BORNEO

large is!., Eastern Archielago, between Australia and Fr. ndo-China, immediately N. of Java length, over 800 m.; breadth, over 600 m.; bounded E. by Mindoro and Celebes Seas, Maca ar Strait; S. by Java Sea; W. and N.W. by China Sea, Labuan, an isl. off N.W. coast of Borneo, was incorporated with Singapore (1907). About two-thirds of isl. in 8, E. and 8. are claimed by Dutch, while N. and N.W. (states of N. Borneo, Brunei, and Sara-~ wak) belonging to Britain. Mountain ridge runs from N.E. to S.W., height ranging from 8,000 ft. in N.E. to 3,500 in §.W.; in extreme N., Kinabaln range reaches height of 13,700 ft.; interior mountainous, with rich river valleys and marshy plains; principal rivers, Barito, Kapuas; coast is low and rece Best bays are in Brunei and Brit. N. Borneo. Mean ann. temp. c. 80° F.; rainfall is heavy, averaging 120 in. per annum. ‘orests produce ironwood, teak, sandalwood, ebony, india rubber, damar, camphor, pepper, cloves, nutmegs, cinnamon, ginger, betel nuts, sago, coco-nuts, gambier, bamboo, canes, etc. Rice, sugarcane, sago, tapioca, coffee, earthnuts, indigo, maize, hemp, cotton, tobacco, are cultivated; in Brit. part chief products are pepper, gambier, sago, rice, Ry aersis include coal, iron, petroleum, gold, aime Al quicksilver, platinum, diamonds. Edible birds’ nests, trepang, pearls, and tortoise-shell are obtained. Exports are pepper, spices, gold dust, diamonds, drugs, timber, canes, gutta-perch a, india rubber, and many of above productions; imports goustal goods, clothing, machinery, ardware, opium, rice. Chief town of of Brit. N. Borneo, Sandakan; of Dutch tralia and Papua, Borneo is the largest’ isl. in the world. Area, c 289,000 sq. m.; pop. c. 2,000,000, including Dyaks, Malays, Arabs, etc. History —Borneo was discovered by Portuguese early in 16th cent.; during 17th cent. unsucce ful attempts were made by Spaniards, Portuguese, Dutch, and English to establish trading stations. First permanent settlement was that made by Dutch at Bandjermasin in 1733; Dutch proceeded to make further settlements, and have mastered most of island. In 188841 the Malay pirates were suppre ed by Rajah Brooke, who founded independent state of Sarawak, which became Brit. protectorate in 1888. In this year Brunei also came under Brit. rule. See Mar East Inpra Is_tanps. British North Borneo is under administration of Brit. N. Borneo Co., which obtained royal charter in 1881; governor, appointed subject to approval of secretary of state, administers affairs in Borneo, and there is court of directors in London. Its area is about 31,106 sq. miles; pop. 208,200. Dutch Borneo comprises two administrative dists.; of these W. Borneo occupies about 55,825 sq. m.; pop. 573,600; while E. and 8. Borneo have area of 156,912 sq. m.; pop. 940,300. Dan. island, Baltic; lighthouses; exports freestone; capital, Rénne. Pop. 41,000. (1825-1901), Fr. poet; author of two poetic plays produced at the OComédie Francaise—La Mariage de Luther and La Fille de Roland—the latter of which achieved a popular succe ; Poestes completes (1894). state, Central Africa, W. and S. of Lake Chad; area estimated at 57,000 sq. miles; surface fiat, with branches of Komaduga R. flowing to Lake Chad; climate ve hot and unhealthy; produces indigo, maize, millet, cotton, groundnuts; imports calico, sugar, salt; administered by Brit. resident with several a istants; native chief still recognize d; people are negroes and half-breeds. See Map Arnica. é = BK. was independent state in Middle Ages; considerable prosperity in cent.: struggle began in early XIX cent., against the Fula, who were ultimately defeated and expelled by fakir Muhammad el Anim; subject to Brit. control since 1902. Chief towns, Kuka and