Crawford in 1644

It belongs to the Duke of Portland. Bolswert, Boetius van Bolswert (bol's vert), Boetius van. Born at Bolswert, Fries land, Holland, 1580: died at Antwerp, 1634. A Dutch engraver, noted for his engravings after Rubens. Bolswert, Schelte van. Born at Bolswert, 1586: died at Antwerp, Dec., 1659. A Dutch engraver, brother of Boetius van Bolswert. He engraved after Rubens and Vandyke. Bolt Court. A London street leading off Fleet street. Dr. Johnson pa ed the last years of his life here, dying at No. 8, in 1784. It was also the scene of Cobbett's labors. Bolton (bol'ton), or Bolton-le-Moors (bol'tonle-mörz'). Ä town in Lancashire, England, 11 miles northwest of Manchester. It has manufactures of cotton, woolens, iron, etc. The woolen manufac ture was introduced by Flemings about 1337. Population (1891), 115,002. Bolton Castle. A castle in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 15 miles north-northwest of Bradford. It was the scene of Mary Stuart's imprisonment, 1568-69. Bolus (bo'lus), Dr. The Newcastle apothecary of Colman the Younger's poem of that name, published in a volume of humorous verse entitled "Broad Grins." It was Dr. Bolus's practice to write his prescriptions in rime, one of which ("When taken, To be well shaken ") was too literally applied to the patient instead of to the dose. Boma (bō'mä). The capital of the Kongo State. It is built on the right bank of the river. Until 1876 Boma was the extreme inland post of the Dutch and Portuguese traders. Bomarsund (bo'mär-sönd). Formerly a Ru ian fortre on the island of Aland, Baltic Sea. It was taken by the English and French, Aug. 16, 1854. Bomba (bom'bä), King. [It. bomb a , bomb.] A nickname given in Italy to Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies, from his bombardment of Me ina and other cities during the revolutionary troubles of 1849. Bombard in i an (bomor bum-bär-din'i-an), General. The general of the king's forces in Carey's "Chronon hot on tho logos." He has become proverbial for burlesque bombast. After killing the king he calls for a coach. "Go, call a coach, and let a coach be called, And let the man that calls it be the caller; And in his calling, let him nothing call, But coach! coach! coach! Oh for a coach, ye gods!" square 25, 1848. An American military officer, colonel and chief of ordnance (1832), and the inventor of the columbiad. Bomilcar (bō-mil'kär). A Cart hag in i an general. He commanded the Cart hag in i ans against Agathocles, 310 B. C., and in 308 conspired to make himself tyrant of Carthage with the aid of 500 citizens and a number of mercenaries, but was captured and crucified. Bommel (bom'mel), or Zaltbommel (zält-bom' mel). A town in the Netherlands, situated on the Waal 20 miles south-southeast of Utrecht. It was besieged by the Spaniards in 1599, and taken by Turenne in 1672. Population (1890), 3,978. Bomokandi (bō-mō-kän'di). The left affluent of the Welle River, central Africa, in the country of the Nyam-Nyam and Mon but to. Bona (bo'nä). A sister of the Queen of France in Shakspere's "Henry VI.," part 3. Bona (bo'nä), F. Bône (bon). A seaport in the province of Const an tine, Algeria, situated on the Gulf of Bona in lat. 36° 58′ N., long. 7° 47′ Ε., near the site of the ancient Hippo Regius. It was occupied by the French in 1832. Population (1891), commune, 30,806. Bonacca, or Bonaca (bon-ak'kä), or Guanaja (gwä-nä Hä). One of the Bay Islands in the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Honduras, in lat. 16° 28′ N., long. 85° 55′ W. Length, 9 miles. This was the first part of Central America discovered by Columbus, July 30, 1502. Bonacieux (bō-nä-syė'). A sordid, avaricious old rascal in Dumas's "Three Musketeers," who even sacrifices his young wife in the desire to gain favor with the cardinal. Bonack. See Bannock . Bona Dea (bō'na de'ä). [L., 'the good godde .'] An old Italian and Roman godde of fecundity, worshiped only by women: the sister, wife, or daughter of Faunus. Bonald (bō-näl'), Vicomte Louis Gabriel Ambroise de. Born at Mouna, near Millau, France, Oct. 2, 1754: died at Mouna, Nov. 23, 1840. A French politician and publicist. Bonald, Louis Jacques Maurice de. Born at Millau, France, Oct. 30, 1787: died at Lyons, Feb. 25, 1870. A French Ultramontane ecclesiastic, son of Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald. He became bishop of Puy in 1823, archbishop of Lyons in 1839, and cardinal in 1841. Bonaparte (bō'na-pärt; It. pron. bō-nä-pär'te), or Buonaparte (bwō-nä-pär'te). A famous Corsican family, said to have been of Italian origin. Members of this family have ruled in France (Napoleon I., emperor 1804-14; Napoleon III., emperor 1852-70), Spain (Joseph Bonaparte, king 1808-13), Holland (Louis Bonaparte, king 1806-10), Naples (Joseph Bonaparte, king 1806-08), and Westphalia (Jérôme, king 18071813). A number of persons bearing this name figured in the history of Padua, Florence, San Mini a to, and other Italian cities in the middle ages, although the connection between them and the Corsican family cannot with certainty be established. One Gabriel Bonaparte rose to a position of some eminence at Ajaccio, Corsica, about 1567. His descendant Carlo Bonaparte became the father of Napoleon Bonaparte, the founder of the dynastic fortunes of the family. Bonaparte, Carlo. Born at Ajaccio, Corsica, March 29, 1746: died at Montpellier, France, Feb. 24, 1785. A Corsican lawyer, father of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was a partizan of Paoli, with whom he fought against the Genoese. He married Maria Lætiti a Ramolino in 1765. Bonaparte, Carlotta, later Marie Pauline. Born at Ajaccio, Oct. 20, 1780: died at Florence, June 9, 1825. A sister of Napoleon I. She married Prince Camillo Borghese, Aug. 28, 1803. 821,764. IMG:content-0208.png:[blocks in formation] 1807 . Bonaventura, Saint 1778: died at Leghorn, Italy, July 25, 1846. A brother of Napoleon I. He married Hortense Beau harn a is, Jan. 4, 1802, became king of Holland in 1806, and abdicated in 1810, a uming the title of Comte de St. Leu. He wrote "Documents historiques et réflexions sur le gouvernement de la Hollande” (1820), etc. Bonaparte, Prince Louis Lucien. Born at Thorn grove, near Worcester, England, Jan. 4, 1813: died at Fano, Italy, Nov. 4, 1891. A French philologist, the fourth son of Lucien Bonaparte, prince of Canino. He lived chiefly in Italy until 1848, when he went to France. He was made a senator in 1855, and received from his cousin Louis Napoleon the title of prince in 1863. After 1870 he lived chiefly in England. His scientific reputation rests chiefly on his investigations of the Basque language, and of the phonetic character of nearly all the languages and dialects of Europe. Bonaparte, Lucien. Born at Ajaccio, March 21, 1775: died at Viterbo, Italy, June 29, 1840. A brother of Napoleon I. He became a member of the Council of Five Hundred in 1798, and its president in 1799, minister of the interior in 1799, amba ador to Spain in 1800, and prince of Canino (in Italy) in 1814. He was an art connoi eur and poet. Bonaparte, Marie Anna, later Elisa. Born at Ajaccio, Jan. 3, 1777: died near Triest, Austria, Aug. 7, 1820. A sister of Napoleon I. She married in 1797 Felice Pasquale Bacciocchi; and was made prince of Lucca and Piombino in 1805, and grand duche of Tuscany in 1809. Bonaparte, Maria Ann unci at a, later Carolina. Born at Ajaccio, March 25, 1782: died at Florence, May 18, 1839. A sister of Napoleon I. She married Murat in 1800, and became Queen of Naples in 1808. She was known as the Counte Li bona after 1815. Bonaparte, Maria Lætiti a (Ramolino). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica, Aug. 24, 1750: died at Rome, Feb. 2, 1836. The mother of Napoleon Bonaparte. She married Carlo Bonaparte in 1765, joined her son in Paris in 1799, and on the elevation of Napoleon as emperor in 1804 received the title of Madame Mère. Bonaparte, Mathilde Lætiti a Wilhelmine. Born at Triest, Austria-Hungary, May 27, 1820. A daughter of Jérôme Bonaparte and Catherine, prince of Würtemberg. Bonaparte, Napoléon. See Napoleon I. Bonaparte, Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph, Prince Imperial of France. Born at Paris, March 16, 1856: killed in Zululand, South Africa, June 1, 1879. Son of Napoleon III. Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul (called Prince Napoleon). Born at Triest, Austria, Sept. 9, 1822: died at Rome, March 17, 1891. Son of Jérôme Bonaparte. He was made prince in 1852, and in 1879, on the death of the Prince Imperial in Zululand, became the chief of the Bona part ist party. Also known as Plon - Plon . Bonaparte, Pierre Napoléon. Born at Rome, Oct. 11, 1815: died at Versailles, France, April 8, 1881. Son of Lucien Bonaparte, made prince after 1852. He shot the journalist Victor Noir, Jan. 10, 1870. Bonaparte-Patters on (bō'na-pärt-pat'er-son), Elizabeth. Born at Baltimore, Feb. 6, 1785: died at Baltimore, April 4, 1879. An American lady who married Jérôme Bonaparte in 1803. See Patters on , Elizabeth . Bonaparte-Patters on, Jérôme Napoléon. Born at Camber well, England, July 7, 1805: died at Baltimore, June 17, 1870. The eldest son of Jérôme Bonaparte. Bonaparte-Patters on, Jérôme Napoléon. Born at Baltimore, Nov. 5, 1832: died at Pride's Cro ing, E ex County, Ma ., Sept. 4, 1893, Son of Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte-Patters on. He entered the French service in 1854, and served with distinction in the Crime an and Italian campaigns. Bonar (bon'är), Horatius. Born at Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1808: died at Edinburgh, July 31, 1889. A Scotch clergyman, lyric poet, and writer. He was pastor at Kelso 1838-66; joined with his congregation in the Free-Church movement of 1843; and became pastor of the Grange Free Church, Edinburgh, in 1866. He wrote "Hymns of Faith and Hope" (1857-66). Bona us (bō-nas'us). A mythical beast with whom Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, had an ad venture. Bonaventura (bō-na-ven-tö'rä). A friar of a kindly, pliable nature, modeled on Shakspere's Friar Lawrence, in Ford's play ""Tis Pity She's a Whore." Bonaventura, or Bona venture, Father. The name adopted by Charles Edward Stuart when he came to England in 1753 to see his adherents. Scott introduces him under this name in "Red gauntlet." Bonaventura (bō-nä-ven-tö'rä), Saint (Giovanni di Fidenza). Born at Bagnorea, Italy, 1221: died at Lyons, France, July 15, 1274. A celebrated scholastic philosopher, surnamed "Doctor Seraphic us." He became profe or of theology at Paris in 1253, general of the Francis cans in 1256, bishop of Albano in 1273, and cardinal in 1274. He was canonized in 1482. He was the author of the "Brevi- loquium" and "Centiloquium" (manuals of dogmatics). "Itinerarium ment is in Deum," "Reductio artium in theolog i am," "Biblia Pauperum," etc. Bonchamp (bôn-shon'), Charles Melchior Artus de. Born at Jouverdeil, Anjou, France, May 10, 1760: died near Chollet, France, Oct. 18, 1793. A French general, leader of the Vendeans. Bond (bond), George Phillips. Born at Dor- chester, Ma ., May 20, 1825: died at Cam- bridge, Ma ., Feb. 17, 1865. An American astronomer, son of William Cranch Bond, and director of the observatory of Harvard Uni- versity. He wrote "On the Construction of the Rings of Saturn," etc. was a member of the Jesuit order, profe or of oratory in the Royal Seminary at Parma, and later instructor of his- tory and literature at the court of Vienna. Bondman (bond'man), The. A tragedy by Mas singer, licensed in 1623, and first acted in IMG:content-0209.png:[ocr errors] Bonheur (bo-ner'), François Auguste. Born at Bordeaux, France, Nov. 4, 1824: died at Paris, Feb. 23, 1884. A French painter of landscapes and animal life, brother of Rosa Bonheur. Bonheur, Jules Isidore. Born at Bordeaux, France, May 15, 1827. A French sculptor, bro- ve els prepared by the French government, on the advice of Benjamin Franklin, and placed under the command of John Paul Jones. It was a merchantman changed to a man-of-war and named Du- ras, and then Bonhomme Richard, or Poor Richard, at Jones's suggestion, in honor of Franklin. The fleet sailed from L'Orient, Aug. 14, 1779, pa ed along the west Irish coast around Scotland, and, Sept. 23, 1779, reduced to three ships, fell in with the North Sea merchant fleet under ough (20 guns) off Flam borough Head. The Bonhomme convoy of the Serapis (44 guns) and Counte of Scarbor- Richard engaged the Serapis, Captain Pearson, at 7.30 P. M. by moonlight in the presence of you sands of spectators. The Serapis struck at 10.30. On the 25th the Bonhomme Boni (bō'nē). A state in the southern part of Celebes, East Indies, in lat. 5o S., long. 120° E., a dependency of the Netherlands. Its inhabi- tants are Bugis. Population (estimated), 200,- 000 (?). Boniface (bon'i-fas) I., L. Bonifacius (bon-i- fa's hi-us), Saint. Died 422. Bishop of Rome Boniface II. Pope 530-532. Boniface III. Pope 6077 (6067). He influenced the emperor Phocas to decree that the title Universal Bishop should be given only to the Bishop of Rome. Boniface IV. Pope 608-615. He received per- mi ion from the emperor Phocas to convert the Pantheon erected by Agrippa, at Rome, into a Christian church un- der the name of Sancta Maria Rotunda. Boniface V. Pope 619-625. He enacted the decree by which churches became places of refuge for criminals, Boniface VI. Pope 896 (897?). He was of an abandoned character, and was seated in the papal chair by a mob after the death of For mos us. He died fifteen days later. Boniface VII. Died 985. Pope. He attained the papal throne in a popular tumult in 974, was driven from Rome in 975, and returned and deposed John XIV. in 984. By some he is not regarded as a legitimate pope. Boniface VIII. (Benedict Cajetan). Born at Anagni, Italy, about 1228: died at Rome, Oct. 11, 1303. Pope from Dec. 24, 1294, to Oct. 11, 1303. He i ued Feb. 25, 1296, the bull Cleric is laicos , which was directed against Philip the Fair of France, who had imposed taxes on the French clergy, and which for- bade the clergy of any country to pay tribute to the secu- lar government without the papal permi ion; but was forced by an enactment of Philip which stopped the ex- port at i on of money from France to concede that the French clergy might render voluntary contributions. He opened at Rome, Oct. 30, 1302 (as the result of a quarrel with Philip over the imprisonment of an insolent papal legate, the Bishop of Pamiers), a synod, in which he promulgated, Nov. 18, 1802, the bull Unam sanctam , a erting the tem- poral as well as spiritual supremacy of the Pope. He was made prisoner at Anagni, Sept. 7, 1303, by Nogaret, vice- chancellor to Philip, and Sciarra Colonna; and although shortly released by the populace, died at Rome of a fever, said to have been brought on by a rage. Boniface IX. (Pietro Tom a cell i). Died at Rome, Oct. 1, 1404. Pope at Rome 1389-1404. He quarreled with Richard of England on the subject of the collation of benefices, established the perpetual an- nates, and spent his reign in intrigues against the popes of Avignon. Boniface. A landlord in Farquhar's "Beaux' Stratagem." He was in league with the high- waymen, and prided himself on his diet of ale. From him the name has been applied to inn- keepers in general. Boniface, Abbot. The head of the monastery of St. Mary in Scott's novel "The Monastery." Boniface, Saint (original name Winfrid or Winfrith). Born at Kirton, or Credit on, Dev- onshire: died near Dokkum, Fries land, June 5, 755. A celebrated English mi ionary, called "the Apostle of Germany." From 716 he labored bishop in 723, and archbishop in 732. About 743 he founded among the Friesians and German tribes. He was made the abbey of Fulda, where his remains were laid. From 746 to 754 he occupied the see of Mainz. He was mur- dered in 755. He is said to have enforced his mi ionary teaching by cutting down with his own hand the sacred and Anglican churches on June 5. Boniface of Savoy. Died 1270. A younger son of Thomas I., count of Savoy, nominated archbishop of Canterbury in 1241, confirmed by the Pope in 1243, and consecrated in 1245. Bonifacio (bō-ne-fä'chō), Strait of. A strait in the Mediterranean Sea which separates Cor- sic a from Sardinia. Bonifacius (bon-i-fa's hi-us), or Boniface, Count. Born in Thrace: died 432 A. D. A Roman general in the time of Honor i us and Placid i a: a rival of Aëtius and a friend of St. Augustine. He served with distinction against the Goths and the Vandals in France (defending Mar- seilles against Ataulf, king of the Goths, 413) and Spain, and in Africa. Through the plotting of Aëtius he was led to revolt against Placid i a and ally himself with the Vandals in Africa. He soon, however, returned to his al- legiance, and attacked Genseric, but was defeated and be- Italy he met and conquered Aëtius, but died from wounds received in the battle. Bonin (bō-nēn') Islands, Jap. Bu-nin-to, (bö-nen-to'), or Ogasawara Sima (o-ga-sä- wärä se mä). A group of 89 islands and rocks, of volcanic formation, in the North Pacific, in lat. 26° 30′-27° 45′ N., long. 1410-143° E. They were discovered by the Japanese in 1593, and annexed by Japan in 1880. Area, 72 square miles. Boning ton (bon'ing-ton), Richard Parkes. Born at Arnold, near Nottingham, England, Oct. 25, 1801: died at London, Sept. 23, 1828. An English painter of coast and street scenes, and of historical genre pictures. Bonjour (bôn-jör'), The Brothers. Born at Pont d'Ain, France: lived about 1775-90: died in exile at Lausanne, Switzerland. Two French heretics who became curé and vicar of the parish of Fareins. They founded a sect called "flagellants Fare in is tes." Bonnet (bo-nā'), Charles. Born at Geneva, Switzerland, March 13, 1720: died near Lake Geneva, June 20, 1793. A Swi naturalist and philosophical writer. His works include "Traité d'in sec to logie" (1745), "Traité de l'usage des feuilles" (1754), "E ai analytique sur les facultés de l'âme" (1760), "Considérations sur les corps organ isés" (1762), "Con- temp lati on de la nature" (1764), "Palingénésie philoso- phique" (1769). Bonnétable (bon-nā-täbl'). A town in the de- part ment of Sarthe, France, 16 miles northeast of Le Mans. Population (1891), commune, 4,294. Bonneval (bon-väl'). A town in the depart- ment of Eure-et-Loir, France, situated on the Loir 18 miles south by west of Chart res. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 3,789. Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Comte de. Born at Cou ac, Limous in, France, July 14, 1675: died at Constantinople, March 27, 1747. An adventurer in the French, Austrian, and Turkish service: known also as Achmet Pasha. He served under Prince Eugene in Italy, Provence, and in the campaigns of 1710-12. In 1708 he commanded an army corps in the Papal States, and served against the Turks in 1715. Bonorva (bō-nor'vä). A town in the island of Sardinia, 25 miles south-southeast of Sa ari. Bonpland (bốn-plon'), Aimé. Born at La Rochelle, Aug. 22, 1773: died at San Borja, Uruguay, May 4, 1858. A French naturalist and traveler. From 1799 to 1805 he traveled with Hum- boldt in America. On his return he published "Plantes équinoxiales," and other botanical works. In 1816 he went Bonvin (bôn-van'), François. Born at Vaugi- rard, Seine, in 1817: died 1887. A French painter. He produced genre pictures recalling the best specimens of the Flemish school. Bonython (bon'i-thon), Richard. Born in England, 1580: died about 1650. An English Book of Common Prayer. The service-book Bhe delta of the Nile, of the Church of England, or a similar book authorized by one of the other branches of the Anglican Church. It is popularly known as the Prayer-book. The first Book of Common Prayer was is- sued in 1549. It was nearly all taken from medieval li- turgical books. English was substituted for Latin, and a uniform use was established for the whole Church of Eng- land. Revisions were made in 1552, 1559, and 1662. The American Prayer-book was authorized in 1789; a revision was begun in 1880 and i ued in 1892. Persians. The oldest portion seems to have been of a practically moral character, contrasting strikingly with the mystical tone of the later accretions, where the doc trine of justification by faith in Osiris has taken the place of that of good works. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 79. Book of the Duche . A poem by Chaucer, known also as "The Death of Blanche the Duche ." It was probably written near the end of 1369, as Blanche, the wife of the Duke of Lancaster, died Sept. 12, 1369. The poem represents the inconsolable nature of the grief of the duke, and embodies the story of Ceyx and Alcy- one. The duke, John of Gaunt, however married again in 1372. The broader outlines of the plot come from Ma- chault's "Dit du Lion" and "Dit del a Fontaine Amoureuse." Book of Martyrs, The. A history of the perse- cution of Reformers in England, by John Foxe. It was finished in 1559, and was in Latin. It was published March 20, 1563, and called "Actes and Monuments," but was popularly known as "The Book of Martyrs." He translated it into English himself. Book of Mormon. The sacred book of the Mor- mons, or Latter-day Saints: a corrupt version of are- ligious romance "The Manuscript Found," written in 1809 by Solomon Spauld ing, and published in 1830 by Joseph Smith, who pretended that he had translated it from the "Plates of Nephi" transmitted to him by angels. Book of St. Albans. A rimed treatise on hawk- ing, hunting, etc., printed in English in 1486. It was reprinted by Wynkyn de Worde in 1496. It has been attributed to Julian a Berners (Julyans Bernes), and some of it was certainly written by her. The second edition contains the popular "Treatyse on Fy hynge with an An- gle." It has been many times reprinted. The original edi- tion was reprinted in facsimile by Eliot Stock in 1881. Book of Sentences. See the extract. Of this kind is the "Book of Sentences" of Peter the Lombard (bishop of Paris), who is, on that account, usu- ally called "Magister Sententia rum": a work which was published in the twelfth century, and was long the text and standard of such discu ions. The questions are de- cided by the authority of Scripture and of the Fathers of the Church; and are divided into four books, of which the first contains questions concerning God and the doc- trine of the Trinity in particular; the second is concern- ing the creation; the third, concerning Christ and the Christian religion; and the fourth treats of religious and moral duties. Book of Snobs, The. A series of sketches by Thackeray on his favorite subject, snobbery in all its branches. They first came out in "Punch" as "The Snob Papers" in 1843. Boolak. See Bulak . Boole (böl), George. Born at Lincoln, Eng- land, Nov. 2, 1815: died near Cork, Ireland, Dec. 8, 1864. A celebrated English mathema- tician and logician, profe or of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork. His chief works are a "Trea- tise on Differential Equations" (1859), a "Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences" (1860), "Mathematical Analysis of Logic" (1847), "Laws of Thought" (1854). Boom (bom). A town in the province of Ant- werp, Belgium, situated 10 miles south of Antwerp. Population (1890), 13,892. Boone (bön), Daniel. Born in Bucks County, Pa., Feb. 11, 1735: died at Charette, Mo., Sept. 26, 1820. A famous American pioneer in Kentucky. About 1748 his father settled at Hol- man's Ford, on the Yadkin, North Carolina. He began the exploration of Kentucky in 1769, and founded Boones- borough in 1775. He emigrated to Mi ouri, then a pos- Boonton (bön'ton). A city of Morris County, New Jersey, 25 miles northwest of New York. Boonville, or Booneville (bön'vil). A city in miles northwest of Jefferson City. Here, June Mi ouri, situated on the Mi ouri River 43 17, 1861, the Federals under Lyon defeated the Confed. erates under Marmaduke. Population (1890), 4,141. Booth, John Wilkes. Born at Bel Air, Md., 1839 (18387): shot near Bowling Green, Va., April 26, 1865. An American actor, the brother of Edwin Booth. He a a inated President Lincoln at Ford's Theater, Washington, April 14, 1865. Booth, Junius Brutus. Born at London, May 1, 1796: died on a Mi i ippi steamboat on Nov. 30, 1852. An Anglo-American actor. His first profe ional appearance was as Campillo in "The Honeymoon" in 1813 at Peckham, England; his last, as Sir Edward Mortimer in "The Iron Chest," Nov. 19, 1852, at New Orleans. His career was brilliant though erratic. His rivalry with Kean (whom he somewhat resembled) and his erratic conduct led to exciting incidents in the Covent Garden Theater in 1817, resulting in his departure for America in 1821. On Jan. 13 of that year he married Mary Anne Holmes. He played in America with great succe . In 1822 he bought a farm in Harford County, Maryland, where his family lived and he retired when not acting. Booth, Junius Brutus. Born at Charleston, S. C., 1821: died at Manchester, Ma ., 1883. An American actor, eldest son of Junius Brutus Booth (1796-1852), and brother of Edwin Booth. He was both manager and actor. Booth, William. Born at Nottingham, Eng- land, April 10, 1829. The founder of the Sal- vation Army. He became a minister of the Methodist New Connection in 1850; organized in 1865 the Christian Mi ion which, when it had become a large organization formed on military lines, was called the Salvation Army (1878); established the "War Cry" (1880); and published "In Darkest England" (1890). He is commonly styled "general." Bootle (bö'tl). A suburb of Liverpool, in Lan- cashire, England, situated at the mouth of the Mersey. Population (1891), 49,127. Bo-Peep (bo-pep'), Little. A small shepherd maiden, in a popular nursery story, who lost her sheep. very early period with sheep. Thus in an old ballad of the time of Queen Elizabeth, in a MS. in the library of Corpus Christ i College, Cambridge, - Halfe Englande ys nowght now but shepe, In ever ye corner they playe a boe-pepe. Putiphar"; his best work in prose, a series of wild but powerful stories entitled "Champ avert." His talent alto- gether lacked measure and criticism, but it is undeniable. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 545. Borelli (bo-rel'lē), Giovanni Alfonso. Born at Castelnuovo, near Naples, Jan. 28, 1608: died at Rome, Dec. 31, 1679. An Italian astronomer, profe or of mathematics at Me ina and later at Pisa, founder of the i at rom a them a tical school. His chief work is "De motu anima- lium" (1680-81). Borachia (bō-rä'chä). [Sp., f. of Borachio .] A woman given to drink, a comic and unwhole-ince of Nyland, Finland, situated on the Gulf Bor and on, Borondon. See Brendan, Saint . Borås (boʻros). A town of southern Sweden, Borbeck (bor'bek). A commune in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, 34 miles northwest of E en. Population (1890), 28,707. Borda (bor-dä'), Jean Charles. Born at Dax, in Landes, France, May 4, 1733: died at Paris, Feb. 20, 1799. A French mathematician and naval officer, noted for investigations in nauti- cal astronomy and hydrodynamics. Bordeaux (bor-dō'). [ME. Burdews , OF. Bor- deux (F. Bordeaux ), earlier OF. Bordele, from L. Burdigala , Burdegala , Gr. Βουρδίγαλα ; posed to be an Iberian or else a Celtic name.] Bordeaux, Duc de. See Chambord, Comte de. Bordel a is (bord-lā'). [L. Bur dig a lens is , adj. from Burdigala , Bordeaux.] An ancient sub- division of France, now comprised in the de- partments of Gironde and Landes. Bordel on (bord-lôn'), Laurent. Born at Bourges, 1653: died at Paris, April 6, 1730. A French dramatist and theologian. Bordentown (bor'den-toun). A city in Bur- lington County, New Jersey, situated on the Delaware River 6 miles southeast of Trenton. Population (1890), 4,232. Border States. Formerly the slave States Del- aware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Mis- sour i, situated near the free States: in a wider meaning the name comprised also North Caro- lin a, Tenne ee, and Arkansas. Bordighera (bor-de-gā'rä). A small town in northwestern Italy, on the Riviera 15 miles east of Monaco. Bordone (bor-dō'ne), Paride. Born at Treviso, Italy, about 1500: died at Venice, Jan. 19, 1571. A painter of the Venetian school, a pupil of Titian. His most noted painting is the "Fisher extending a Ring to the Doge." Boreas (bo'rē-as). [Gr. Βορέας or Βορᾶς .] In Greek mythology, the personification of the north wind. According to Hesiod, he is a son of As- træus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyr us, and Notus. His home was a cave in Mount Hæmus, in Thrace. Borel (bo-rel'), Pétrus. Born at Lyons, June 28, 1809: died at Mostaganem, July 14, 1859. A French journalist and man of letters. See the of Finland in lat. 60° 25′ N., long. 25° 45′ E. Population (1890), 4,214. Borgerhout (bor'ger-hout). A manufacturing town 14 miles east of Antwerp, Belgium. Pop- ulation (1890), 28,882. Borghese (bor-ga'se), Prince Camillo Filippo Ludovico. Born at Rome, July 19, 1775: died at Florence, May 9, 1832. An Italian noble, brother-in-law of Napoleon I. Borghese Gladiator, so named, in reality an athlete or perhaps a warrior. A notable an- tique statue by Agasias of Ephesus. It is in the Louvre, Paris. It dates from about the beginning of the Christian era. The vigorous figure, undraped, is in an at- titude of rapid advance, the left arm, encircled by the shield-strap, raised above the head, and the right (re- stored) extended downward and backward in the line of the body, grasping the sword. Also Fighting Gladiator. Borghese Mars. An antique statue of Mars in the Louvre, Paris. Borghese Palace. The famous palace of the Borghese family in Rome, noted for its art col- lections. It was built toward the end of the Ponzio. It is situated in the Via dell a Font an ell a, and though its galleries contained originally the most im- portant art treasures of Rome, save those of the Vati can, many of them have now been removed to the private apartments of the Prince Borghese. See Villa Borghesi (bor-ga'sē), Count Bartolommeo. Born at Savignano, near Rimini, Italy, July 11, 1781: died at San Marino, Italy, April 16, 1860. A distinguished Italian numismatist and epig- raphist. He wrote "Nuovi frammenti dei fasti con solar i capitol in i" (1818–20), etc. Borghi-Mamo (bor'gē-mä'mō), Adelaide. Born at Bologna, Italy, Aug. 9, 1829 (1830). An Italian opera-singer, Borgia (bor'jä), Cesare, Duke of Val ent i no is. Born Sept. 18, 1478: killed before the castle of Viana, Spain, March 12, 1507. The natural son of Rodrigo Lenzuoli Borgia (Pope Alexander VI.). He was created cardinal by his father in 1492, procured the murder of his brother Giovanni, duke of Gandia, in 1497, resigned the cardinalate in 1497, was in- vested with the duchy of Val ent i no is by Louis XII. in 1498, married Charlotte d'Albret, daughter of Jean d'Al- bret, king of Navarre, in 1499, and was created duke of perfidy the cities of Romagna, which were ruled by feu- datories of the Papal See, and, with the a istance of his family, endeavored to found an independent hereditary power in central Italy, including Romagna, Umbria, and the Marches. His father having died in 1503, he was de- tained in captivity by Pope Julius II. 1503-04, and by Ferdinand of Aragon 1504-06, when he escaped to the court of Jean d'Albret of Navarre, in whose service he fell before the castle of Viana. Handsome in person, educated, Borgia, Lucrezia. Born 1480: died June 24, 1519. Duche of Ferrara, daughter of Pope Alexander VI., and sister of Cesare Borgia. She married Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro, in 1493. This marriage was annulled by Alexander, who (1498) found a more ambitious match for her in Alfonso of Bis- ceglie, a natural son of Alfonso II. of Naples. Alfonso having been murdered by Cesare Borgia in 1500, she mar ried (1501) Alfonso of Este, who subsequently succeeded to the duchy of Ferrara. She was a woman of great beauty and ability, a patron of learning and the arts. She was long accused of the gro est crimes, but recent writers have cleared her memory of the worst charges brought against her. Borgia, Stefano. Born at Velletri, Italy, Dec. 3, 1731: died at Lyons, Nov. 23, 1804. An Italian cardinal, statesman, historian, and pa- tron of science, secretary of the propaganda Borgognone. See Fo ano . Borie (bo-re'), Pierre Rose Ursule Dumoulin. Born at Beynat, Corrèze, France, Feb. 20, 1808: beheaded in Tong-king, Nov. 24, 1838. A noted French mi ionary in Tong-king, 1832-38. Boris God on of. A tragedy by Pushkin, founded on that episode in Ru ian history known as the Interregnum. Lope de Vega wrote a play on this subject, called "El Gran Duque de Mus- covia." See Godunoff. Bori ogliebsk (bo-ris-so-glyebsk'). A town in the government of Tamboff, Ru ia, situated on the river Vorona in lat. 51° 20′ N., long. 42° E. Population, 17,665. Borkum (bor'köm). One of the western islands of the East Friesian group, belonging to Ger- many. It is frequented for sea-bathing. Length, 5 miles. Borlace (bor'las), or Burlace, Edmund. Died at Chester, England, about 1682. An English physician, and writer upon Irish history. Borlase, William. Born at Pendeen, Corn- wall, England, Feb. 2, 1695: died Aug. 31, 1772. An English antiquary and naturalist. His chief works are "Antiquities of Cornwall" (1754) and "Natural History of Cornwall" (1758). Bormio (bor'mē-ō). A small town in northern Italy, at the head of the Val tel line, near the frontier of Switzerland. Bormio, District of. The territory around Bor- mio in Italy, whose history was largely con- nected with that of the Val tel line. Born (bôrn), Bertran or Bertrand de. Born at Born, Périgord, France, about 1140: died before 1215. A noted French troubadour and soldier. Born, Ignaz von. Born at Karlsburg, Transyl- vania, Dec. 26, 1742: died at Vienna, July 24, 1791. An Austrian mineralogist and metallur- gist. Börne (ber'ne), Ludwig (originally Löb Ba- ruch). Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, May 6, 1786: died at Paris, Feb. 12, 1837. A noted Ger- man satirist and political writer, of Hebrew de- scent. His collected writings were published 1829-34. Borneil (bor-nāy'), Guiraut or Giraud de. Lived in the latter part of the 12th century. A French troubadour, many of whose poems have survived. Dante mentions him in the "Divina Com media." Borneo (bôr'nē-ō). [Also Brunai , Bruni , B'rni , etc., Malay Burni, Bürni. The native name is Pulo Kalam ant in .) The largest of the East In- dia Islands. It lies west of Celebes, north of Java, and extract. 1770-88. east of Sumatra, in lat. 7° N.-4° 20′ S., long. 109-119° Ε. A large part of it is mountainous. It is divided into the Borneo Dutch po e ions and British North Borneo, Brunei, and Sarawak. The inhabitants are Dyaks, Malays, Negritos, Bugis, and Chinese Borneo was first visited by Ports: Area, 286,161 square miles. Population of Dutch po e ions, about 1,100,000; of British North Borneo, 175,000; of Sarawak, 300,000. Borneo. Borneo, British North. See British North Bornheim (born'him). A quarter in Frankfort- on-the-Main. Bornholm (born'holm). An island in the Baltic Sea, in lat. 55°-55° 20′ N., long. 15° E., forming an amt of Denmark. It is mountainous, and contains porcelain-clay. Capital, Rönne. Length, 25 miles. Area, 228 square miles. Population (1890), 38,765. Bornu (bôr-nö ́). A country in Sudan, Africa, lat. 11°-16° N., long. 10°-17° E. Capital, Kuka. Its inhabitants are negroes, Tuaregs, Arabs, and mixed races, the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism, and the government that of a sultan, Bornu formed part of the Kanem monarchy in the middle ages, and became a separate kingdom in the 15th century. It was conquered by Fellatahs in the beginning the 19th century. Area, estimated, 50,000 square miles. Population, estimated, over 5,000,000. Borodino (bor-ō-dēnō). A village in the government of Moscow, Ru ia, situated near the river Moskva 70 miles west of Moscow. Near here, Sept. 7, 1812, Napoleon's army (about 140,000) gained a victory over the Ru ians under Kutus off (about 140,000). The lo of Napoleon's army was 30,000; that of the Ru ians, nearly 50,000. Also called the "battle of the Moskva." Bororós (bō-rō-rōs'). An Indian tribe of western Brazil, living about the head waters of the river Paraguay. They were formerly very numerous indief the Portugudepleted the partly powerful, partly by by disease: a few hundred remain, nearly in their aboriginal condition. By their language and customs they are closely allied to the Tupis and Guaranis, and are evidently an offshoot of stock. They in fixed of the flight and that practise agriculture ellagers IMG:content-0210.png:[blocks in formation] Earl of Lancaster. Borovitchi (bor-o-veche). A town in the government of Novgorod, Ru ia, situated on the river Msta in lat. 58° 23′ N., long. 33° E. Population, 10,944. Borovsk (bō-rovsk'). A town in the government of Kaluga, Ru ia, in lat. 55° 14′ N., long. 36° 30′ E. Population, 10,091. Borowlaski (bor-ov-läske), or Boruwlaski, Joseph. Born at Halicz, Galicia, 1739: died near Durham, England, Sept. 5, 1837. A Polish dwarf, erroneously called a "count," who traveled from place to place exhibiting himself and giving concerts. His height was a little under 39 inches. He published an autobiography (1788). Borre, Sir. A natural son of King Arthur, in the Arthur i an legends, sometimes called Sir Bors. Borrioboola-gha (bor i-o-bölä-gä'). An imaginary place on the left bank of the Niger, selected by Mrs. Jellyby (in Dickens's "Bleak House") as a field for her mi ionary philanthropic exertions, to the neglect of all home duties. Borri off (bor-res's of). A town in the government of Minsk, Ru ia, 50 miles northeast of Minsk. Population, 18,103. Borromean (bor-ō-mē'an) Islands, It. Isole Borromee (ē'zō-le bor-rō-mā'e). A group of islands in Lago Maggiore, province of Novara, Italy, near the western shore. The two most noted, Bella and Isola Madre, belong to the Borromeo fam ily, and were converted into pleasure-gardens by Count Borromeo in the 17th century. Another island is Isola dei Pescatori. Borromeo (bor-rō-mā'ō), Count Carlo. Born at Arona, on Lago Maggiore, Italy, Oct. 2, 1538: died at Milan, Nov. 3, 1584. An Italian cardinal, archbishop of Milan, noted as an ecclesiastical reformer, and philanthropist. He was canonized in 1610. His death is commemorated in the Roman Church on Nov. 4. Borromeo, Count Federigo. Born at Milan, 1564: died 1631. An Italian cardinal, and archbishop of Milan, founder of the Ambrosian Library at Milan in 1609. Borromeo, San Carlo. A colo al statue on a hill near Arona on Lago Maggiore, Italy. It stands 70 feet high, on a pedestal measuring 42 feet, and was finished in 1697. The figure, bareheaded, is in the act of ble ing the town, and has some artistic merit. The head, hands, and feet are of bronze, the remainder of welded sheets of beaten copper, braced with iron, and sup ported on a central pier of stone. Borromeo, San Carlo, Sisters of. A religious IMG:content-0211.png:[blocks in formation] order founded by the Abbé d'Estival in 1652. of the inhabitants are Mohammedans. It was founded Its chief seat is at Nancy, France. by Hungarians about 1263. Population (1885), 26,286. ham, Norfolk, England, Feb., 1803: died at Oulton, Suffolk, England, July 30, 1881. An English philologist, traveler, and romance writer. His works include "Targum, or Metrical Trans lations from thirty Languages, etc." (1835), "The Bible in Spain" (1843), "The Zincali, or an Account of the Gypsies in Spain" (1841), "Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gypsy, and the Priest" (1851), "The Romany Rye, a sequel to Lavengro" (1857), "Wild Wales, etc." (1862), "Romano Lavo-Lil, or Word-book of the Romany" (1874). Borrow dale (bor'ō-dal). A vale in the Lake District of England, south of Der went water. Bors (bôrs). In Arthur i an legends, king of Gaul, brother of King Ban of Benwicke (Benoic). They went to King Arthur's a istance when he first mounted the throne. Bors (bôrs), or Bohort (bō'hôrt), or Bort (bôrt), Sir. A knight of the Round Table, called Sir Bors de Ganis, nephew of Sir Lance lot. He was one of the few who were pure enough to see the vision of the Holy Grail. Borsippa (bôr-sip'ä). An ancient city of Babylonia, probably a suburb of Babylon. It contained a temple of Nebo, its tutelar deity, called Ezida (i. e., eternal house), which was constructed in the form of a pyramid consisting of seven stories, which are termed in the inscriptions "the seven spheres of heaven and earth." The imposing ruins of the mound Birs Nimrud to the northeast of Babylon are identified as the site of Borsippa and its celebrated temple. See Birs Nimrud. Bory de Saint Vincent (bō-re' dè san vans on'), Jean Baptiste Georges Marie. Born at Agen, France, 1780: died at Paris, Dec. 22 (1), 1846. A distinguished French natural ist and traveler. He wrote an "E ai sur les îles fortunées et l'antique Atlantide" (1803), "L'Homme, e ai zoologique" (1827), etc. Borysthenes (bộ-ris'the-nez). [Gr. Βορυσθένης .] The ancient name of the river Dnieper. Bos, Hieronymus. See Bosch . Bosa (bo'sä). A seaport in the island of Sardinia, province of Cagliari, lat. 40° 17′ N., long. 8° 30′ E. Population, 6,000. Bosboom (bos'bom), Johannes. Born Feb. 18, 1817: died Sept. 14, 1891. A Dutch painter. Bosboom, Mme. (Anna Luize Geertruide To us saint). Born at Alkmaar, Sept. 16, 1812: died at The Hague, April 13, 1886. A Dutch historical novelist. She married the painter Bosboom in 1851. Her works include "Het Huis Lauer ne e, Leycester in Nederland ideDe Vrouwen van het Leycester Tijdperk," and "Gideon Florenoz." Bosc (bosk), Louis August in Guillaume. Born at Paris, Jan. 29, 1759: died at Paris, July 10, 1828. A distinguished French naturalist. He wrote "His to ire naturelle des coquilles" (1801), "His to ire naturelle des crustacés" (1802), etc. Boscan Almogaver (bos-kän äl-mo-ga-vär'), Juan. Born at Barcelona, Spain, about 1493: died near Perpignan, France, about 1542. A Spanish poet, founder of the Italian poetical school in Spain. His collected works were pub lished in 1543. Boscawen (bos'ka-wen), Edward. Born in Cornwall, England, Aug. 19, 1711: died near Guild ford, Surrey, England, Jan. 10, 1761. A noted English admiral. He commanded at the tak ing of Louis burg, 1758, and defeated the French at Lagos Bay, Aug., 1759. Bosch (bosk), or Bos (bos), or Bosco (bos'kō), Hieronymus, surnamed "The Joyous." Born at Bois-le-Duc, Netherlands, about 1460: died at Bois-le-Duc about 1530. A Dutch painter. His chief works are at Madrid, Berlin, and Vienna. Boscobel (bos'kō-bel). A farm-house near Shiffnal, in Shropshire, England, noted in connection with the escape of Charles II., Sept., 1651. The "royal oak" was in the vicinity. Boscovich (bos'ko-vich), Ruggiero Giuseppe. Born at Ragusa, Dalmatia, May 18, 1711: died at Milan, Feb. 12, 1787. An Italian Jesuit, celebrated as a mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His works include "The or i a philosophiæ natural is" (1708), "De maculis solar i bus" (1736), etc. Bosio (bō'zē-ō), Angiolina. Born at Turin, Aug. 22, 1829: died at St. Petersburg, April 12, 1859. An Italian opera-singer. Bosio, Baron François Joseph. Born at Monaco, March 19, 1769: died at Paris, July 29, 1845. A French sculptor. His best-known works are the bas-reliefs of the Column Vendôme (Paris), an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. (Paris), etc. Bosna-Serai (bos-nä-se-ri'), or Serajevo (serä'ye-vo), or Sarajevo (sa-rä'ye-vo). The capital of Bosnia, situated in the valley of the Miljačka, in lat. 43° 54′ N., long. 18° 25′ E. It contains a bazaar, castle, and several mosques. Most Bosnia , Pol. Bosnia , Turk. Bosna .] A territory in southeastern Europe, capital Bosna-Serai, bounded by Croatia-Slavonia (separated by the Unna and Save) on the north, Servia (separated partly by the Drina) on the east, Monte negro and Herzegovina on the south, Dalmatia on the west, and Novi-Bazar on the southeast. Its surface is generally mountainous, and its inhabitants are occupied mainly with agriculture. It belongs nominally to Turkey, but is occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary. The language is Servo-Croatian. Religions, Greek, Mohammedan, and Roman Catholic. Bosnia was a part of the Roman Empire, was governed by bans in the middle ages, under the kings of Hungary, and belonged to the kingdom of Stephen of Servia in the 14th century. The kingdom of Bosnia originated in 1376. It was subjugated by the Turks in 1463. Bosnia has been the theater of many conflicts between Austria and Turkey, and of revolts. It was provided in the treaty of Berlin (1878) that Bosnia and Herzegovina be occupied by Austria-Hungary. The Mohammedans could, however, be subdued only after a bloody conflict (1878). There was a popular revolt in 1881. Area, including Herzegovina and Novi-Bazar, 23,262 square miles. Population, 1,504,095. Bosola (bo-sō'lä). A character in Webster's tragedy "The Duche of Malfi," gentleman of the horse to the duche . He is a villain, a bloodthirsty humorist noted for his cynical, savage melancholy. Bosporus (bos'po-rus), or Bosphorus (bos'fōrus). [Gr. Βόσπορος , ox-ford: so named from the legend that Io, transformed into a cow, swam acro it.] A strait which connects the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora, and separates Eu rope from Asia: the ancient Bosporus Thracius, Thracian Bosporus. On it are Constantinople and Scutari. Length, 18 miles; greatest breadth, 14 miles; narrowest point, 1,700 feet. Bosporus. In ancient history, a kingdom in southern Sarmatia, near the Cimmerian Bosporus. It was founded in 502 B. c., and extinguished in the 4th century A. D. Bosporus Cimmerius (si-me'ri-us). The Cimmerian Bosporus: the ancient name of the Strait of Yenikale. See Cimmerians . Bosporus Thracius. See Bosporus . Bosquet (bos-ka'), Pierre Joseph François. Born at Mont-de-Marsan, Landes, France, Nov. 8, 1810: died at Toulouse, France, Feb. 5, 1861. A marshal of France. He served with distinction in Algeria, and in the Crimea at Alma and Inkérman 1854, and at the Malakoff 1855. Bo i (bos'sē), Giuseppe. Born at Busto-Arsizio, in the Milanese, Italy, Aug., 1777: died writer upon art. He wrote "Del cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci" (1810), etc. Bo i, Giuseppe Carlo Aurelio, Baron de. Born at Turin, Nov. 15, 1758: died at Paris, Jan. 20, 1823. An Italian lyric poet and diplomatist. His chief poems include "Independenza American a" (1785), "Monaca" (1787), "Oromasia" (1805),