MAZZINI

Giuseppe (son of Giacomo Mazzini a physician). b. Strada Lomellini, Genoa 22 June 1805; attempted insurrections in Sardinia 1833–4; expelled from Switzerland 1836; came to London Jany. 1837; wrote literary articles for London reviews; founded and conducted a school for mendicant organ-boys; originated an a ociation of Italian workmen 1840; his letters were opened by the English government 1844; fought under Garibaldi against Austria 1848; dictator at Rome as triumvir with Armelli and Saffi, March 1849 to June 1850; president in London of National Italian committee 1850, through which he promoted the risings of 1852 and 1853; directed preparations for abortive revolution at Genoa 1857, for which he was condemned to death 1857, this sentence was cancelled 1866 but he refused the pardon; edited Pensiero ed Azione. London 1858–60; author of Italy, Austria and the Pope 1845; Two letters to the people of England on the war 1855; The duties of man 1862; Life and writings 6 vols. 1864–70 and 40 other books, there were also 50 books written about him and his career 1848–91. d. Pisa 10 March 1872. bur. Genoa. E. A. Venturi’s Joseph Mazzini (1875), 2 portraits ; Joseph Mazzini, his life. New York (1872), portrait ; Illust. news of the world (1862), portrait ; Reynolds’s Miscellany , xv 273 (1856), portrait .