porbeagle (por be"gl)

[Said to be for * pore beagle, pecially of the ge nus Lamna; a kind of tope or mackerel-shark. The name originally applied to L. cornubica, a British species occurring also in the North Atlantic at large, and also known as the Beau mar is shark. It is a large fierce shark, of a gray color. Species of Isurus are mackerel-sharks to which the name also applies, as I. glaucus or I. oxyrhyn chus of the Atlantic. See cut under mackerel - shark. porcate (pôr'kāt), a. [ porcelain1 (pôrs'lận or pors'lān), n. and a. [Formerly also por cell an, porcelane, also irreg. purslaine, purslane, purslen (by confusion with purslanel, which was also written porcelain ); = D. porselein = G. porzellan, por cell an = Dan. porcellæn = Sw.porslin, 4624 porcelain, and Imari porcelain, the greater part of which was made at the town of Arita. See Hizen porcelain. Berlin porcelain, porcelain made at Berlin, Pru ia, especially a hard-paste porcelain made at the royal factory (founded by a private person in 1750, and bought by Fred erick the Great thirteen years later). This ware has been made down to the present day. The mark has usually been a scepter in blue under the glaze, to which has been added K. P. M., for Königl. Porzellan Manufaktur; but the recent productions are marked with a circular seal having the above German words in full around the rim but are described by Wedgwood, in catalogues, etc., as "fine porcelain bisque" and the like, whence probably the term came to be used. Caen porcelain, porcelain made at Caen in Normandy, especially a hard-paste ware made during the early years of the French revolution, and commonly marked with the word Caen in full. It is extremely rare, the manufacture having lasted but a few years. - Capodimonte porcelain, porcelain made at Capodimonte, a suburb of Naples, especially that of the royal factory, which was continued through the greater part of the eighteenth century. The most celebrated variety is that which is decorated with figures in high relief, not very finely modeled, but decorative in their disposition, and then touched with red applied in the point illé manner to the le prominent parts of the relief, as if with the intention of giving a flesh-like warmth to the shadows. - Cast porcelain, a semi-transparent or milky-white gla made of silica and cryolite with oxid of zinc. Also called milk gla , fusible porcelain, cryolite gla , and hot - cast porcelain. - Chantilly porcelain, porcelain made at Chantilly, near Paris. Especially-( a ) A soft-paste porcelain made under the patronage of the Prince de Condé from 1725, the mark of which was a hunting-horn in blue under the glaze. The glaze of this porcelain was made opaque by tin, so as to be practically a thin coat of enamel. A design consisting of small detached flowers painted in blue became very popular, and was known as the Chantilly sprig pattern. (b) A hard-paste porcelain made in the early part of the nine lain, a porcelain made at Chelsea in England, especially a soft-paste porcelain made from 1735, the most admired of the old English porcelains. - Chemical porcelain a fine porcelain nearly completely vitrified, so as to be almost an opaque gla , made at the works of Granger & Co. at Worcester, England, about 1860.- Cook worthy porcelain, porcelain made at Plymouth, England, from about 1755, by W. Cook worthy, who discovered the Cornish clay (see china - stone (b)) independently of Chaffers. This was most important Plymouth porcelain manufactures. Copenhagen porcelain, porcelain made at Copenhagen. Especially-( a ) A hard-paste porcelain made from 1760 for a few years, and from 1772, soon after which time it was taken up by the government. The well-known mark is three waving or rippling lines supposed to represent the waves of the sea. (b) A modern porcelain, of which the variety best known is unglazed works of art, such as statuettes and groups. Thorwaldsen's works, especially, have been copied in this ware. - Crown Derby porcelain, a variety of Derby porcelain, bearing a royal crown as a distinguishing mark. In some cases a D only is crowned, sometimes the monogram D. K., or D with a St. Andrew's cro , this mark being sometimes in red, sometimes in violet, and sometimes impre ed. Derby crown porcelain, a modern porcelain made at Derby in imitation of the old Crown Derby ware and also from new designs. The mark adopted by the company is a cipher of D. D. surmounted by a crown. Derby porcelain, porcelain made at Derby in England, especially a soft-paste porcelain made from 1751. The ware is very translucent, and some of the colors are of unusual brilliancy, especially the blue. One of the specialties of the Derby fabric is the unglazed biscuit-ware, of which figures and groups were made for the decoration of the table; this is unmatched by any recent wares, the Parian being generally inferior to it. An old mark of Derby ware is a Dand the name of the potter Bloor, with the word Derby, and a crown has been used since 1830. - Dresden porcelain, a hard-paste porcelain made at the royal factory of Mei en, near Dresden in Saxony, beginning with the year 1707. This was the first hard-paste porcelain made in Europe, and the manufacture has continued to the present day, including pieces for decoration, for uses of every kind and decoration of every variety, both in relief and in color and gold. The small figures and groups, brilliantly painted, and especially those in which shepherds and shepherde es are represented, have been especially popular for many years. A common name for the old Dresden porcelain is vieux Saxe . The best-known mark of this factory is two swords cro ed, but a number of Oriental marks are roughly imitated on certain pieces. Pieces that are sent out from the royal factory white can be known by a cut or scratch through the two swords which form the mark; such pieces, if decorated, have been decorated outside. Compare Sèvres porcelain . -Egg-shell porce porcelain often known as Imari porcelain, from the name of the seaport whence it is exported. The ware specially known as Hizen or Imari is decorated with blue under the glaze, and with red and sometimes green and gold upon the glaze, the green forming translucent enamels in slight relief. This ware was brought to Europe by the Dutch during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and was known as Old Japan, until the recent investigation into the history of Japanese ceramics. Compare Arita porcelain. - Hotcast porcelain. See cast porcelain. Hybrid porcelain. See hybrid. - Imari porcelain, Japanese porcelain exported from the seaport of Imari, in the province of Hizen. See Hizen porcelain. - Imperial yellow porcelain. See imperial. - Iran porcelain, a name given to a hard white ware, with blue decoration in the Chinese style, which has many of the characteristics of porcelain. See Kashee ware, under ware2. - Kiyomidzu porcelain, a variety of Japanese porcelain the body of which is said to be artificial, composed of clay mixed with powdered silicious stone and having peculiarities also in the composition of the glaze. - Kouan-Ki porcelain, a name given to certain vases of Chinese porcelain of blue decoration, and marked with one or other of certain well-known emblems of the Chinese magistracy, such as the pearl (considered the emblem of talent or ability), the sacred ax, the sonorous stone, and a group of writing-materials. Limoges porcelain, porcelain made at Limoges, in the department of Haute-Vienne, France. Especially - ( a ) A soft-paste porcelain made from 1773. (b) A hard-paste porcelain made from 1779 to the present day. The kaolin was obtained from St. Yrieix in the neighborhood, and the ware was especially brilliant and translucent as long as this alone was used. The modern porcelain includes much of the most important ceramic production of modern France. - Lowest oft porcelain, a porcelain made at Lowest oft in Suffolk, from 1757 to 1804, especially a hard-paste porcelain made after 1775: one of the most admired wares of English manufacture. The pieces were usually for table-services, and are remarkable for rich borders in which festoons are a common detail. - Lunéville porcelain, a soft paste porcelain made at Lunéville in France, especially famous for the statuettes and groups in biscuit, of which the chief maker was Paul Louis Cyfflé. The paste of these seems to have been gradually improved by Cyfflé or others from the original terre - de - Lorraine, and the improved paste was called pâte - de - marbre. The name Cyfflé is commonly marked on these pieces. - Mandarin porcelain. See mandarin.-May-flower porcelain. See May -flower.Medici porcelain, a translucent ceramic ware produced in or near Florence, under the Medicean grand dukes, in the sixteenth century. Pieces of this ware are of great rarity. The mark is sometimes the balls (palloni) of the Medici, and sometimes a rude picture of the dome of the Cathedral of Florence. Mei en-Saxony porcelain, the name more properly given to the Dresden porcelain. - Nankin porcelain. Same as blue china (which see, under china ). -Natural soft-paste porcelain, a name given by M. Brogniard, chief of the Sèvres works for many years, to See those soft-paste porcelains which have clay for their basis, and therefore are properly ceramic wares. - Parian porcelain. See Parian. - Petit porcelain, porcelain made from 1834 at Paris by a potter named Jacob Petit, and of late years at Chantilly. This ware is of remarkable excellence, and the pieces of original design are important in the development of ceramic decoration; but the greater number of the present products are imitations of Dresden and other celebrated wares. Porcelain jasper. jasper, 2.- Réaumur's porcelain, an artificial or hybrid production of the eminent scientist Réaumur, differing from all porcelains properly so called, and not strictly a soft-paste porcelain, but rather a gla that has been exposed to a long-continued heat, which makes it opaque and of a milky white. This substance is called by the Germans milch - gla . The discovery had no important results. Rose porcelain, Chinese porcelain in the decoration of which large surfaces of brilliant red enamel are used. Plates and dishes of which the outside is covered with this enamel are called rose - back plates, etc. The rose porcelain is to be distinguished from the porcelain of the so-called rose family, or famille rose. - Royal Worcester porcelain. See Worcester porcelain. - Sèvres porcelain, porcelain made at Sèvres, near Paris. Especially - (a) A soft-paste porcelain made from 1740, in which year the manufacture was removed from Vincennes. The celebrated colors bleu du roi, bleu turquoise, rose Pompa dour (more commonly called rose du Barry ), and others, were introduced for the soft-paste ware; and the decoration in gold raised in slight relief above the glaze, the addition of jewels, and the style of the paintings in medallions, all have their origin in this soft-paste ware, which was the only ware made at Sèvres before 1769, although the true hard porcelain had already been made at Mei en sixty years before. (See Dresden porcelain.) The soft paste porcelain, now greatly in demand as a rarity, has one advantage over the hard-paste-in the slight absorption of the color by the paste, giving a pleasant softne of effect. (b) A hard-paste porcelain made from 1769, in consequence of the discovery of deposits of kaolin in France. This manufacture has reached greater merit of late years than before the revolution; in size and perfection the pieces surpa anything produced elsewhere, and the painting shows unparalleled skill and mastery of the material, whatever may be thought of its appropriatene and good taste as decoration. The mark under the kings of the old régime was always the royal cipher LL, front to front, cro ing above and below, and within the space so inclosed a letter denoting the year of manufacture, a double alphabet beginning in 1778, AA, etc. Under the republic, the word Sèvres, and R. F. for République Française, were used; under the empire, M. Imple. de Sèvres, sometimes with the imperial eagle, was used. The restored kings used a cipher of LL and one porcelain of CC; Louis Philippe, a cipher L. P., and often the name of the palace for which the ware was made. The 1848 republic restored the R.F.; and the second empire, a crowned N, with S for Sèvres, and the date, as 56, 57. But since about 1830 all pieces are marked before decorating with the letter S, and date in green included in a cartouche, and, when the piece is sold undecorated, this mark is cut through by a touch to a grinding-wheel. - Solon porcelain, porcelain made either at Paris or at the national factory at Sèvres, and decorated by a potter named Solon; especially, those pieces decorated in low relief by layers or coats of kaolinic slip applied one upon another, producing a bas-relief more or le translucent, according as the application is le or more thick. - Swansea porcelain, porcelain made at Swansea from about 1814 till 1820, when the factory was removed to Coal port. But little porcelain was made, as the factory was devoted chiefly to delf and what was called opaque china; but the quality of it was excellent, and it is ranked by some as the most perfect porcelain ever produced in England. The word Swansea, sometimes combined with a trident or with two tridents cro ed, and sometimes with the name of the director for the time being, is used as a mark. Tender porcelain, a ceramic ware in which the composition of hard-pasté or natural porcelain is imitated. The clay of which it is made is an imperfect kaolin - that is to say, it contains too much of other substances in combination with the feldspar to furnish a natural porcelain. - Worcester porce from 1788, when George III., on the occasion of a visit to the factory, conferred this appellation upon it. The paste was a very artificial composition, having little or no clay in it. The old Worcester porcelain seems to have had no mark peculiarly its own, but used a crescent, or some one of several "seal-marks" copied from Chinese porcelain, or a group of characters imitating Chinese but without signification. But from about 1828 the mark of Chamberlain & Co., and later a combination of W. W. W. W. with a date in the middle, have been used by the chief factory. II. a. Of the nature of or consisting of porce lain: as, porcelain adornments. — Porcelain mosaic, a name given to tile-work in which the separate tiles are of uniform or nearly uniform color and composed of porcelain or fine pottery such as white stoneware.