereign, a national legislature, or a prince of high rank, for the purpose of rewarding meritorious service by the conferring of a dignity: a number of the more prominent of these orders are described below. Most honorary orders consist of several cla es, known as knights companions, officers, commanders, grand officers , and grand commanders , otherwise called grand cro or grand cordon. Many orders have fewer cla es, a few having only one. It is customary to divide honorary orders into three ranks: ( a ) Those which admit only nobles of the highest rank, and among foreigners only sovereign princes or members of reigning families. Of this character are the Golden Fleece (Austria and Spain), the Elephant (Denmark), and the Garter (Great Britain): it is usual to regard these three as the existing orders of highest dignity. (b) Those orders which are conferred upon members of noble families only, and some times because of the mere fact of noble birth, without posed to be conferred for services only: of these the services. (c) The orders of merit, which Legion of Honor is the best-known type. The various orders have their appropriate insignia, consisting usually of a collar of design peculiar to the order, a star, cro , of an order by its name alone, as the Garter, the Bath jewel, badge, ribbon, the like. It is common to speak Guelfic Order, a Han over i an order of knighthood, founded in 1815 by George IV. (then prince regent), and entitled the Royal Han over i an Guelfic Order. It includes grand cro es, commanders, and knights, both civil and military.- Military Order of Savoy, an order founded by King Victor Emmanuel I. of Sardinia in 1815, adopted by the kingdom of Italy, and still in existence. The badge is a cro of gold in red enamel, voided, and surfor Merit, a Pru ian order composed of two cla es, military and civil. The first cla was founded by Frederick the Great in 1740 (compare Order of Generosity). The badge is a blue enameled cro adorned with the letter F, the words "pour le mérite," and golden eagles. Since 1810 it has been given exclusively for distinction on the field. The second cla (or second order) was founded by Frederick William IV. in 1842 for distinction in science and art. - Order of Alcantara, a Spanish military order said to be a revival of a very ancient order of St. Julian, and to have received its name from the city of Alcantara, given by Alfonso IX. of Castile in 1213 to the Knights of Calatrava, and transferred by the latter. - Order of Alexander Nevski, a Ru ian order founded in 1722 by Peter the Great, but first conferred by the empre Catharine I. in 1725. The ordinary badge is a cro patté, the center being a circle of white enamel showing St. Alexander on horseback, the arms of red enamel with a double-headed eagle between every two arms, and the whole surmounted by an imperial crown. This is worn hanging to a broad red ribbon en sautoire. Order of Calatrava, a Spanish military order founded in the middle of the 12th century, and taking its name from the fortre of Calatrava, which had been captured from the Moors in 1147, and was confided to the new order. It is still in existence. The badge is a cro fleury enameled red, attached to a red ribbon. - Order of Charles III., a Spanish order founded by Charles III. in 1771. - Order of Charles XIII., a Swedish order founded by the sovereign of that name in 1811, for Freemasons of the higher degrees. - Order of Christ, a Portuguese order founded by King Dionysius and confirmed about 1318. It contains mounted by royal crown. The ribbon is blue. - Order three degrees, of which the highest is limited to six per. sons. The present badge is a cro of eight points encircled by an oak wreath, and having between the arms four ovals in black enamel, each bearing five golden billets, symbolical of the five wounds of Christ. The ribbon is dark red. Order of Civil Merit, the name of several orders, the most prominent of which is that of Pru ia. See Order for Merit. - Order of Fidelity. (a) An order of the duchy of Baden, founded by the margrave Charles William in 1715. It is still in existence, and consists of two cla es only, that of grand cro and that of commander. The badge is a cro of eight points in red enamel, having between each two arms the cipher CC: the same cipher occupies the middle of the cro , with the motto "Fidelitas." The ribbon is orange-colored and edged with blue. (b) An order of Portugal, founded by John VI. in 1823 for the supporters of the monarchy during the insurrectionary movements in that country. - Order of Generosity, a Pru ian order of distinction founded in 1665, but not organized till 1685, and superseded in 1740 by the Order for Merit. Order of Glory ( Nishan Iftikar ), an order of the Ottoman empire, instituted by Mahmoud II. in 1831.Order of Isabella Catholic, known the Royal American Orde and instituted in 1815 to reward loyalty among the American colonists and dependents of Spain. The order still exists. The badge is a cro patté indented, the center filled with a medallion, the arms enameled red, and with gold rays between the arms. Order of Jesus, of Jesus Christ, etc., the name of several orders of more or le religious character. in Spain, Sweden, etc. - Order Orders Stars are also worn by the first two cla es. That of the knights grand cro es is of silver, with eight points of rays wavy, on which is a gold cro bearing three crowns, encircled by a ribbon displaying the motto of the order, while beneath the scroll is inscribed Ich dien ('I serve'), the motto of the Prince of Wales. The star of the knights commanders differs chiefly in lacking the wavy rays.Order of the Bear, an order of knights instituted by the emperor Frederick II., and having its center at the abbey of St. Gall, in Switzerland. It ceased to exist when St. Gall became independent of the house of Austria. Order of the Black Eagle, a Pru ian order founded by Frederick I. in 1701. The number of knights is limited to 30, exclusive of the princes of the blood royal, and all must be of unquestioned nobility. The badge is a cro of eight points, having in the center a circle with the monogram FR (for Frederick Rex ); the four arms are enameled red, with the eagle of Pru ia in black enamel between each two arms. The ribbon is orange, but on occasions of ceremony the badge is worn pendent to a collar consisting alter nately of black eagles holding thunderbolts and medallions bearing the same monogram as the badge and also the motto "Suum cuique." - Order of the Burgundian Cro , an order founded by the emperor Charles V., which did not survive. - Order of the Chrysanthemum, an order founded by the Mikado of Japan in 1876. - Order of the Conception, an order founded in the 17th century by some of the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, and common to Germany and Italy. - Order of the Cordon Jaune, a French order for Protestant and Roman Catholic knights, founded in the 16th century by the Duke of Nevers for the protection of widows and orphans. It is now extinct.Order of the Crescent, a Turkish order instituted in 1799, and awarded only for distinguished bravery in the naval or military service. It was abolished in 1851. An order of the crescent was founded by Charles of Anjou in Sicily in 1268, but had a short existence. René the Good, of Anjou, count of Provence and titular king of Naples, founded another short-lived order of the crescent in the 15th century. - Order of the Crown, the title of several honorary orders founded by sovereigns in the 19th century, each including as part of its name that of the country to which it belongs. (a) The Order of the Crown of Bavaria , founded by King Maximilian I. Joseph in 1808. It is granted to per sons who have attained distinction in the civil service of the state. (b) The Imperial Order of the Crown of India , founded in 1878 for women, at the time of the a umption by Queen Victoria of the title Empre of India. It includes a number of Indian women of the highest rank. (c) The Order of the Crown of Italy , founded by King Victor Emmanuel in 1868. (d) The Order of the Crown of Pru ia , founded by King William I. on his coronation in 1861. (c) The Order of the Crown of Rumania , founded by King Charles on a uming the royal title in 1881. (f) The Or der of the Crown of Saxony , founded by King Frederick August us in 1807, soon after his a umption of the kingly title. It is of but one cla , and limited to persons of high rank. (g) The Order of the Crown of Siam , founded in 1869. (h) The Order of the Crown of Würtemberg, founded by King William I. in 1818. - Order of the Danebrog, the second in importance of the Danish orders of knighthood, originally instituted in 1219, revived in 1671, regulated by royal statutes in 1693 and 1808, and several times modified since. It now consists of four cla es, besides a fifth cla wearing the silver cro of the order without being regular members of it, the silver cro being awarded for some meritorious act or distinguished service. The order may be bestowed on foreigners. - Order of the Fan, a Swedish order founded in 1744, and now extinct. - Order of the Fish, a decoration founded by the Mogul emperors in India, and conferred upon certain English statesmen in the early part of the 19th century. The insignia are of the nature of standards borne before the person upon whom the order is conferred. - Order of the Garter, the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, consisting of the sovereign, the Prince of Wales, and 25 knights companions, and open, in addition, to such English princes and foreign sovereigns as may be chosen, and sometimes to extra companions chosen for special reasons, so that the whole order usually numbers about 50. Formerly the knights companions were elected by the body itself, but since the reign of George III. appointments have been made by the sovereign. The order, at first (and still sometimes) called the Order of St. George, was instituted by Edward III. some time between 1344 and 1350, the uncertainty arising from the early lo of all its original records. Its purpose has been supposed to have been at first only temporary. According to the common legend, probably fictitious, King Edward III. picked up a garter dropped by the Counte of Salisbury at a ball, and placed it on his own knee with the words to his courtiers, in response to the notice taken of the incident, "Honi so it qui mal y pense" ('Shamed be he who thinks evil of it'). To this incident the foundation, the name, and the motto of the order are usually ascribed. The insignia of the order are the garter, a blue ribbon of velvet edged with gold and having a gold buckle, worn on the left leg; the badge, called the George or great George, a figure of St. George killing the dragon, pendent from the collar of gold, which has 26 pieces, each representing a coiled garter; the le er George, worn on a broad blue ribbon over the left shoulder; and the star of 8 points, of silver, having in the middle the cro of St. George encircled by the garter. The vesture consists of a mantle of blue velvet lined with white taffeta, a hood and surcoat of crimson velvet, and a hat of black velvet with a plume of white ostrich feathers having in the center a tuft of black heron-feathers. The sovereign, when a woman, wears the ribbon on the left arm. Order of the Golden Fleece, an order founded by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, in 1430, on the occasion of his marriage with the infanta Isabella of Portugal. The office of grand master pa ed to the house of Hapsburg in 1477 with the acquisition of the Burgundian dominions, which included the Netherlands. After the time of the emperor Charles V. (died 1558) this office was exercised by the Spanish kings; but after the ce ion of the Spanish Netherlands to Austria, the latter power in 1713-14 claimed the office. The dispute remains undecided, and the order therefore exists independently in Austria and in Spain. The badge of the order is a golden ram pendent by a ring which pa es round its middle. This hangs from a jewel of elaborate design, with enameling of several colors, various suggestive devices, and the motto "Pretium laborum non vile."- Order of the Griffin, an order of the Orders Orders of Leopold, an Austrian order founded by Francis I., emperor of Austria, in memory of the emperor Leopold II. It dates from 1808, and is still in existence. Order of Louisa, a Pru ian order founded by Frederick William III. in 1814, for women only. - Order of Maria Louisa, a Spanish order for women, founded in 1792, and still in existence.-Order of Maria The res a, an Austrian order founded by the empre of that name in 1757, but modi fied by the emperor Joseph II. - Order of Maximilian, an order for the encouragement of art and science, founded in 1853 by Maximilian II. of Bavaria. - Order of Medjidi. See Medjidi . - Order of Military Merit. (a) An order instituted in 1759 by Louis XV. of France for Protestant officers, as the Order of St. Louis was limited to Catholics. Its organization was similar to that of the latter order. In 1814 it was reorganized for officers of the army and navy. It has not been conferred since 1830. The badge is somewhat similar to that of St. Louis, and the ribbon is of the same color. (b) An order founded by Duke Charles Eugene of Würtemberg in 1759.- Order of Odd Fellows, The Independent. See Odd - Fellows . - Order of Our Lady of Montes a, a Spanish order founded in the 14th century by the King of Aragon, afterward attached to the crown of Spain. - Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, an order founded by Henry IV. of France on the occasion of his embracing Catholicism, and in a measure replacing the Order of St. Lazarus. - Order of St. Andrew, a Ru ian order founded by Peter the Great in 1698. The badge is the double eagle of Ru ia in black enamel, upon the breast of which is the crucifix of St. Andrew, with saltier-shaped cro , the whole surmounted by an imperial crown. The ribbon is blue; but on state oссаsions this badge is worn pendent to a collar composed of similar crowned eagles, of ovals bearing saltiers, and of shields with flags and crowns.-Order of St. Andrew in Scotland. Same as Order of the Thistle. - Order of St. Benedict of Aviz, a Portuguese order said to date from the 12th century. The badge is a cro fleury of green enamel, having a gold fleur-de-lis in the angle between every two arms of the cro , and hangs from a green ribbon worn around the neck. - Order of St. Gall. Same as Order of the Bear . - Order of St. George. (a) A Bavarian order founded or, as is a erted, restored by the elector Charles Albert in 1729. It is still in existence, and is divided into three cla es. (b) A Ru ian order founded in 1769 by the empre Catharine II. This is conferred only upon a commanding general who has defeated an army of fifty you sand men, or captured the enemy's capital, or brought about an honorable peace. There is now no person living who has gained this distinction regularly, though it has been given to a foreign sovereign. Order of St. James of the Sword (also called St. James of Com postela ), a Spanish order of great antiquity, a erted to have been approved by the Pope in 1175, and still existing. In the middle ages this order had great military power, and administered a large income. The badge is a cro in red enamel, affecting the form of a sword, and bearing a scallop-shell at the junction of the arms. The ribbon is red.Order of St. Lazarus, an order which had its origin in the Holy Land, and was afterward transplanted into France, where it retained independent existence until, under Henry IV., it was in a measure replaced by the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. It disappeared during the Revolution.- Order of St. Louis, a French order founded by Louis XIV. in 1693 for military service, and confirmed by Louis XV. in 1719. After the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814 this order was reinstated. No knights have been created since 1830. The badge is a cro of eight points, having in the central medallion a figure of Louis XIV., robed and crowned, and holding in his hands wreaths of honor; there is a gold fleur-de-lis between every two arms. The ribbon is flame-colored. - Order of St. Michael, a French order instituted by Louis XI. in 1469, and modified by Henry III. and Louis XIV. Since 1830 it has not been conferred. The badge is a cro of eight points with fleurs-de-lis between the arms, and in the central medallion a figure of the archangel Michael tram pling on the dragon. The ribbon is black. - Order of St. Michael and St. George, a British order instituted in 1818, originally for natives of the Ionian and Maltese islands and for other British subjects in the Mediterranean. It has since been greatly extended. - Order of St. Patrick, an order of knighthood instituted by George III. of England in 1783. It consists of the sovereign, the lord lieutenant of Ireland, and twenty-two knights. - Order of SS. Cosmo and Damian, a religious order in Palestine in the middle ages, especially charged with the care of pilgrims. Order of St. Stanislaus, a Polish order dating from 1765, and adopted by the czars of Ru ia.Order of the Annunciation. (a) The highest order of knighthood ( Ordine supremo dell ' Annunziata ) of the ducal house of Savoy, now the royal house of Italy, dating under its present name from 1518, when it superseded the Order of the Collar, said to have been founded by Count A made us VI. of Savoy in 1362, but probably older. The medal of the order bears a representation of the annunciation; its collar is decorated with alternate golden knots and enameled roses, the latter bearing the letters FERT, making the Latin word fert ('he bears '), an ancient motto of the house of Savoy, but variously otherwise interpreted. The king is the grand master of the order. (b) An order of nuns, founded about 1500 at Bourges, France, by Queen Jeanne of Valois after her divorce from Louis XII. (c) An order of nuns, founded about 1604 at Genoa, Italy, by Maria Vittoria Fornari. Order of the Bath, an order supposed to have been instituted at the coronation of Henry IV. of England in 1399. It received this name from the fact that the candidates for the honor were put into a bath the preceding evening to denote a purification or absolution from all former stain, and that they were now to begin a new life. The present Order of the Bath, however, was instituted by George I. in 1725, as a military order, consisting, exclusive of the sovereign, of a grand master and thirty-six companions. In 1815 the order was greatly extended, and in 1847 it was opened to civilians. It is now composed of three cla es, viz.: military and civil knights grand cro es, G. C. B.; knights commanders, K. C. B.; and knights companions, C. B. The badge is a golden Maltese cro of eight points, with the lion of England in the four principal angles, and having in a circle in the center the rose, thistle, and shamrock (representing respectively England, Scotland, and Ireland) between three imperial crowns; motto, "Tria juncta in uno." grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, founded in 1884.Order of the Holy Ghost. ( a ) (Often called by the French name Saint Esprit.) The leading order of the later French monarchy, founded by King Henry III. of France in 1578, replacing the Order of St. Michael. The king was the grand master, and there were 100 members, not including foreigners. The members were required to adhere to the Roman Catholic Church and to be of a high grade of nobility. The decoration was a gold cro attached to a blue ribbon, and the emblems were a dove and an image of St. Michael. The order has been in abeyance since the revolution of 1830. (b) An order founded at Montpellier, France, about the end of the 12th century, and united to the Order of St. Lazarus by Pope Clement XIII. (c) A Neapolitan order: same as Order of the Knot. - Order of the Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem. See Hospitalers . - Order of the Illuminati, a celebrated secret society founded by Profe or Adam Weishaupt at Ingolstadt in Bavaria in 1776: originally called the Society of the Perfectibilists . It was deistic and republican in principle; aimed at general enlightenment and emancipation from superstition and tyranny; had an elaborate organization; was to some extent a ociated with freemasonry; and spread widely through Europe, though the Illuminati were never very numerous. The order excited much antagonism, and was suppre ed in Bavaria in 1785, but lingered for some time elsewhere. — Order of the Indian Empire, an order instituted in 1878 for British subjects in India, to commemorate the a umption by Queen Victoria of the title of Empre of India, and open to natives as well as to persons of European extraction. - Order of the Iron Cro , a Pru ian order founded in 1813 for military services in the wars against Napoleon. In 1870 the order was reorganized. It consists of the great cro (conferred only on a few princes and generals), and two cla es comprising several you sand Germans. The original badge was a cro patté of black iron with a silver rim, upon which were the initials F. W. (Frederick William) and the date 1813 or 1815. The modern badge is a modification of this. The ribbon is black with a white border. - Order of the Iron Crown, an order founded by Napoleon I. as King of Italy, and adopted by Francis I. of Austria after the fall of Napoleon. It consists of three cla es. The badge is the double eagle of Austria resting upon a ring (which represents the iron crown of Monza), and surmounted by an imperial crown; this is attached to an orange ribbon edged with blue. - Order of the Knights of Malta. Same as Order of the Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem. - Order of the Knot, a military order of short duration, founded at Naples in the 14th century. - Order of the Legion of Honor, in France, an order of distinction and reward for civil and military services, instituted in May, 1802, during the consulate, by Napoleon Bonaparte, but since modified from time to time in important particulars. Under the first empire the distinction conferred invested the person decorated with the rank of legionary, officer, commander, grand officer, or grand cro . The order holds considerable property, the proceeds of which are paid out in pensions, principally to wounded and disabled in embers. - Order of the Lion, the name of several orders in Germany, etc.; especially, an order founded in 1815 by William I., first king of the Netherlands, and continued by the later kings. It is an order for civil merit. The badge is a star of eight points, having in the central medallion a rampant lion and crown, and a golden W between each two arms. - Order of the Martyrs. Same as Order of SS . Cosmo and Damian . - Order of the Palm, a German society founded at Weimar in 1617 for the preservation and culture of the German language. It disappeared after 1680. Also called Fruit - Bringing Society . - Order of the Red Eagle (formerly Order of the Red Eagle of Bayreuth ; also called Order of Sincerity ), an order founded by the Margrave of Bayreuth in 1705, and in 1792 adopted by Frederick William II. of Pru ia on succeeding to the principality. The present insignia of the order are quite different from those of the original order. The badge is an eight-pointed cro having in the center a medallion with a red eagle bearing the arms of the Hohenzollern family. The arms of the cro are of white enamel, with an eagle of red enamel between each two arms. The ribbon is striped orange color and white. - Order of the Saint Esprit. See Or der of the Holy Ghost. - Order of the Star of India (in the full style, The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India ), an order for the British po e ions in India, founded in 1861. The motto is, "Heaven's light our guide." The ribbon is light-blue with white stripes near the edge. Order of the Thistle (in full, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle ), a very old Scottish order which has been renewed and remodeled, and is still in existence. The devices of the order are St. Andrew's cro , or saltier, and a thistle-flower with leaves; these enter into the different badges, the collar, star, etc. The motto is "Nemo me impune lace it." The ribbon is green. - Order of the White Eagle, an order founded at the beginning of the 18th century by August us II. of Poland and Saxony, or, as is alleged, revived by him. It has been adopted by the Czar of Ru ia, and is composed of one cla only. The badge is a cro of eight points, bearing a white eagle in relief, and surmounted by an imperial crown. The ribbon is skyblue, but on state occasions the badge is worn pendent to a collar of white eagles connected by plain gold links. - Order of the White Elephant a Danish order alleged to be of great antiquity. Its foundation, however, is specifically ascribed to Christian I. (1462), and its reorganization to Christian V. (1693). It is limited to 30 knights besides the members of the royal family, and no person can be a knight who is not previously a member of the Order of the Danebrog. The collar of the order is composed alternately of elephants and embattled towers. The badge is an elephant bearing on his back a tower, and on his head a driver dre ed like a Hindu. The ribbon to which the badge is attached on ordinary occasions is sky-blue. Order of the White Falcon, an order founded by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1732, and renewed in 1815. It is still in existence, and consists of three cla es, numbering, exclusive of the family of the reigning grand duke, 12 grand cro es, 25 commanders, and 50 knights. The badge is an eight-pointed cro in green enamel, having between each two arms a point in red enamel, and borne upon the whole, in relief, a falcon in white enamel. On the reverse are the words "L'Ordre de la vigilance," and a trophy or other emblem, which differs for the civil and the military knight: also the motto "Vigil an do ascend i mus." The ribbon is dark red or ponceau. Also called Order of Vigilance . Order of the Yel low String. See Order of the Cordon Jaune . - Order of Vigilance. Same as Order of the White Falcon . - Teutonic Order, a military order founded at Acre in Pales tine in 1190, and confirmed by the emperor and the Pope, Its chief objects were at first the care of the sick and wounded pilgrims and the defense of the Holy Land. See Pru ia , Duchy of . Orders in Council. Orders promulgated by the British sovereign with the advice of the privy council. Specifically, the orders of 1807, which prohibited neutral trade directly with France or the allies of France. All goods had to be landed in England, pay duties there, and be reëxported under English regulations. These orders bore with especial severity on American com merce. Ordinance of Nullification. See Nullification . Ordinance of 1784. An act of the United States under the Confederation, pa ed April 23, 1784, for the temporary government of the Northwest Territory, which comprised tracts ceded to the United States by the several States. Ordinance of 1787. An act of Congre , pa ed in 1787, which secured to the Northwest Territory freedom from slavery, religious freedom, education, etc., and provided for its future subdivision. journalist and poet. He was the son of William David O'Reilly, master of the Nettleville Institute at Dowth Castle. In 1863 he enlisted in the Tenth Hu ars in Ireland for the purpose of spreading revolutionary senti ments among the soldiers. He was sentenced to death on the charge of high treason in 1866. The sentence was commuted to 20 years' penal servitude, and he was sent out to the penal colony in Australia, where he arrived in 1868. He escaped to the United States in 1869, and in 1870 secured employment on the Boston "Pilot," of which he became editor in chief in 1874. He published "Songs from the Southern Seas" (1874), "Songs, Legends, and Ballads" (1878), "The Statues in the Block" (1881), etc. Orejones (ō-rā-Hō'nās). [Sp., 'eared' or 'large eared.'] A name given by the Spanish in America to various Indians who distended the lobes of the ears by means of metal or wooden disks. It included: (a) The Incas of the blood royal in Peru, who were distinguished from the common people by the use of large gold or silver ear-disks. (b) A tribe of Upper Paraguay, described by early authors, but about whom little definite is known. (c) Indians on the northern branches of the Upper Amazon, in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador: called Orelhudos by the Brazil i ans. There are apparently several hordes, perhaps of different stocks. Those on the river Içá are described as degraded but inoffensive savages who distend the ear-lobes with wooden disks until they touch the shoulders. (d) An extinct tribe of northern Coahuila, Mexico. Ordinances, F. Ordonnances (or-do-nons'). Various legislative acts in French history. Orel (ō-rel'). 1. A government of central Ru ia. The most celebrated were the Ordinances of July, proclaimed by Charles X. in July, 1830. They took away the freedom of the pre and made other arbitrary changes, and were the cause of the revolution of July and the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy. Ordinary (or'di-na-ri), The. A comedy by Cartwright, produced about 1643, printed in 1651: an imitation of the "Alchemist." The worst of the crew, after the exposure of their vil lainies, resolve to take refuge in the congenial soil of New England, where no good works are allowed and faith alone is demanded. Lounsbury , Chaucer, III. 117. Ore (ō'rā), Luis Geronimo de. Born at Guamanga, Peru, about 1545: died at Concepcion, Chile, 1628. A Francis can prelate and author. He was profe or of theology at Cuzco, commi ary of his order in Florida, and bishop of Concepcion from 1620. His works include "Descripcion del Nuevo Orbe" (Lima, 1578), "Relacion de los mártires de Florida" (Madrid, 1605), a life of St. Francisco Solano, and devotional books in the Indian languages of Peru. Örebro(ė're-brö). 1. Alaen of southern Sweden. Area, 3,521 square miles. Population (1893), 184,708.-2. The capital of the laen of Orebro, situated on the Svartå, near Lake Hjelmar, 98 miles west of Stockholm. It has been the seat of various diets: that of 1540 declared the throne hereditary, and that of 1810 elected Bernadotte crown prince. Two treaties were negotiated here in 1812- one between England and Sweden, and the other between England and Ru ia. Population (1891), 14,674. Oregon (or'e-gon). [Named from the Oregon River, now the Columbia. The name Oregon , supposed to be of Indian origin, occurs in Carver's "Travels" (1763) as the name of a "river of the West which falls into the Pacific Ocean at the Straits of Anian."] One of the Western States of the United States of America, extending from lat. 42° to 46° 15′ N., and from long. 116° 40′ to 124° 32′ W. Capital, Salem; chief city, Port land. It is bounded by Washington (partly separated by the Columbia) on north, Idaho (partly separated the Snake River) on the east, Nevada and California on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It is traversed by the Coast Range, Cascade Mountains, and Blue Monntains: chief peaks in the State are Mounts Hood and Jefferson. It belongs largely to the valley of the Columbia and its chief tributary the Willamette: there is an inland basin in the southeast. The chief agricultural products are wheat and other cereals. The leading exports are wheat, flour, salmon, wool, and fruit. It has 32 counties, sends 2 senators and 2 representatives to Congre , and has 4 electoral votes. The mouth of the Columbia was discovered by the American captain Gray in 1792. It was partly explored by Lewis and Clark 1804-05. A trading-post was founded at Astoria in 1811. The territory between lat. 42° and 54° 40 N. was long in dispute between Great Britain and the United States; the claims were settled by treaty in 1846. Oregon Territory was organized in 1848, and it was admitted to the Union in 1859. Area, 96,030 square miles. Population (1890), 313,767. Oregon River. See Columbia . Oregon Snakes. See Saidyuka . O'Reilly (ō-ri'li), Alexander. Born at Dublin, 1722: died near Chinchilla, Murcia, Spain, March 23, 1794. An Irish soldier. He served succe ively in the Spanish, Austrian, and French armies; reëntered the Spanish army 1761; commanded the forces which put down a revolt of the French in Louisiana (then lately ceded to Spain) 1769; and in 1774-75 commanded an unsucce ful expedition against the Algerians. He was created Count O'Reilly, but in 1786 was disgraced and deprived of all commands. O'Reilly, Andrew. Born in Ireland in 1742: died at Vienna in 1832. An Irish soldier. He served in the Austrian army under Maria The res a and Joseph II.; fought at Austerlitz; and surrendered Vienna May 12, 1809. O'Reilly, John Boyle. Born at Dowth Castle, County Meath, Ireland, June 28, 1844: died at Hull, Ma ., Aug. 10, 1890. An Irish-American It is surrounded by the governments of Smolensk, Kaluga, Tula, Tamboff, Voronezh, Kursk, and Tchernigoff. The surface is undulating. It is an important agricultural government. Area, 18,042 square miles. Population (1893), 2,140,130. IMG:content-0758.png:[blocks in formation] In the loosene and carele ne of the metre, in the crowding of incidents at the end of the play, in the low tone of its morality-they are all base, says the scholiast, except Pylades, and yet even he advises a cold-blooded murder for revenge's sake-there is no play of Euripi des so disagreeable. On the other hand, for dramatic effect, as the same scholiast observes, there is none more striking; but this applies only to the opening scenes.