Academy

in foreign countries an institution for the promotion of one or more of the arts and sciences, corresponding to such English societies as the Dritish A ociation, the Royal Society, the Statistical Society, etc. The first academy is said to have been founded by Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria, and the collections of books and art treasures formed by the members were the origir: of the famous Alexandrian library. Academies fur various purposes existed during the Middle Ages, and the revived interest. in learning and literature at the time of the Renai ance led to the oxtablishment of many, @specially in Italy. Tho famous French Academy was founded in 1635 by Richelieu, and from the beginning may be said to have taken the French language under its charge, whether for good or for evil is amuch vexed point. It has now developed into the /nstitute of France, subdivided into five sections, cach of which is called an “aeademy.” The ZJmperial Academy of Science a at St. Petersburg is almost equally well-known and is justiv celebrated for its eon tri but ions to the knowledge of the vast Ru ian Empire, and of Oriental religions, languages, and custams. It is obviously impo ible to attempt to ive a list of the academies of science, literature, story, the fine art a, archeology, medicine, and surgery which exist in every civilised country, but mention should be made of the Reyal Academy of Arta in London, founded in 1768, with Sir Joshua Reynolds as the first president. It is a self-governing, self-supporting body, maintaining a school of art. in which education is given free to all who can pa the nece ary examinations, and opening an exhibition of the works of living artists every summer, and of the “old masters“ every winter, The term academy is also applied to a place where the arts and sclences are taught, and though in England the word in this sense has been degraded to the use of second. and third-rate schools, in Scotland and elsewhere some of the best educational establishments are called academies. It may nlso mean an institution for training in some special art, asa riding or dancing academy, and with this mouning the military college for training officers at Woolwich is called the Meyal Military Academy. The word itself is derived from the name of a garden near Athens, the original po e or of which was said to have been Academus. a contemporary of These us, ‘The Greek philosopher Plato taught his disciples there for nearly fifty years, and hence they were styled the Academics, and the system of philosophy the Academic. or Acadie, the name given to the French colony in North America founded by De Monta (1604), but subsequently seized by the English, and by royal patent. (1621) named Nova Scotia. Acalephs. (Je.ty Fist.) ing a in birds, but they only in of fishes, spines generally geal contains perch, gobies, mainly the either fish” lithographic ing Acantha cee, South handsome, ous est Bear’s-breech, posed the column. Pacific miles A canthari a, those whose horns substance Acanthocephala, crustacea or or mammals have a proboscis are attached genus is Echinorhynchus. thocladids, the Carboniferous A can tho glo us. Acanth ology, spines, more Acanthop distinguished in the dorsal, separate bones. The some stickleback, STICK etc. The Tertiary, Chalk. A cant hotels on, an Amphipod Acanthoteuthis, (Octopus). stone. Acanthus, to the natural Europe. deeply-cat, leaves of the species, to have capital of the Acapulco, Sane of 8.8.W. of Acapulco. an order skeletons are allied to a cla insects in in another; armed to the intestine a family and Permian [EcHIDNA.], the study especially of, an by the anal, and condition order has of the commonest sea-bream, LEBACK—ACANTHOPTERYGIAN. fo il species but it has 4 Carboniferous or Schizopod. the It is found 8 genus of herbaceous order natives of The large, spin common- A moll is, are sup suggested Corinthian atown on the Mexico, 190 the capital, of RADIOLABLA, composed chitin of one they with of those order presence ventral of nineteen some oldest ee includ. of acanthin, (q.v.). worms, parasitic stage, and in fish, are mouthle teeth, by which of the host. The of Brrozoa found periods. the structure, etc., of sea urchins. of Teleostean of unjointed fins, and the the lower pharyndivisions, and fishes, as the mackerel, mullets, of the order are representatives in Crustacean, \ known “devil in the Solenhofen plants belong- AT AN THUS athian C In Pasghoony — 21 A car in a. C17 ee meet meena emeememenaenn a mae ne NR pan was formerly the seat of Spanish trade with the East. It is still important as a station for mail steamers; exporting wool, skins, cocoa, etc., and importing piece-goods and hardware.