Fulbert, canon of Notre Dame

Abelard became her in than that of Abelard. She even denied the marriage after it was performed, and retired to the convent of Argenteuil. The enraged Fulbert revenged himself on Abelard by inflicting on him a shameful mutilation. He became a monk, and Héloïse took the veil. Héloïse. See Nouvelle Héloïse , La. Helos (he'los). [Gr. τὸ "Ἕλος.] In ancient geography, a town in Laconia, Greece, situated near the sea 25 miles southeast of Sparta. Helots (he'lots or hel'ots). [Gr. Εἰλῶται οι Είλωτες .] A cla of serfs among the ancient Spartans who were owned by the state, were bound to the soil under allotment to landholders, and fulfilled all servile functions. The He lots paid their masters a fixed proportion of the products of the ground cultivated by them. They served as light. armed troops in war, and in great emergencies bodies of them were organized as regular or heavy-armed troops, in which case they might be manumitted as a reward for bravery. They were descendants of captives of war, most of them probably of the conquered Achæan aborigines of Laconia; they were very cruelly treated, and often systematically ma acred, to keep down their numbers and prevent them from organized revolt. Help (help). A character, in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progre ," who pulls Christian out of the Slough of Despond. Helps (helps), Sir Arthur. Born at Streatham, Surrey, July 10, 1813: died at London, March 7, 1875. An English author. He occupied various government positions, and from June, 1860, was clerk of the privy council, enjoying the special confidence of the queen. He is best known for his social e ays, "Friends in Council" (1847-59: 3 series), and for his various works on the early history of Spanish America, especially "The Spanish Conquest in America" (1855-61). He also wrote several dramas and romances. Helsingborg (hel's ing-borg). A seaport in the laen of Malmöhus, Sweden, situated on the Sound, opposite Elsinore, in lat. 56° 3′ N., long. 12° 42′ E. Near it is the old castle of Kärnan. Population (1890), 20,410. Helsingfors (hel's ing-fors), Finnish Helsinki (hel's ing-ki). A seaport, capital of Finland and of the laen of Nyland, situated on the Gulf of Finland in lat. 60° 10' N., long. 24° 57′ E. It is the largest and chief commercial city of Finland, and the seat of a university (removed from Abo in 1827); was founded by Gustavus Vasa in the 16th century; was taken by the Ru ians in 1808; and became the capital in 1819. is an important naval station. Its fortifications were unsucce fully bombarded by the Allies in 1855. Population (1892), 66,734. Helsingland (hel's ing-länd). A district in the northern part of the laen of Gefleborg, eastern Sweden. Helstone (hel's ton), Doctor Matthew son. The rector of Briar field in Charlotte Brontë's "Shir- ley," an uncompromising and brusk, but up- right and conscientious man. His niece Caro- line is one of the principal characters. Helvellyn (hel-vel'in). The second peak in height in the Lake District in Cumber land, England, 8 miles north by west of Amble side. Height, 3,118 feet. Helvetia (hel-vē'shiä). In later Latin, a part of Gaul corresponding generally to the western and central portions of the modern Switzerland: used also poetically for Switzerland. Helvetian Desert. See Uechtland . Parliament. He made a journey to England 1764, and in the following year was entertained by Frederick the Great at Potsdam. His "Œuvres complètes" were pub- lished at Liège in 1774, since which time numerous other editions have appeared. Helvidius (hel - vid'i-us). A pseudonym of James Madison. Under this signature he re- Helvidius Priscus. See Priscus , Helvidius . Helvoetsluis. See Hellevoetsluis . Hélyot (al-yō'), Pierre, called Père Hippolyte. Born at Paris, Jan., 1660: died at Paris, Jan. 5, 1716. A French monk and ecclesiastical his- tori an, author of "L'His to ire des ordres mo- nastiques, religieux et mil it a ires, etc." (1714 1719). Hempel (hem'pel), Charles Julius. Born at Solingen, Pru ia, Sept. 5, 1811: died at Grand Rapids, Mich., Sept. 25, 1879. A German-Ameri- can physician. He came to America in 1835; gradu- Grand Rapids, Michigan. He wrote "System of Materia Medica and Therapeutics" (1859), etc. Hempstead (hemp's ted). A town in Na au County, Long Island, New York. It was for- merly in Queens County, and a part of it was in- corp orated in the city of New York. Popula- Hems. See Homs. Hemskerk, Marten van. See Heemskerk . Hemsterhuis (hem's ter-hois), Frans. Born in the Netherlands about 1722: died at The Hague, 1790. A Dutch philosopher and writer on es- the tics, son of Tiberius Hemsterhuis. Hemsterhuis, Tiberius. Born at Groningen, Netherlands, 1685: died at Leyden, April 7, Aug. 3, 1692: died 1756 (17597). An English 1766. A Dutch philologist and critic. His chief preacher, celebrated for his eccentricities. works are an edition of the "Onomasticon" of Pollux (1706), "Dialogues of Lucian" (1708), and the "Plutus" of Aris toph anes (1744). Hénault (ā-nō ́), Charles Jean François. Born at Paris, Feb. 8, 1685: died at Paris, Nov. 24, 1770. A French historian. He wrote "Nouvel (1888), etc. abrégé chronologique de l'his to ire de France" (1744), Henley-on-Thames (hen'li-on-temz'), or Hen- "Abrégé chronologique de l'his to ire d'Espagne et de ley. A town in Oxfords hire, England, situated Portugal" (1759), etc. IMG:content-0588.png:[blocks in formation] shire, about 1583: died at Edinburgh, Aug. 19, 1646. A Scottish ecclesiastic and diplomatist, Hennebont (en-bon'). A river port in the de- the most capable and most prominent Presby part ment of Morbihan, Britt any, France, situ- terian leader of his time. He was minister at Leu. chars, Fifes hire, 1613-38, and afterward at Edinburgh. Population (1891), commune, 6,972. The National Covenant (1638) and the Solemn League and Hennegau. See Hainaut . Covenant (adopted in 1643 by the Westminster A embly, Hennepin (hen'e-pin; F. pron. en-pan'), Louis. which he attended as a Scottish commi ioner) were both drafted by him, and were largely his productions. He presided as moderator at three important general a em- blies (1638, 1641, and 1648): at that held at Glasgow in 1638 the Scottish bishops were deposed, and the church was reconstituted as Presbyterian. Henderson had various conferences and even discu ions with Charles I. on pub- lic (especially ecclesiastical) affairs. Henderson, James. Born in the north of Eng- land about 1783: died at Madrid, Spain, Sept. 18, 1848. An English author. From 1819 to 1821 he traveled in Brazil. Subsequently he was British consul- general at Bogotá until 1836. His principal work is "His- tory of Brazil" (London, 1821). Henderson, James Pinckney. Born in Lin- coln County, N. C., March 31, 1808: died at Washington, D. C., June 4, 1858. An American general and politician. He was secretary of state of Texas 1837-39, governor of Texas 1846-47, and United States senator 1857-58. Henderson, John. Born at London in 1747: died there, Nov. 25, 1785. An English actor. He made his first appearance at Bath in 1772 as Hamlet, playing at the outset under the name of Courtney. During his first season he played parts far beyond him, though he was known as the Bath Roscius; but in 1777 he played Shylock at the Hay market with succe , which increased until he stood next to Garrick in public estimation. He made ene- mies by his talent for mimicry, and Garrick is said to have been jealous of him. He was particularly fine in solilo- quies. His repertory included all the best tragic and many Hendon (hen'don). A suburb of London, in the county of Middle sex. Population (1891), 15,835. Hendricks (hen'driks), Thomas Andrews. Born near Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1819: died at Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 25, 1885. An Ameri- can statesman. He was member of Congre from In- diana 1851-55; United States senator 1863-69; governor of Indiana 1873-77; and unsucce ful Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 1876. He was elected Vice-President in 1884, and was inaugurated March 4, 1885. Henge (heng'ge), or Mahenge (mä-heng'ge). A Bantu tribe of German East Africa, west of the Rufiji River, at the foot of the central plateau. They are marauders, and imitate the ways and language of the Zulus. IMG:content-0589.png:[blocks in formation] Hengist (heng'gist). Died 488. A chief of the Henriade (on-ryäd'). An epic poem by Vol- Jutes, joint founder with Horsa of the kingdom taire, in 10 cantos. It is a picture of war undertaken of Kent. They landed at Ebbs fleet about 449. Many lein the name of religion, and was intended to inspire a ha- gends have sprung up about their names, and their exist red of intolerance and persecution. tence as historical personages has been questioned, with Henrichemont (on-resh-môn'). A town in the Hengstenberg (heng's ten-berg), Ernst Wil- helm. Born at Fröndenburg, Westphalia, Oct. 20, 1802: died at Berlin, May 28, 1869. A Ger- man Protestant theologian, leader of the ortho- dox Luther ans, profe or of theology in Berlin from 1826. He wrote "Chris to logie des Alten Testa ments” (1825-35), “Beiträge zur Einleitung ins Alte Testa- ment" (1831-39), "Kommentar über die Psalmen" (1842- 1845), etc. Hénin-Liétard (a-nan'lyā-tär'). A town in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 16 miles south of Lille. Pop. (1891), commune, 9,467. Henke (heng'ke), He in rich Philipp Konrad. Born at Hehlen, Brunswick, Germany, July 3, 1752: died at Brunswick, May 2, 1809. A Ger- man Protestant theologian and church historian. ated at the medical department of the University of New York in 1845; became profe or of materia medic a and therapeutics in the Hahnemann Medical College at Philadelphia in 1857; and subsequently practised medicine at County. death in 1868 he succeeded to his mother, who had been deprived of the succe ion by Stephen of Blois. In 1153 he was adopted by Stephen as his succe or by the treaty of Walling ford, and acceded to Henricians of Lausanne.-2. The followers or adherents of the emperor Henry IV., who opposed Gregory VII. in favor of the antipope Clement III. Henrietta Anna (hen-ri-et'ä an'ä), Duche e d'Orléans. [Fem. and dim. of Henry ; F. Hen riette, It. Enrighetta , Sp. Enriqueta , Pg. Hen riqueta , G. Henriette .] Bornat Exeter, England, June 16, 1644: died at St.-Cloud, near Paris, June 30, 1670. Daughter of Charles I. of England. She married the Duc d'Orléans (brother of Louis XIV.) in 1661. Henrietta Maria (ma-ri'ä), Queen of England. Born at Paris, Nov. 25, 1609: died near Paris, Sept. 10,1669. Daughter of Henry IV. of France. She married Charles I. of England in 1625; went to Holland in 1642 to obtain aid for the king; returned in 1643; and finally left England for France in 1644. Henrietta Temple (tem'pl). A love-story by Disraeli, published in 1837. Henriette (hen-ri-et'; F. pron. on-ryet'). 1. A young, simple, and natural girl surrounded by the pedantic "femmes savantes," in Molière's comedy of that name. She is considered by the French the type of true womanline .-2. A character in Balzac's "Lys dans la vallée" ("Lily in the Valley"). Henriquez, Francisco Fernandez del a Cueva. See Fernandez de la Cueva Henriquez . Henriquez de de Almansa (en-rēʻketh då äl-män' sä), Martin. Born in Alcañizes, Spain, about 1525: died at Lima, Peru, March 15, 1583. A Spanish administrator. He was the second son of a Marquis of Alcañizes. He was viceroy of Mexico Nov. 5, 1568, to Oct. 4, 1580, during which period the Inquisition was established (1571), and the great cathedral of Mexico was founded (1573). From Sept. 23, 1581, he was viceroy of Peru. He was an excellent ruler. Henriquez de Guzman (göth-män'), Luis. Born about 1600: died about 1667. A Spanish administrator. He was count of Alba de Liste and grandee of Spain; was viceroy of Mexico June 28, 1650, to Aug. 1, 1653, and of Peru Feb. 24, 1655, to July 31, 1661. His reign in both countries was rather uneventful. He was just and benevolent, and encouraged learning. Henriquez de Rivera (rē-vā'rä), Payo. Born at Seville about 1610: died April 8, 1684. A Spanish prelate and statesman. He was a member of the Augustine order; was chosen bishop of Guate. mala in 1657; and was translated to Michoacan in 1667, but before reaching his new diocese was made archbishop of Mexico (1668). From Dec., 1673, to Oct., 1680, he was also viceroy. Returning to Spain, 1681, he was appointed president of the Council of the Indies and bishop of Cuenca, but resigned both offices and died in a convent. Henry. (hen'ri) I. [The E. name Henry , formerly also Henrie , Henri , a imilated Herry , now Harry, is from OF. and F. Henri , Sp. Enrique , Pg . Henrique , It. Enrico , from ML. Henricus , from OHG. Heinrih , G. He in rich , D. Hendrik , etc., chief of the dwelling.] King of Castile 1214-June, 1217, son of Alfonso IX. and Eleanor, daughter of Henry II. of England. Henry II. Born 1333: died in May, 1379. King of Castile 1369-79, natural son of Alfonso XI. He was known before his acce ion as count of Trastamare, and ascended the throne by expelling his half brother, Pedro the Cruel, with the aid of the celebrated captain Du Guesclin. Henry III., surnamed "The Sickly." Sickly. Born 1379: died 1406. King of Castile 1390-1406, son of John I. He married Catharine, daughter of John, duke of Lancaster, in 1388, and in 1403 recognized Benedict XIII. as pope in opposition to Boniface IX. Henry IV., surnamed "The Impotent." Born at Valladolid, Spain, Jan. 6, 1425: died at Madrid, Dec. 12, 1474. King of Castile 1454-74, son of John II. He married Joanna of Portugal, the legit i. macy of whose daughter, Joanna, was questioned by the Cortes. He therefore adopted as his heire his sister Isabella of Castile, who married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc. [F., fine scholar.'] Born at Selby (?), Yorkshire, 1068: died Dec. 1, 1135. King of England 1100-35, fourth son of William the Conqueror and Matilda. He was elected, on the death of William II., by the witan during the absence of his elder brother Robert, duke of Normandy, on a crusade. Here stored the laws of Edward the Confe or, as modified by the Conqueror, re called Anselm (see Anselm ), and suppre ed the great feudatories, for whom he substituted a cla of le er nobles. He conquered Normandy in 1106 by the victory of Tenchebrai over Robert, who was kept in captivity until his death (1134). He was twice married - first to Matilda, daughter of Malcolm of Scotland, and afterward to Adela, or Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey VII., count of Louvain. His only son, William (born of the first marriage), was drowned in the White Ship in the Channel in 1120. Henry II. Born in 1133: died July 6, 1189. The first king of England of the house of Anjou (Plantage net), 1154–89, son of Geoffrey Plantage net, count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I. He claimed the English throne in right of the throne on Stephen's death, Oct. 25, 1154. His po e ions outside of England included Normandy and the suzerainty of Britt any, inherited from the Norman kings; Anjou and Maine, inherited from his father; and Poitou, Guienne, and Gascony, acquired by marriage with Elea nor of Aquitaine (1152). He compelled Malcolm of Scotland to restore the English counties of North umber land, Cumber land, and West more land, granted to Malcolm's father by Stephen, and to do homage for the Scottish crown (1157); reduced the Welsh to obedience in 3 expeditions (1158, 1163, and 1165); and conquered the south eastern part of Ireland (1171). He consolidated and centralized the royal authority by the institution of fiscal, judicial, and military reforms, the chief of which were the improvement of the coinage (1158), the a ignment of regular circuits to itinerant justices, the great a ize or trial by a jury of twelve knights (which superseded the old modes of trial by battle and by compurgation), the commutation of personal military service for a money payment or scutage (1159), the revival of the ancient fyrd or national militia by the a ize of arms (1181), and the extension of the jurisdiction of the secular courts to clerical offenders by the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164). His reforms were ve hemently opposed by Thomas Becket, archbishop of Can after the unauthorized murder of the archbishop by four of Henry's knights (Dec. 29, 1170), and Henry's consequent penance Pied his point at Becket's in the shrine last in year July, of 1174, his reign he virtually tabellion car in so far as they related to the church, although broke out under his sons Richard and John, a isted by Philip of France, during which he died. Henry III. (of Winchester). Born at Winches ter, Oct. 1, 1207: died at Westminster, Nov. 16, 1272. King of England 1216-72, son of John and Isabella of Angoulême. He succeeded at the age of 9 years, under the regency of William Marshal, earl of Pembroke. His title was disputed by Louis, son of Philip of France, who had been chosen king by the barons opposed to John. The regent defeated Louis's army at Lincoln May 20, 1217, and compelled him to abandon his claim to the crown after having suffered the lo of his reinforcements in a naval battle off Dover, Aug. 24, 1217. After the death of Pembroke in 1219, the government was carried on by the justiciary Hubert de Burgh, supported by Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, until 1232, when Henry personally a umed the direction of affairs. He married Eleanor of Provence, Jan. 14, 1236. Of the French po e ions of his house, he retained only Aquitaine and Gascony. His misgovernment and the favoritism which he showed toward foreigners provoked a rising of the barons, who compelled him to accept the Provisions of Oxford in 1258, whereby a series of reforms were carried out by a commi ion of 24 barons. Henry subsequently repudiated the Provisions of Oxford, whereupon the barons arose in arms under Simon de Montfort, and defeated the king at the battle of Lewes May 14, 1264. He was kept a virtual prisoner by Montfort until the battle of Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265, when he was rescued by his son Edward. Henry IV. Born at the castle of Bolingbroke, near Spilsby, Lincoln shire, April 3, 1367: died at Westminster, March 20, 1413. The first king of England of the house of Lancaster, 1399-1413, son of John of Gaunt (fourth son of Edward III.) and Blanche, heire of Lancaster. He was banished by Richard II. in 1398, succeeded his father as duke of Lancaster in 1399, and in the same year returned to England and captured and imprisoned Richard, who was deposed by Parliament at London Sept. 30, 1399. He put down a serious rising under Harry Percy (Hotspur) at the battle of Shrews bury, July 21, 1403, in which Percy was killed. Henry V. (of Mon mouth). Born at Mon mouth, probably Aug. 9, 1387: died at Vincennes, Aug. 31,1422. King of England 1413-22, son of Henry IV. and Mary, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Here ford. He is said on doubtful authority to have been wild and di olute in his youth, and is so repre sented by Shakspere. As king he was able, energetic, and brave. He invaded France in 1415; gained the brilliant victory of Agin court Oct. 25, 1415; married Catharine of France June 2, 1420; and concluded the peace of Troyes May 21, 1420, by which he was accepted by the French as regent and heir of France. Henry VI. (of Windsor). Born at Windsor, Dec. 6, 1421: died at London, May 21, 1471. King of England 1422-61, son of Henry V. and Catharine of France. He succeeded to the throne at the age of not quite 9 months, under the protectorship of his uncle John, duke of Bedford, the protectorship being exercised by Bedford's brother Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, during Bedford's absence as regent in France. He was crowned king of France at Paris Dec. 16, 1431, in accordance with the peace of Troyes (see Henry V. ), but by 1453 had lost all his po e ions in France, except Calais, in consequence of the succe es of Joan of Arc and Charles VII. He married Margaret, daughter of René, titular king of Naples and Jerusalem, April 22, 1445. In 1453 he was stricken with insanity, and a contest for the regency ensued between Queen Margaret (supported by the Duke of Somerset) and Richard, duke of York. The Duke of York prevailed, but fell into disgrace on the recovery of Henry in 1454. He thereupon advanced claims to the throne as the descendant of Lionel, elder brother of Henry's ancestor, John of Gaunt, both of whom were sons of Edward III. War broke out in 1455 (see Wars of the Roses , and Edward IV . ), and, after many fluctuations of fortune, Henry was deposed by York's son, who was proclaimed king as Edward IV., March 4, 1461. A rising under the Earl of Warwick against Edward in 1470 restored Henry, who had been imprisoned since 1465; but he was recaptured in the same year, and, after the final defeat of his party at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, was murdered, it is said, in the Tower of London. Henry VII. Born at Pembroke Castle, Jan. 28, 1457: died at Richmond, April 21, 1509. The first king of England of the house of Tudor, Henry III. 1485-1509, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, through whom he traced his descent from John of Gaunt, son of Edward III. He became head of the house of Lancaster on the death of Henry VI. in the Tower of London in 1471, and, as an object of jealousy to the kings of the house of York, spent the years from 1471 to 1485 in exile, chiefly in Britt any. In 1485 he effected a landing in England, and, having gained the victory of Bosworth Field, Aug. 22, 1485, in which Richard III. fell, was crowned king Oct. 30, 1485. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV., Jan. 18, 1486, whereby he united in his own person the titles of the houses of Lancaster and York. He defeated the impostor Lambert Simnel (who personated the Earl of Warwick) at Stoke-upon-Trent June 16, 1487, and Nov. 23, 1499, executed the pretender Perkin Warbeck, who personated the Duke of York. Lord Daubeney defeated the rebel Thomas Flammock at Black heath June 17, 1497. Henry married his son Arthur to Catharine of Aragon Nov. 14, 1501, and his eldest daughter Margaret to James IV. of Scotland in 1502. The Statute of Drogheda, or Poynings's Law, was pa ed in 1494, and the Cabots discovered North America in 1497. Henry's distinguishing characteristic was his avarice. He accumulated a fortune of £2,000,000, being aided in his extortions by his agents Empson and Dudley. Henry VIII. Born at Green wich, June 28, 1491: died at Westminster, Jan. 28,1547. King of England 1509-47, son of Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York. He ascended the throne on the death of his father April 21, 1509, and June 11, 1509, married Catharine of Aragon, widow of his brother Arthur. He joined the Holy League (which see) against France in 1511. In 1513 he took personal charge of the war in France, and gained with the emperor Maximilian the victory of Gui negate (called the Battle of the Spurs), Aug. 16, 1513. During his absence James IV. of Scotland made war on England in favor of France, and was defeated and killed at Flodden Sept. 9, 1513. He made his favorite Cardinal Wolsey lord chancellor in 1515, and in June, 1520, met Francis I. of France near Calais at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. In 1521 he wrote the "A ertio Septem Sacramento rum against Luther, which procured for him the title of Defender of the Faith from Pope Leo X. After the capture of Francis by the Imperialists at Pavia, he concluded an alliance with France as a counterpoise against the emperor Charles V. (Aug. 30, 1525). In 1527 he instituted proceedings for a divorce from Catharine, alleging the invalidity of marriage with a deceased brother's wife, although a papal dispensation had been properly granted. Enraged at Wolsey's failure to obtain a decree for the divorce from the Pope, he dismi ed him from the chancellorship, and bestowed it on Sir Thomas More (1529). At the instance of Cranmer, he obtained opinions from English and foreign universities declaring the invalidity of the marriage and the incompetency of the Pope to grant a dispensation, whereupon he secretly married Anne Boleyn (Jan. 25, 1533), while Cranmer (who had been made archbishop of Canterbury in 1532) declared the marriage with Catharine void (May 23, 1533), and that with Anne Boleyn valid (May 28, 1533). In 1534, in consequence of the refusal of the Pope to grant the divorce, he procured the pa age of the Act of Supremacy, which severed the connection of the English church with Rome and appointed the king and his succe ors protector and only supreme head of the church and clergy of England. He executed More July 6, 1535, for refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy. At the instance of his new adviser Thomas Cromwell, who was made vicar-general or vicegerent of the king in matters ecclesiastical in 1535, he first suppre ed the smaller (1536) and afterward (1539) the larger monasteries, whose property was confiscated. He beheaded Anne Boleyn on the charge of adultery May 19, 1536. He married Jane Sey mour May 20, 1536 (she died Oct. 24, 1537). In 1539 he procured the enactment of the Statute of Six Articles (which see). He married Anne of Cleves Jan. 6, 1540. A divorce and the execution of Cromwell followed in the same year, as well as a marriage with Catharine Howard, who was sent to the block on the charge of adultery Feb. 12, 1542. He married Catharine Parr July 12, 1543. Henry IX., King of England. A title a umed by Cardinal York after the death of his brother, the "Young Pretender." Henry I. Born about 1011: died Aug. 4, 1060. King of France 1031-60, son of Robert II. Henry II. Born at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, March 31,1519: died at Paris, July 10,1559. King of France 1547-59, son of Francis I. He married Catharine de' Medici in 1533; conquered the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun from Germany in 1552; captured Calais and Guines, the last English po e ions in France, in 1558; and was mortally wounded at a tournament in honor of the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth with Philip II. of Spain. Henry III. Born at Fontainebleau, France, Sept. 19, 1551: died at St.-Cloud, Paris, Aug. 2, 1589. King of France 1574-89, third son of Henry II. and Catharine de' Medici. He was, while prince, styled Duc d'Anjou; defeated the Huguenots at Jarnac and Mon contour in 1569; was elected king of Poland in 1573; and succeeded his brother Charles IX. as king of France in 1574. He sought to maintain a balance of power between the Huguenots and the Roman Catholics, but the favorable peace which he granted to the former in 1576 (the paix de monsieur ) occasioned the formation of the Holy League by the Roman Catholics under Henry, duke of Guise, and compelled him to take sides with the Roman Catholic party. The death of his brother, the Duc d'Alençon, in 1584, caused the question of the succe ion to a ume importance, as it left Henry of Navarre, the head of the Huguenot party, heir presumptive to the throne. The Holy League proclaimed the cardinal Charies de Bourbon heir presumptive, which brought on a renewal of the war with the Huguenots in 1585. The victory of Henry of Na varre at Coutras, Oct. 20, 1587, was followed by a conspiracy of the leading members of the League to depose the king, whose sincerity was mistrusted. Henry caused the Henry III. A a ination of the Duke of Guise and his brother, Louis de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise, but was forced to take refuge with Henry of Navarre, in whose camp at St.-Cloud he was murdered by the monk Jacques Clément. Henry IV. Born at Pau, France, Dec. 14 (137), 1553: died at Paris, May 14 (139), 1610. King of France 1589-1610, son of Antoine de Bourbon, king of Navarre, and Jeanne d'Albret. He became the head of the Huguenot party on the death of the Prince de Condé in 1569; succeeded to the throne of Navarre in 1572; married Margaret of Valois, Charles IX. of France, at Paris, Aug. 18, 1572; and escaped the general ma acre of his partizans inaugurated on the 24th, during the nuptial festivities. (See St. Bartholomew , Ma acre of .) The death of the Duc d'Alençon in 1584 left him heir presumptive to the throne of France, but the Holy League refused to recognize his title, and proclaimed the cardinal Charles de Bourbon heir presump tive. War broke out in consequence in 1585. The car dinal was proclaimed king under the title of Charles X. by the League the death of Henry III. in 1589; but after defeating the Leaguers under the Duke of Mayenne at Ivry, March 14, 1590, and embracing the Roman Catholic religion at St. Denis, July 25, 1593, Henry secured the general recognition of the Roman Catholics, and was crowned at Chart res, Feb. 27, 1594, although the war was still cond the Edict of Nantes (which see) April 13, 1598, and concluded the peace of Vervins with Spain and the League May 2, 1598, which ended the so-called Wars of the Huguenots. He was a a inated by the Roman Catholic fanatic Ravaillac. Henry V. The name given by the French Legitimists to the Comte de Chambord. See Cham bord. Henry I., surnamed "The Fowler." Born 876: died at Memleben on the Unstrut, Pru ian Saxony, July 2, 936. King of Germany 919-936, son of Otto, duke of Saxony. He was elected king on the death of Conrad I., and was the first of the Saxon line of the kings of Germany and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. He consolidated the German monarchy, enlarged and improved the old fortre es, and put an end to the inroads of the Hungarians, whom he defeated (probably on the Unstrut) in 933. Henry II., Saint. Born in Bavaria, May 6, 972 (973): died at Grona, near Göttingen, Pru ia, July 13, 1024. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria. He succeeded Otto III. as king of Germany in 1002, and was crowned emperor in 1014. He made two expeditions to Italy against Arduin, marquis of Ivrea, who had been elected king of Lombardy on the death of Otto. Arduin was overthrown in 1013. Henry III., "The Black." Born Oct. 28, 1017: died at Bodfeld, in the Harz, Germany, Oct. 5, 1056. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Conrad II. whom he succeeded as king of Germany in 1039. He curbed the power of the feudatories, reduced Peter of Hungary to the position of a va al, and during an expedition to Rome deposed the three popes Sylvester III., Benedict IX., and Gregory VI., and appointed Clement II., by whom he was crowned emperor on Christmas day, 1046. He raised the imperial power to its highest point. Henry IV. Born at Goslar, Pru ia, Nov. 11, 1050: died at Liège, Belgium, Aug. 7, 1106. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry III. whom he succeeded as king of Germany in 1056. The principal occurrence of his reign was the struggle with Hildebrand (see Gregory VII .). He was crowned emperor in 1084 by Clement III., whom he had elevated to the papal see in opposition to Gregory. On the death of Gregory in 1085, his partizans elected Victor III., and Henry in 1090 made a new expedition to Italy to protect Clement. In 1093 his son Conrad rebelled against him, having allied himself with the papal party. Conrad died in 1101, but Henry's younger son, Henry, likewise allied himself with the papal party, and for a time imprisoned his father. Henry V. Born in 1081: died at Nimwegen, Netherlands, May 23, 1125. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry IV. whom he succeeded as king of Germany in 1106. He was crowned emperor in 1111, and in 1122 concluded the Concordat of Worms (which see). He married Matilda, daughter of Henry I. England, in 1114. Henry VI. Born at Nimwegen, Netherlands, in 1165: died at Me ina, Sicily, Sept. 28, 1197. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Frederick Barb a ro a whom he succeeded as king of Germany in 1190. Having inherited the kingdom of the Two Sicilies through his wife Con stance in 1189, he undertook an expedition in Italy in 1191 to rescue his inheritance from the usurper Tancred of Lecce; but was compelled to retire to Germany in the same year after an unsucce ful siege of Naples. During this expedition he was crowned emperor at Rome. He subdued the Sicilies in two subsequent expeditions (1194 and 1197), and died as he was about to undertake a crusade to the Holy Land. Henry VII. Born 1262: died at Buonconvento, near Siena, Italy, Aug. 24, 1313. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of the Count of Luxemburg: he succeeded Albert I. as German king in 1308. He granted the Swi cantons docu mentary confirmation of their immediate feudal relation to the empire, and their consequent independence of Austria, in 1309. He was crowned emperor in 1312. Henry I. Died in July, 1274. King of Navarre 1270-74. Henry II. Born at Sanguesa, Spain, April, 1503: died at Pau, France, May 25, 1555. Titular king of Navarre. He was an unsucce ful claimant to the throne in 1521. Henry III., King of Navarre. See Henry IV . , King of France. Henry I. Born at Lisbon, Jan. 31, 1512: died 1580. King of Portugal 1578–80. Henry, Duc d'Anjou. See Henry III ., King of France. Henry, Prince of Portugal, surnamed "The Navigator." Born at Oporto, Portugal, March 4,1394: died at Sagres, Portugal, Nov. 13, 1460. Younger son of John I. of Portugal, distinguished for his encouragement of science and geographical discovery. His expeditions rounded Cape Bojador in 1433, discovered Madeira, the Azores, the Senegal, etc. Henry, Prince of Pru ia (G. Fried rich He in rich Ludwig). Born at Berlin, Jan. 18, 1726: died at Rheinsberg, Pru ia, Aug. 3, 1802. A Pru ian general, brother of Frederick the Great, distinguished in the Seven Years' War, especially at Prague in 1757, and Freiberg in 1762. Henry, surnamed "The Lion." Born probably at Ravens burg, Würtemberg, 1129: died at Brunswick, Germany, Aug. 6, 1195. Duke of Saxony and Bavaria. He succeeded as duke of Saxony in 1139; received Bavaria in 1155; was deposed and his dominions divided in 1180; and submitted to the emperor in 1181. Henry of Ghent. Born near Ghent, Belgium, probably about 1217: died at Tournay, Belgium, 1293. A scholastic philosopher, surnamed "Doctor Solennis" ('The Illustrious Doctor'). Henry of Hunting don. Born about 1084: died 1155. An English historian. His early life was spent at Lincoln, and he became archdeacon of Hunting don in 1110. At the request of Alexander, bishop of Lincoln from 1123 to 1147 ( Hist . Anglor . Prolog .), he undertook an English history, following Bede by the bishop's advice, and extracting from other chroniclers. The first edition of this work was carried down to 1129, and he continued to add to it at various times, the last edition being brought down to 1154, the year of Stephen's death, which could not long have preceded his own, as we find a new archdeacon of Hunting don in 1155. The early portion of Henry's "Hist or i a Anglorum" is taken from the usual sources, the "Hist or i a Miscella," "Aurelius Victor," "Nennius," "Bede," and the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicles"; he enlarges partly from oral tradition (as in the story of Cnut and the sea), and partly from his own invention. After 1127 he is probably original, and his narrative is written contemporaneously with the events he describes.