Bergama sker Alps (ber'gä-mäs-ker alps)

A Brius, renowned for his violins and violoncellos and the Cristinos. Bergsöe (berg'se), Jörgen Wilhelm. Born at Copenhagen, Feb. 8, 1835. A Danish naturalist, novelist, and poet. His chief romances are "Fra Piazza del Popolo" (1866), "Fra den gamle Fabrik," "I Sabinerbjergene," etc. Bergstra e (berg's träs-e). A celebrated road in Germany, extending from Heidelberg about 30 miles northward, skirting the Odenwald. It was built originally by the Romans. Bergues (berg), or Bergues-Saint-Winoc (berg-sant-ve-nok'). A town in the department of Nord, France, 7 miles southeast of Dunkirk. It was fortified by Vauban, and was unsucce fully besieged by the English in 1793. Population (1891), commune, 5,380. Bering, or Behring (bā'ring or be'ring), Vitus. [Dan. Bering .] Born at Horsens, Jutland, 1680: died at Bering Island, 1741. A Danish navigator, in the Ru ian service, noted for discoveries in the North Pacific Ocean. He explored the northern coast of Siberia in 1725, traversed Bering Strait (named from him) in 1728, proving that Asia and America are separated, and in 1741 explored the western coast of America to lat. 69° N. Bering, or Behring, Island. The most west erly of the Aleutian Islands, situated in the Bergen (ber'gen). The capital of the island of North Pacific Ocean. Rügen, Pru ia, situated in the central part of Bering, or Behring, Sea. That part of the the island. Population (1890), commune, 3,821. North Pacific Ocean which lies between Bering Bergen. A seaport and the second city of Nor- Strait and the Aleutian Islands. Also called way, situated in the amt of South Bergenhuus, Sea of Kamchatka . southwestern Norway. It was a trading station Bering, or Behring, Strait. A sea pa age of the Hanseatic League 1445-1558. Populawhich connects the Arctic with the North Pation (1891), 53,684. cific Ocean, and separates Alaska from Siberia. Bergen-op-Zoom (ber'Gen-op-zom'). A town Width, in the narrowest part, 36 miles. in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, Beringhen (ber'ing-en), De. A gourmand in situated on the Zoom, near the East Schelde, Bulwer's "Richelieu," banished by the cardinal. 15 miles north of Antwerp. It was formerly strongly Be ring ton (ber'ing-ton), Joseph. Born in fortified. It was unsucce fully besieged by the Duke of Parma in 1588, and by Spinola in 1622, and was taken by the French in 1747 and 1795. In Sept., 1799, an engagement took place here between the Duke of York and the French under Brune. March 8, 1814, the British under Sir T. Graham attempted to carry the fortre of Bergen-opZoom by storm. Population (1889), commune, 13,031. Bergenroth (ber'gen-rōt), Gustav Adolf. Born at Oletzko, East Pru ia, Feb. 26, 1813: died in Madrid, Feb. 13, 1869. A historical student, noted for his researches in English history among the archives at Simancas, Spain. Bergerac (berzh-räk'). A town in the de- part ment of Dordogne, southwestern France, situated on the Dordogne 51 miles east of Bordeaux: an ancient Huguenot stronghold. Population (1891), 14,735. Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de. Born about 1620 at the Château de Bergerac (Périgord): died at Paris in 1655. A French writer and duelist. He was wounded at the siege of Arras in 1640, and devoted himself to study. Among his works are "A grip pine," a tragedy (1653), "Le pédant joué," a com- edy (1654), "His to ire comique des états et empires de la lune" (1656, after his death), and "His to ire comique des états et des empires du soleil" (1661). These two are said to have served to suggest at least "Micromégas" and "Gulliver's Travels." Bergerac, Treaty of. A treaty concluded be tween the Huguenots and Roman Catholics, 1577. Also called Treaty of Poitiers . Bergerat (berzh-rä'), Auguste Émile. Born at Paris, April 29, 1845. A journalist, novelist, ages, became a duchy in 1380, and was united with Jülich in sequence of the contest for the Jülich succe ion, Berg and Jülich pa ed in 1666 to Pfalz-Neuburg. Berg was ceded to France in 1806. With addition of Cleves, etc., Berg was made a grand duchy for Murat, and afterward for a son of Louis Bonaparte. They were occupied by the Allies in 1813, were ceded to Pru ia in 1815, and now form a part is thickly matractures and in thicThe district has very important Berg. A suburb of Stuttgart. It contains several noted villas. Berg. A village and castle on the Starnberger (1866) and president of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He was secretary of legation and acting vice-consul in St. Petersburg 1862-64. He wrote a play, "Love's Altern a tive," produced at the Union League Theater, Baltimore, in 1881. Berghaus (berg'hous), He in rich. Born at Cleves, Pru ia, May 3, 1797: died at Stettin, Feb. 17, 1884. A German geographer. He was profe or of applied mathematics in the Academy of Architecture at Berlin 1824-55, and editor of the "Her Shropshire, England, 1746: died at Buck land, Berks hire, Dec. 1, 1827. An English Roman Catholic priest and author. He wrote a "History of the Lives of Abeillard and Heloisa, etc." (1787), a "History of the Reign of Henry II., etc." (1790), "Literary History of the Middle Ages" (1814), and numerous con trover sial works. Berinthia (be-rin'thi-ä). 1. A young and di olute widow in Vanbrugh's comedy "The Relapse," and afterward in Sheridan's adaptation, the "Trip oto Scar borough."-2. The niece of Mrs. Pipchin in Dickens's novel "Dombey and Son": called "Berry," and much afflicted with boils on her nose. Bériot (bā-rê-ō'), Charles Auguste de. Born at Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 20, 1802: died at Louvain, April 20, 1870. A distinguished Belgian violinist and composer. Berislaff (bā're-släf). Atown in the government of Kherson, Ru ia, situated on the Dnieper 46 miles east of Kherson. Population, 11,093. Beristain y Souza (bā-rēs-tä'en è sō'thä), José Mariano. Born at Puebla, 1756: died at Mexico, March 23, 1817. A Mexican bibliographer, rector of the College of San Pedro. His best known work is the "Biblioteca hispano-american a septentrional," a catalogue of Spanish North American au thors with their works. Berkeley (berk'li or bärk'li). [ME. Berkley , AS. Bercleá , Beorcled , appar. from berce , beorc , birch, and leah , lea, field. Hence the surname Berkeley , in other forms Berkley , Barkley, Bar clay .] A town in Gloucestershire, England, situated near the Severn 15 miles southwest of Gloucester. See Berkeley Castle. Berkeley. A town in Alameda County, California. It is the seat of the University of California, of the State Agricultural College, and of other public institutions. Population (1893), about 9,000, Berkeley, Elizabeth. Born in 1750: died at Naples, Jan. 13, 1828. An English writer. She married Lord Craven in 1767; was separated from him in 1781; married the Margrave of Ansbach in 1791. Her au to biography was published in 1825, and "Letters to the Margrave of Anspach" in 1814. Berkeley, George. Born 1628: died 1698. An English nobleman, son of the ninth Baron Berkeley, created first earl of Berkeley in 1679. Berkeley, George Berkeley, George. Born at Dysert Castle, county of Kilkenny, Ireland, March 12, 1685: died at Oxford, England, Jan. 14, 1753. An Irish prelate (of English descent) of the established church, celebrated for his philosophical writings. He was graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he held various offices, 1707-24; traveled in England and on the Continent 1713-20; became dean of Derry in 1724; obtained the patent for a college in Bermuda in 1725, of which he was appointed first president, but which never was established; sailed for Newport, Rhode Island, Sept. 4, 1728, landing there in January, and remaining in America until the end of 1731; became bishop of Cloyne in 1734; and retired in 1752. He is especially famous for his theory of vision, the foundation of the modern psycho-physiological investigation of that subject, and for the extreme subjective idealism of his metaphysical views. His works include "E ay toward a New Theory of Vision" (1709: 3d ed. bound with "Alciphron" in 1782), "A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge" (1710 and 1734), "Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous" (1713), "Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher" (1732), "Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar water, etc." (1744: the title "Siris" was first used in the edition of 1746), etc. He was an enthusiastic advocate of the use of tar-water as an almost universal remedy. Berkeley, George Charles Grantley Fitzhardinge. Born Feb. 10, 1800: died at Poole, Dor sets hire, Feb. 23, 1881. An English sportsman, sixth son of the fifth Earl of Berkeley. He was a member of Parliament from 1832-52. He wrote "Berkeley Castle," a novel (1836), "Sandron Hall, or the Days of Queen Anne" (1840), "The English Sportsman on the Western Prairies (1861), "Anecdotes of the Upper Ten You sand," etc. (1867), "Tales of Life and Death" (1870), etc. Berkeley, Sir William. Born at or near London: died in England, July, 1677. A royal governor of Virginia, 1642-51, 1660-76. He crushed Bacon's rebellion in 1676. Berkeley Castle. A celebrated Norman fortre and baronial hall between Bristol and Gloucester, England. It was founded soon after the Conquest. Edward II. was murdered there in 1327. Berkeley Springs, or Bath. A watering-place in West Virginia, 30 miles east of Cumber land, Maryland, noted for its medicinal springs. Berkhampstead (berk'ham-sted), Great. A town in the county of Hertford, England, 27 miles northwest of London. Population (1891), 7,888. Berkhey (berk'hi), Jan Lefrancq van. Born at Leyden, Holland, Jan. 23, 1729: died at Leyden, March 13, 1812. A Dutch naturalist and poet. His chief works are "Natuurlijke historie van Holland" (1769-79), poem, "Het verheerlijkt" (1774). Berks (bėrks). An abbreviation of Berks hire. Berks hire (bėrk's hir). [ME. Berkschire , AS. Bear rucs cire, Barrocscir .] A county The ped an attic upon which is a bronze quadriga of Victory. There are 5 pa ages for vehicles, the central one of which is the widest. The gate is flanked by two Doric colonnaded structures in the form of temples. Column of Peace, in the Belle Alliance Platz, erected in 1840 in honor of the peace of 1815. The shaft is of granite on a high basement, and the capital of marble, surmounted by a figure of Victory. The total height is 60 feet. The monument is flanked by marble groups of Pru ia, England, the Netherlands, and Hanover, the powers which triumphed at Waterloo. Mon ument of Victory , dedicated in 1873 in honor of the German triumphs of 1864, 1866, and 1870. It consists of a monumental column of yellow sandstone, supporting a colo al statue of Boru ia, the total height being 200 feet. fluted shaft is adorned with captured cannon. The capital of the column is formed of eagles, and the estal bears bronze reliefs of the Danish war, Königgrätz, Sedan, and the triumphant return of the troops. The base of the monument is surrounded by a colonnade with allegorical mosaics of the overthrow of France and the restoration of the German Empire. National Gallery of sculpture and painting, an effective building finished in 1876, in the form of a pseudo peripteral Corinthian temple, with a large semicircular projection at the northwest end, and an octastyle portico surmounted by a pediment filled with sculpture on the façade, which faces the southeast. It measures 105 by 200 feet, and is raised on a basement 39 feet high. Acce to the front portico is afforded by an impre ive double flight of steps. The interior contains two exhibition floors, and is richly decorated. Old Museum, the finest building in Berlin. The façade has the form of a Greek Ionic portico 284 feet long, with 18 columns between terminal ante. The entablature bears eagles as antefixes. A portion of the roof is raised in the middle, corresponding to the interior rotunda; at the corners are placed four colo al groups in bronze - in front copies of the Horse-Tamers of Monte Cavallo in Rome, and behind Pegasus attended by the Hours. The piers of the great central flight of steps bear bronze groups of equestrian combats with lions. In the vestibule stand statues of noted archæologists, and the walls are painted with allegorical frescos of the Formation of the World from Chaos, and the Development of Human Culture. Schlo , or Royal Palace , forming a rectangle 650 by 380 feet, with a projection at one end, and inclosing two main courts. It has four stories, together 100 feet high, and the dome over the chapel attains 230 feet. The original building, which survives in part on the Spree, was a towered castle erected by the elector Frederick II. in 1451. About a century later a fine German Renai ance wing was added on the south, and after another century the Great Elector and King Frederick I. brought the palace substantially to its present form, though the chapel was built in the present century. The chief room is the White Saloon, 105 by 50 feet. Population (1893), 1,656,698. See Unter den Linden. Berlin Conference. 1. A conference of the European powers, held at Berlin in the summer of 1880, to settle the boundary dispute between Turkey and Greece.-2. A congre of representatives from all the European nations (except Switzerland), and from the United States, which met at Berlin Nov. 15, 1884,-Jan. 30, 1885. It provided for a free-trade zone in the Kongo Basin, regulated the navigation of the Niger, and laid down rules regarding the partition of Africa. It also sanctioned the International Kongo A ociation (the later Kongo Free State). IMG:content-0183.png:[blocks in formation] the representatives of the following powers: the German Empire, Austria, France, England, Italy, Ru ia, and Turkey: held at Berlin June 13,-July 13, 1878, for the purpose of settling the affairs of the Balkan Peninsula. It was occasioned by the di atisfaction of England and Austria with the peace of San Stefano, concluded between Ru ia and Turkey March 3, 1878, and convened at the invitation of Prince Bismarck, who was chosen president. Its most influential members were Prince Gortchakoff, Count An drá y, Lord Beacons field, Lord Salisbury, M. Wadding ton, Count Corti, and Carathéodor i Pasha. See Berlin , Treaty of. Berlin Decrees. Decrees i ued in Nov., 1806, by Napoleon I. at Berlin, prohibiting commerce and correspondence with Great Britain, which was declared to be in a state of blockade. They also declared all English property forfeited, and all English men in a state occupied by French troops prisoners of war. Berlin Memorandum, The. A memorandum drawn up at Berlin, May 13, 1876, by the governments of Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Berlin (which had united in presenting to the Porte, Jan. 31, 1876, the Andrá y Note). It was approved by France and Italy, but rejected by England. It imposed an armistice of two months on Ru ia and Turkey, provided that the reforms promised by the Porte in accordance with the Andrá y Note should be carried out under the superintendence of the representatives of the European powers, and threatened force if before the end of the armistice the Porte should not have a ented to these terms. Berlin, Royal Library of. A library founded by the Great Elector, Frederick William, and at 800,000, and the number of manuscripts at 24,000. opened in 1661. The number of volumes is estimated Berlin, Treaty of. A treaty concluded July 13, 1878, between the powers represented at the Congre of Berlin (which see). "By this treaty (1) Bulgaria, north of the Balkans, was constituted an independent, autonomous, and tributary principality; (2) Bulgaria, south of the Balkans (Eastern Roumelia), Gate , at the west end of Unter den Linden, a monumental gateway begun in 1789. It presents on each face 6 lofty Doric columns and a Roman entablature, surmounted by was granted administrative autonomy; (3) the Porte retained the right of garrisoning the frontiers of East ern Roumelia, but with regular troops only; (4) the Bermudez, José Manuel Porte agreed to apply to Crete the organic law of 1868; (5) Monte negro was declared independent, and the seaport of Antivari was allotted to it; (6) Servia was declared independent, and received an acce ion of territory; (7) Roumania was declared independent, and received some islands on the Danube in exchange for Be arabia; (8) Kars, Batoum, and Ardahan were ceded to Ru ia (9) the Porte undertook to carry out without further delay the reforms required in Armenia; (10) in the event of the Greeks and the Porte not being able to agree upon a suggested rectification of frontier, the Powers reserved to themselves the right of offering their mediation." Acland and Ransome, English Political History, p. 220. Berlin, University of. A celebrated university founded in 1810. The number of students (18961897) was 5,205; of profe ors and teachers, 353. The number of volumes in its library is about 150,000. Berlioz (bar-le-öz'), Hector. Born at La Côte-Saint-André, Isère, France, Dec. 11, 1803: died at Paris, March 9, 1869. A French composer of great originality, noted particularly for that species of descriptive music known as "program music." Among his chief works are "Episode de la vie d'un artiste," "Roméo et Juliette," a dramatic symphony (1839), "L'Enfance du Christ," a trilogy (1855), "Symphonie fantast i que," "Harold en Italie," a symphony in four parts, "The Damnation of Faust," a dramatic legend in four parts, the overtures to "King Lear," "Le car naval romain," "Le corsaire," and the operas "Benvenuto Cell in i" and "Béatrice et Bénédict." He also wrote his memoirs (1870), "Voyage musical" (1844), "Grotesques de la musique" (1859), etc. Bermejo. See Vermejo . Bermondsey (ber'mond-zi). [From "Beormond's eye," the island property of some Saxon or Danish noble in the marshes of the Thames.] A civil parish in London, south of the Thames, in South wark. It is a crowded district chiefly occupied by tanners. It formerly contained a royal country palace, which was occupied by Henry II., and a Cluniac abbey founded in 1082 by Alwyn Childe. Portions of the abbey were still standing at the beginning of the present century. Before the Conquest Bermondsey belonged to Harold, and was a royal domain until 1094, when William Rufus gave it to the Priory of St. Mary. The Cluniac monks of Bermondsey were subject to the abbey in Normandy from which Alwyn Childe had brought them until the reign of Richard II. Population (1891), 84,688. Bermondsey Spa Gardens. A place of entertainment in the time of George II., about 2 miles from London Bridge. Besant. Bermoothes (ber-mö'Thes). An old name for the Bermudas. See Shakspere's "Tempest," act i., scene 2. Bermuda Hundred (bèr-mũ dã hundred). A locality on a bend of the James River in Virginia, near City Point. The peninsula was occupied by part of the Federal army under Butler in the summer of 1864 as a base of operations. For part of the time the troops were hemmed in within the lines ("bottled at Bermuda Hundred "). Bermudas