Cicatrization

[Fr. cicatrisation.] The healing, or skinning over, of an ulcer or broken surface of the skin. Cicatrize, v. a. [Fr. cicatriser, from L. Lat. cicatrico; Lat. cicatriz, a scar. To heal, or induce the formation of a cicatrix or scar, in wounded or ulcerated flesh. -v. i. To heal or be healed; to be skinned over. Cic'ely, n. ( Bot. ) See OSMORRHIZA. Ci'cer, n. [From Gr. kikys, strength, in reference to its qualities.] ( Bot.) A genus of plants, order Fubacea. C. arietinum, a native of the countries around the Mediterranean, produces the edible seeds called chick-peas. These are extensively used as food, either boiled or roasted, and are the most common parched pulse of the East. The herbage affords a nutritious food for cattle. Cic'ero, MARCUS TULLIUS, B. at Arpinum, an ancient city of Latium, B. C. 106; the same year which gave birth to Pomper. He was educated at Rome under the best masters of the time; and, B. c. 89, he served his first and only campaign under Pompeius Strabo. Having thus complied with the custom of his age, C. devoted the next C years to the studies which were nece ary to raise hin to distinction as a lawyer and an orator. At the age of 25 he came forward as a pleader, and, even at the risk of incurring the displeasure of Sulla, defended clients who were obnoxious to the dictator. But his health, which was naturally feeble, gave way under ince ant application to Fig . 599. - CICERO. study; and, for the purpose of invigorating his constitution, as well as correcting certain defects in his style of oratory, he visited Athens (B. c. 79), made a tour of Asia Minor, and for some time resumed his studies at Rhodes, under Molo, from whom he had received instructions at Rome. After an absence of 2 years, he returned to Rome with renewed health and enlarged knowledge, and speedily placed himself at the head of the Roman bar. He was elected quæstor in B. c. 76, and reached the consulship in B. c. 63. During his consulship he was called upon to grapple with the famous Catilinarian conspiracy; and the courage, prudence, and decision which he manifested in directing the difficult and complicated investigations that led to the detection and punishment of the conspirators, called forth the encomiums of all cla es of the citizens. The public enthusiasm heaped upon him unwonted honors; in the senate and in the forum he was saluted as parens patriæ (the father of his country); thanksgivings in his mame were voted to the gods; and all Italy united in testifying their admiration and gratitude. But his unexampled good fortune had excited the jealousy of many of the leading nobility: and his irrepre ible vanity exposed him to the ridicule and a aults of his enemies. It had been judged nece ary to put to death 5 of the ringleaders in the conspiracy; and though this was done in virtue of the dictatorial authority with which the consuls were invested by the senate, and with the consent and approval of that body, C. was indicted for having put a Roman citizen to death untried, and forced to go into banishment in April, в. с. 58. But private malice soon expended itself, and public feeling, reverting to his signal services in rescuing his country from impending ruin, recalled him after an interval of 17 months. His reception at Rome cheered his dejected spirits; but the circumstances which led to his banishment prevented him from ever after recovering his former position. In B. c. 53 he was admitted a member of the college of augurs, and towards the end of B. с. 52 he was appointed proconsul of Cilicia. He administered the affairs of his province with the strictest impartiality, and realized in practice the precepts which he had inculcated in his writings. He returned to Italy in B. c. 49, at the commencement of the civil war between Cæsar and Pompey, and finally resolving to espouse the cause of the latter, followed him to Greece. After the battle of Pharsalia, B. c. 48, at which he was not present, he again returned to Italy, and was received into favor by Cæsar. Separating himself now entirely from all parties in the State, he arranged and published during the next 3 years nearly all his most important works on rhetoric and philosophy. But the tumults excited by Antony after the murder of Cæsar, B. c. 44, again drew him from his seclusion; and August us, knowing the value of such an ally, and carefully concealing from him his real intentions, gladly availed himself of his services as leader of the senate. C.'s zeal, which was not always tempered with discretion, now exhibited itself in his famous philippics against Antony, which again made him the idol of the Roman people. But the formation of the second triumvirate sealed the fate of the great Roman orator. His name appeared in the list of the proscribed, having been placed there by Antony as one of the conditions of the league; and after an unsucce ful attempt to escape, he stretched forward his head to his executioners, and called upon them to strike (B. c. 43). His head and hands were conveyed to Rome, and, by the orders of Antony, nailed to the rostra. After his admirable Orations , his principal works are his treatises De Oratore. De Republic a , De Legibus , De Natura Deorum, De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Officiis , . They The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia have been repeatedly published, both as a whole and in detached portions. Cicero, in Illinois , a post-township of Cook co., 3 m. W. of Chicago. Cicero or Cicero town, in Indiana , a post-village of Hamilton co., on Cicero Creek, 26 m. N. of Indianapolis, -A township of Tipton co., containing Tipton, the county seat. Cicero, in New York , a post-village and township of Onondaga co., 10 m. N.E. of Syracuse, on the S.W. shore of Lake Oneida. Cicero Creek, in Indiana , of Hamilton co., enters White River near Noblesville. Cicerone, (tcich-e-ro'ne,) n. [It., from Cicero.] A name originally given by the Italians to those persons who pointed out to travellers the interesting objects with which Italy abounds; but applied universally at present to any one who acts as a guide . This application of the term cicerone has probably its origin in the well-known garrulity of the Italian guides. Cicero'nian, a . Relating to Cicero; after the manner of Cicero; as, a Ciceroni an style. Cicero'nianism, n. Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or manner of Cicero. Cichoraceous, ( sik - o - rā'shus,) a. ( Bot .) Having the qualities of succory, or chicory. Cicho'rium, n. ( Bot . ) A genus of plants, order Aste race a. The species C. intybus is the Wild Chicory or succory, an European plant, having numerous heads of bright-blue handsome flowers. It is extensively cultivated for the sake of its roots, which are sliced, roasted, and ground, to form the chicory of the shops, which is sold as a substitute for, or more frequently as an addition to, ground coffee. Nearly 100,000,000 lbs. are annually consumed in Europe. Though so extensively used instead of coffee, C.- nearly unknown in the U. States-does not po e in any degree the peculiar exciting, soothing, and hunger-staying properties of that valuable product. A blue dye may be prepared from the leaves. C. endiva is the garden succory or endive, the leaves of which, when blanched, form a wholesome salad. Cicindela, n . Cicindel'idæ, n . pl . (Zool.) The Tiger-beetle, a genus and family of coleopterous insects, remarkable for the celerity Fig . 600. MANTICORA-MAXILLOSA. and vigor of their flight; characterized by the great projection of the eyes, long and sharply pointed jaws; thorax depre ed and nearly square; and the legs and antennæ long and slender. They are generally seen on the wing in the hottest part of the day; chiefly frequenting dry meadows, sandy plains or heaths, or the banks of rivers. One of the most striking genera is the Manticora, found in South Africa. The common green tiger-beetle ( Cicindela campestris), one of most common of our species, is a highly beautiful insect, being of a bright gra -green, with the elytra each marked by five small, round, cream-colored spots; the head, thorax, and limbs are of a rich gilded cast; the eyes black and prominent; the legs long and slender. The larva of this insect lives in cylindrical burrows, excavated by itself, and varying from six inches to a foot in depth. The head is very large, and slightly concave; the jaws are curved and strong; and the body is humped near the middle of the back, at which part there are two hooked tubercles. In the proce of excavation they use their jaws and feet, and load the concave back of their heads with the grains of earth which they have detached; thus loaded, they ascend backwards, resting at, intervals, and affix themselves to the inner walls of their burrow by the a istance of the two hooked tubercles on the back; and when arrived at the orifice, they jerk off their load to a distance. The Cicindelæ are all voracious; and when their prey comes within their reach, they rush upon it with great ferocity. Cicis'beism, n . State or occupation of a cicisbeo. Cicisbeo, (che-chis'ba-o,) n. [It.] A dangler about females; a name given since the 17th century, in Italy, to the profe ed gallant of a married woman. "The word was formerly a cicisbeo, But that is now grown vulgar and indecent." - Byron. Cinco'nia, n. Cincoʼnidæ, n . pl . [Lat., a stork.] (Zool.) A genus and family of Grallatores. - See STORK. Cicu'ta, n . ( Bot . ) A genus of plants, order Apiacea . C. virosa , the Water-hemlock, or Cow-bane, is of a highly poisonous nature. C. maculata , common in wet meadows, in the U. States, has very poisonous roots, which, from having been mistaken for those of harmle Um belliferæ , have not unfrequently led to fatal results. Cid Campeador, (The,) ( sid ,) [Arab. seid , lord,] whose real name was DON RODRIGO DIAZ DE BIVAR, the national hero of Spain, was B. at Burgos abt. 1040. The facts of his career have been wrapped by his admiring countrymen in such a haze of glorifying myths that it is scarcely po ible to detect them. His life, however, appears to have been entirely spent in fierce warfare with the Moors, then masters of a great part of Spain. His exploits are set forth in a special chronicle, and in a poem of considerable interest, written not long after his death. His last achievement was the capture of Valencia, where he died in 1099.- His exploits are celebrated in a Spanish poem supposed to have been published in the 12th or 13th century, from which Corneille has taken the subject of his masterpiece, Le Cid. Cider, n. [Fr. cidre ; It. sitro ; Sp. sidra ; Gr.siker a , and Lat. sicera , strong drink.] A cool and refreshing beverage made by pre ing the juice from apples; almost all varieties of apples are used, but to insure good C., they should be sound. The fruit, having been gathered, is ground in a strong mill, the pulp pre ed, and the juice forced into vats; it is then kept at a certain temperature to ferment (in case fermentation is desired, much C. being drunk without fermentation), and lastly to fine, and then is drawn into casks, and kept in a cool place, when it is drawn off in to fresh casks, or bottled for use. To persons in health, and when taken in moderation, C. is a refreshing, wholesome drink, and very grateful in hot weather, but should be sparingly taken at any time by persons of weak digestion. C.is largely produced in the U. States and Canada, and in Normandy, France. Champagne or sparkling C. has become a large article of manufacture in the U. States. Ci'der-brandy, n. A spirituous liquid distilled from cider. Ci'derist, n. A maker of cider. Ci'derkin, n. The liquor made of the gro matter of apples, after the cider is pre ed out, and a quantity of boiling water is added; the whole steeping 48 hours. Ci-devant, (se- da - vòng ',) a. [Fr.) Formerly; heretofore; previously existing; quondam; as, a ci-devant governor. Cienfuegos, a sea-port town of Cuba, dept. Centro; Lat. near 22° 15′ N., Lon. 81° W. Pop . about 5,000. Cierge, ( sērj ,) n. [Fr.] A wax candle used in the celebration of religious rites. Cie'za, or Zieza, (anc. Catina or Cartel a ,) a town of Spain, prov. Murcia, on the Segura, 24 m. N.W. of the cap.; pop . 10,467. Cigar', (sometimes written SEGAR,) n. [Fr. cigare; Sp. cigarro.] A small roll of tobacco, made into an elliptic form, and used for smoking; as, a Havana cigar . See TOBACCO. Cigarette, ( se -gar- et ',) n. A small cigar; a small quantity of mild tobacco rolled in prepared paper for smoking. See ТоBACCO. Cigar'-ship, n. ( Naut .) An iron screw steam-yacht, constructed in the form of a cigar, was launched at Mill wall, England, in 1866, and named the Ro Winans. Cil'ery, n. ( Arch .) The drapery or leafage that is wrought upon the heads of pillars. The Cil'ia, n. [Lat. pl. of cilium , an eyelash.] ( Physiol .) The hair which grows from the margin of the eyelids. term is also applied to microscopic filaments, or plates which project from animal membranes and are endowed with quick vibratile motion. In most of the lower animals the respiratory function is effected by means of the vibratile cilia; many animalcules and the gemmules of the Acrites move by a similar mechanism; and it has recently been ascertained that vibratile cilia have a share in the performance of some important functions in the highest cla es of the animal kingdom, where they have been detected on the membrane lining the female generative and respiratory pa ages, and the ventricles of the brain. (Bot.) The long hairs situated upon the margin of a vegetable body, as on the leaves of the Sempervivum tectorum. Cil'iary, a . [Fr. ciliaire , from Lat. cilium , an eyelid; allied to Gr. kyla , the parts under the eyes.] Belonging to the eyelids, or to proce es resembling them in animals or vegetables; as, " cillary ligaments." Ciliate, Čil'iated, a . [From CILIA.] Provided with cilia. ( Bot .) Applied to the leaves, stem, or other parts of a plant, when furnished with long and fringed hairs, like the eyelashes. Cil'ice, n. A hair-cloth garment worn instead of a shirt by devotees. Cilicia, ( si - lish'e -a.) (Anc. Geog .) An ancient division of Asia Minor, now comprised in the Turkish pashalic Its hill a. Formerly, its boundaries were the Taurus range on the N., the Cilician Sea on the E., the Gulf of I us on the S., and Pamphylia on the W.; Lat. between 36° and 38° N., Lon. between 32° 10 and 37° 8′ E. Cili'cian, a. Relating to Cilicia. Cili'cio us, a . [Gr. kilikion ; Lat. cilicium , a cloth made of Cilician goat's-hair.] Made, or consisting, of hair. Ciliogra'da, n. ( Zool .) An order of Crcalephæ , formed by Linnæus, and including all the species distinguished by their continually agitating the cilia with which their contractile bodies are provided; - organs which po e the phosphorescent faculty in a very high degree, as the Beroe and Medusa. Cil'liform, a. Fine and slender; resembling the form of cilia. Cil'lo, n. [Gr. killo , to move.] ( Med .) A name sometimes applied to persons whose upper eyelid is perpetually tremulous; -a trembling which, in some cases, is called Life's blood. Vogel calls it cillosis . Cillo's is, n. ( Med .) See CILLO. Ci'ma, n . ( Arch .) See CYMA. Cimabue, GIOVANNI, (or GIOVANNI GAULTIERI,) ( sim'a boo - ai ,) a very distinguished Florentine painter, B. 1240. Very little is known of his life, but he is said to have been a disciple of Giunta of Pisa; and he was one of the earliest painters who left off copying the hard and unnatural drawing of the Byzantine school, studied nature for himself, and contributed powerfully to the revival of art. The colo al Madonna, which he painted for the Rucellai chapel, in the church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, is said to have excited extraordinary enthusiasm, and to have been carried in proce ion to the church, where it still remains. It was C. who first dis covered the genius of Giotto. D. about 1302. Ci'mar, n . ( Eccl .) See SIMAR. Cimaro'sa, DOMENICO, a celebrated musical composer, B. at Aversa, in S. Italy, in 1755. In 1789, he was appointed by the empre Catharine II. director of the Imperial opera at St. Petersburg and chamber-musician to the empre . In 1792, he went to Vienna to fill the post of director of the Court opera there. In the political troubles that disturbed Naples towards the close of the last century, C. became involved; an event which led to his incarceration in prison for a year. D. at Venice in 1801. C's greatest works are his operas, Il Matrimo nio Segreto; Il Convito di Pietra, . C. wrote altogether about 90 operas, besides an almost countle number of ma es, sacred cantatas, . Cim'bia, Cim'ia, n. ( Arch .) A fillet or band placed round the shaft of a column to strengthen it. Cim'bri, n. pl . ( Hist .) This Celtic tribe, inhabiting Jutland, having joined with the Teutones, entered Illyria, where they defeated Cn. Papirius Carbo, at the head of a consular armу, в. с. 113. After this triumph they advanced into Gaul, в. с. 112, pa ed into Spain, and, reappearing in the frontiers of Transalpine Gaul, defeated two Roman armies в. с. 109 and 107. They inflicted a terrible defeat at Aurausio on another Roman army led by two consuls, Oct. 6, в. с. 105, after which they withdrew into Spain. The Celtiberians drove them out B. c. 103; whereupon the Cimbri returned into Gaul. Marius collected a large army and went to oppose them. The Cimbri and Teutones separated into two bodies, the former taking the road through Helvetia, and the latter pre ing forward to a ail the Roman army. Their intention was to reunite their forces on the Lombard plains. The Teutones were attacked and overwhelmed by the Romans, and 100,000 men are said to have perished on that occasion, B. с. 102. The Cimbri in the meantime had reached the valley of the Adige, where they defeated the Roman army under Quintus Catulus. He formed a junction with Marius and allured them into an unfavorable position, in which they were defeated and exterminated, B. c. 101. The women, having put their children to death, committed suicide. Cim'bric, a. Pertaining, or relating, to the CIMBRI, q. v. Cim'eter, n. See SCIMITAR. Ci'mex, n.; CIMICIDE, n . pl. ( Zool .) A family of Hemipter a comprising bugs which have the body very flat, and their antennæ terminating abruptly in the form of a seta. The genus Cimex contains the Bed-bug. - See BUG. Cimicifuga, n. [Lat. cimex , a bug, and fugo , to drive away; alluding to its offensive odor.] ( Bot .) A genus of plants, order Ranunculaceæ. C. racemosa, the black-snake-root, or bug-wort of America, found in upland woods, is a tall, leafy plant, with the aspect of an Actæa; stem 4-8 ft. high, with long, panicled racemes of white sepalled and monogynous flowers; 4-6 small petals; about 100 stamens to each flower, giving the raceme the appearance of a slender plum; flowers very fetid in June and July. Cimme'rii, CIMME'RIANS. ( Hist . ) This nomadic race, inhabiting the Crimea, and parts of the neighboring country, having been expelled by the Scythians, pa ed along the shores of the Euxine, invaded Asia Minor, and pillaged Sardis, the cap. of Lydia, в. с. 635. In that country they were said to have remained until about B. c. 617, when they were defeated and driven out of Asia Minor. Little authentic is known of this people. Homer refers to another people of the same name, fabled to have dwelt in a land of perpetual darkne . Hence the term Cimmerian gloom. Cim'olite, n. See FULLER'S EARTH. Ci'mon, a famous A then i an statesman, and general, was the son of Miltiades (q. v.), and в. 519 в. с. C. brought himself into notice on the invasion of Greece by Xerxes; but his first memorable exploit was the capture of the important town of Eion on the Strymon, 476 B. c. His next, and most brilliant succe was at the Eurymedon in Pamphylia, 466 B. c., where he destroyed a large Persian fleet, then disembarked his men, defeated the army which was drawn upon shore to protect the ships, and finally entrapped and destroyed a squadron of Phœnician ships which was on its way to reinforce the Persians. As the leader of the oligarchy, C. was for some years the most powerful citizen in Athens, but the democratic party headed by Pericles, eventually became strong enough to procure sentence of banishment against C. for ten years, 461 в. с. Five years afterwards he was recalled by a decree proposed by Pericles himself. In 450, a peace was concluded between Athens and Sparta, mainly through C.'s influence, and next year the war with Persia being renewed, C. set sail for Cyprus and besieged Citium, where he died, B. c. 449. Cinalo'a, or SINALO'A, in Mexico, a state, reaching from the river Mayo to the river Bayona, or about 220 m., between the Gulf of California and Durango; area , 35,721 sq. m. The surface is cut through by mountains almost barren; the soil sandy along the coast. Cap . Culiacan. Pop . 161,157. -A town in the above State, on a small stream, 50 m. from the Gulf of California, about 300 m. N.W. of Du ran go. Pop . abt. 9,000. Lat. 22° 45′ N., Lon. 108° 7' W. Cincho'na, n. ( Bot . ) The typical genus of the order Cinch on ace a. The plants of this genus are natives of the intertropical valleys of the Andes, and are found principally on the eastern face of the Cordilleras, growing commonly at heights varying from about 4,000 to nearly 12,000 feet above the level of the sea. The cir chon a region extends from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia, in about 19o S. Lat., through Peru and Colombia, nearly to Caracas, in about 10° N. Lat. The plants are small shrubs or large forest-trees, with evergreen IMG:content-0178.jpg:[graphic] The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-0180.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0181.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0182.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0183.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0184.png:[ocr errors] BURNET IMG:content-0185.png:[ocr errors] AT KINS ON S IMG:content-0186.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0187.png:[ocr errors] Market IMG:content-0188.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0189.png:[ocr errors] The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-0191.jpg:[graphic] DEPECT IMG:content-0192.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0193.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0194.png:[ocr errors] T. DUN IMG:content-0195.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0196.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0197.png:[ocr errors] leaves, and commonly, showy flowers. They appear to require great moisture, and a mean temperature of about 620. These plants are largely cultivated in India, Ceylon, Java, and elsewhere. The barks of several species and varieties are extensively used in medicine, and are undoubtedly the most valuable drugs known. They are imported into this country under the names of Cinchona, Peruvian and Jesuit's bark . 36 different varieties have been described by Pereira; and Weddell has enumerated no le than 39. The most important are Loza , or crown bark; gray-silver, or Huanuco bark; Calisaya , or yellow bark; and red bark. These four are officinal in our pharma copœias, and are the principal sources of the precious alkaloids quina or quinine, cinch on i a, and quinidia , which are all used in medicine, and po e in an eminent degree tonic, febrifugal, and antiperiodic properties. The barks themselves have similar properties, and are, moreover, slightly astringent. The name cinchona was given to the genus by Linnæus, in compliment to the counte of Cinchon, whose husband was the viceroy of Peru. She had derived great benefit from the bark during her residence in S. America; and on her return to Europe, in 1639, she brought with her several specimens. The native names, curiously enough, are very similar to the scientific one, being quinquino and quina -quina. The medicinal use of the bark was first made known in Europe by the Jesuits.