MANNS

August, the famous conductor, was born in 1825, and was conductor in Berlin and in.Cologne before coming to the Crystal Palace in 1855. In 1883 he succeeded Sir Michael Costa as conductor of the Handel Festival. bom In 1820. He was at St. John’s College, Oxford, and took his degree with douDle first-cla honours in 1843. In 1859 he became Profe or of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy at Oxford, and in 1868 he was made Dean of St. Paul’s, London. He wrote "The Philosophy of Kant,” " The Limits of Religious Thought,” etc. He died in 1871. cotton, or silk paper. Red ink was used for the initial letters, first linos, and titles, which were thence called ‘rubrics.’ On rare occasions gold and silver were the mediums, but chiefly for initial letters, as they cost much. Old and New Testaments of the 2nd and 3rd centuries exist, a 4th century MS. of Virgil at Florence, and a Livy (5th century) in the Imperial Library of Vienna. The Egyptian papyri a were ornamented with miniatures attached to the chapters. The oldest Greek and Roman ornamented manuscripts are the Dioscorides of Vienna and the Virgil of the Vatican, both of the 4th century, and having pictures in the Byzantine style of art. From the 8th to nth century initial letters were composed of figures of men, quadrupeds, fishes, etc., and in the 12th century of foliage interspersed with the figures. In the 16th century the art of illumination died out. about 1447. In 1488 he set up as a printer in Venice, but his first work was not published till 1494. He a printed works of most of the Greek and Latin authors extant, and also productions of his contemporaries. He invented the italic character, hence called face, because of the earth being a spheroid. There are five chief projections—the orthographic, stereographic, globular, conical, and cylindrical or Mercat or’s, which vary from each other in the different position of the point of projection. Mercat or’s projection gives an erroneous idea of the relative size of different portions of the earth's surface, but it is 7 useful to mariners in enabling them to layoff a course We that can be steered by compa on straight lines. find traces of maps among the Egyptians in B.C. 1618, but the first attempt to draw a map of the whole world was made by Anaximander of Miletus (B.C. 611-547). Revolution, was born in 1744. When Danton instituted the club of the Cordeliers, he edited the " Public i ste Parisien,” afterwards known as the " Journal de la Republique Franchise.” He was also a member of that terrible committee of public safety, and took part in the a a inations of September, 1792. He suggested the establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, and, as President of the Jacobin Club, signed an addre inciting the people to an insurrection. Sicily, and wife of Henry VI. of England) was Bom in 1425. The king s imbecility made her practically regent, and the Duke of York contested her power, which led to the Wars of the Roses. She was alternately succe ful and unsucce ful, and finally was made prisoner after the battle of Tewkesbury. Louis XI. ransomed her, and she died in 1482. in 1492, and brought up at the court of Louis XII. Many Protestants took refuge in her kingdom, her name being connected with those of Rabelais, Dolet, Marot, and others. She knew several languages, and wrote " Le Miroir de l’Ame Pechcre e,” etc., and a collection of poems. ^17. In 1740 she ascended the throne of Hungary, Bohemia, and Austria, but though her claims were in accordance with the Pragmatic Sanction, they were contested. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapclle in 1748 peace was restored, ana she then began her great financial reforms, aided by her husband and her minister, Kaunitz. The Seven Years’ War destroyed Austria’s prosperity, but at its close she again tried in 1760. B.C., and was made tribune of the people in. no and praetor in 115. and propraetor of Spain a year later. He married Julius Caesar’s aunt. He was six times consul after being victorious in two wars. He accom-