Alliance, and received France into the European concert

gre expre ed the reactionary purposes of the Holy Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of. 1. A treaty (May 2, 1668), between the Triple Alliance (England, the Netherlands, and Sweden) on one side, and France on the other, acceded to by Spain, by which France returned Franche-Comté to Spain and received twelve fortified towns on the border of the Spanish Netherlands, among them Lille, Tournay, and Oudenarde.-2. A treaty (Oct., 1748) which ended the war of the Austrian succe ion. The basis of peace was the mutual restitution of conquests, except in the case of Austria, which ceded Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla to the Spanish in fant Don Philip and confirmed Pru ia in the po e ion of Silesia. The pragmatic sanction was confirmed in Austria. Aizani. See Azani . Aja (aj'ä). In Hindu mythology, a prince of Akbar Sir Ajax seems to have been a title imposed on Sir John Harrington, for a very meritorious attempt to introduce cleanline into our dwellings... In 1596, he published, under the name of Misacmos, a little treatise called, "A new discourse of a stale subject, or the Metamorphosis of Ajax," of which the object was to point out the propriety of adopting something like the water-closets of the present day. As the nature of his subject led him to lay open the interior of our palaces and great houses, offence was taken at his freedom: he lost, at least for a time, the favour of Elizabeth (his godmother), and was banished from court. His gains, from his well-timed labours, were apparently confined to the honour of contributing to the merriment of the wits, Shakspeare, Jonson, Nabbes, and many others, who took advantage of his own pun (a-jakes), and dubbed him a knight of the stool; under which title he frequently appears in their pages. Gifford, Note to Jonson's "The Silent Woman," I. 447. The poor Brahman Ajigarta (a-je-gärtä). Rishi who sold his son Sunahsepa to Rohita to be a substitute for Rohita, King Harischan- dra having vowed that if he obtained a son he would sacrifice him to Varuna, and Rohita having been the son given. Ajmir, or Ajmere (äj-mēr'). A province in Rajputana, British India, intersected by lat. 26° 20′ N., and long. 74° 30′ E. It is under the supervision of the governor-general of India, and was ceded to the British in 1818. Area, 2,711 square miles. Population (1891), 542,358. Also Ajmeer. Ajmir, or Ajmere. The capital of the province of Ajmir, about lat. 26° 29′ N., long. 74° 40′ E. The Mosque of Ajmir was founded in the early 13th century, and is one of the first established in India. It occupies the spacious square court of a Jain temple, whose old colon nades of graceful and well-carved columns remain in place around the walls and support a series of low domes. The great beauty of the monument lies in the screen of seven keel-shaped Mohammedan arches carried acro the west side of the court in front of the colonnade. This screen is covered with bands of Cufic and Togra inscriptions separated by diaper-work, admirable in decorative motive, and cut with great delicacy. Population (1891), 68,843. Also Ajmeer. Ajodhya (ä-jōdh'yä). A suburb of Faizabad, Oudh, British India, on the site of an important ancient city. son of Raghu. the department of Corsica, France, situated on Ajaccio (ä-yä'cho). A seaport, the capital of the western coast of Corsica on the Gulf of Ajaccio, lat. 41° 55′ N., long. 8° 44′ E., celebrated as the birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte. It has a considerable trade, and a ca thedral. Population (1891), commune, 20,197. Ajalon (aj'a-lon), or Aijalon (āj'a-lon). In biblical geography, a town of Palestine, the modern Yalo, 14 miles northwest of Jerusalem. was colonized by the proconsul C. Sextius Calvin us 123 Ajan (ä'jan), or Ajam (ä'jam). A district in B. C., and became renowned for its baths. In its vicinity Somali Land, eastern Africa, on the coast south Marius defeated the Teutones and their allies with great of Cape Guardafui. slaughter 102 B. c. It became the capital of Provence, Ajatasatru (a-jä-tä-sat'rö). A king of Kasi a famous literary center, and was the temporary residence of the emperor Charles V. in 1536. Prior to the Revolution it had one of the chief provincial parliaments. It has an extensive trade in olive-oil and fruits, and manufactures of silks, etc. Aix contains a cathedral, of very early foundation, with Romanesque nave and later aisles and choir. The curious porch has antique columns, and cedar-wood doors of 1504, very delicately sculptured. A baptistery of the 6th century opens on the south aisle: it has eight Roman columns. Population (1891), 22,924. (Benares), mentioned in the Up an is hads, who was very learned and, though a Kshatriya, taught the Brahman Gargyabalaki. Ajax (a'jaks). [Gr. Aias .] In Greek legend: (a) The son of Telamon and half-brother of Teucer, and one of the leading Greek heroes in the Trojan war, famous for his size and phys i- cal strength and beauty. According to Homer he was, next to Achilles, the bravest of the Grecian host. Aix, or Aix-les-Bains (ās-lā-ban'). A town in the department of Savoie, France, the an- cient Aquæ Gratianæ or Aquæ Allobrogum, situated near Lake Bourget, 8 miles north of Chambéry, renowned since Roman times for its hot sulphur springs. It has an arch of Camp an us. Population (1891), commune, 6,296. Aix-la-Chapelle (āks-lä-shä-pel'), G. Aachen (ä'chen). [Named from its mineral springs (L. aquæ ), known from the time of Charle- magne, and the chapel (F. chapelle ) of the palace.] A city in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, about lat. 50° 46′ N., long. 6o 5′ E., an important commercial and railway center. It has large manufactures of cloth, needles, cigars, ma- chinery, etc., and a noted cathedral, a Rathhaus, famous bot sulphur springs, and a museum (the Suermondt). Ajax, Sir. See the extract. He several times engaged in single combat with Hector and gained the advantage over him, and was always a ter- ror to the Trojans. There are various accounts of his ex ploits after the war and of his death. According to the The decision of Agamemnon (on the advice of Athena) to award the arms of Achilles to Ody eus drove Ajax mad, common poetical tradition, he died by his own hand. and in his insanity he furiously attacked and slew the sheep of the Greeks, imagining them to be his enemies. Shame for this conduct drove him to suicide. According to other accounts he was murdered. From his blood was said to have sprung up a purple flower bearing on its leaves the letters αι, the first letters of his name and also exclamation of woe. His story was dramatized by Sophocles. (b) A Locrian legendary king, son of Oïleus, and one of the heroes in the Trojan war: often called the Le er Ajax . ancient Elath (Ælana) and Ezion Geber. Akabah, Gulf of. The northeastern arm of the Red Sea, the ancient Sinus Ælanites, about 100 miles long. Akakia (ä-kä-ke-ä') (Martin Sans-Malice). [ Akakia ( ἀκακία ) is a Greek translation of the French sans - malice . ] Born at Châlons-sur Marne: died 1551. A French physician, lec Francis I. He published several medical works. Akakia, Le docteur. A pseudonym of Vol turer at the de France, founded taire, borrowed from the preceding. It was used by Voltaire in his "Diatribe du Docteur Akakia," a lampoon on Maupertuis, published about 1752. A supple ment appeared later. The book was burned by the public executioner on the Place Gendarmes, Dec. 24, 1752, but a copy was saved by Voltaire, who republished it. Aka a (ä-kä ä). The seaport of the Niger, West Africa. See Idzo . Akbar, or Akber (äk'ber; Hindu pron. uk'- bėr), or Akhbar, originally Jel-al-eddin Mo- hammed (je-läl'ed-dēn' mō-ham'ed). [Ar., 'very great.'] Born at Amarkote, Sind, India, Oct. 14, 1542: died at Agra, India, Oct. 13, 1605. A great Mogul emperor in India, 1556–1605. He was born during the exile of his father Humayun Delhi, but died within a year, when in 1556 Akbar succeeded him, ruling at first under the regency of Bairam Khan. In his eighteenth year he threw off this yoke. By war and policy he consolidated his power over the greater part of India. He put an end to the conflict between Afghan and Mogul, and sought to reconcile Hindu and He Mohammedan. He interested himself in various religions, Brahmanism, Buddhism, Mazdaism, and Christianity, and even sought to establish a religion of his own. sought to better his subjects by measures of toleration and improved social laws. He permitted the use of wine, but punished intoxication; tried to stop widow burning; permitted the marriage of Hindu widows; forbade the marriage of boys before sixteen and of girls Akbar before fourteen; to gratify his Hindu subjects prohibited the slaughter of cows; had his lands accurately surveyed and statistics taken; constructed roads; established a uni form system of weights and measures; and introduced a vigorous police. He was sometimes harsh and cruel, and is charged with poisoning his enemies. The rebellion of his son Selim, later known as Jahangir, was a Mohammedan uprising against Akbar's apostasy. The rebellion was suppre ed, and Akbar returned to the faith. He was probably poisoned at the instigation of Jahangir. Akbar, Tomb of. See Secundra . Aké (ä'ke). 1. See Acre .-2. One of the principal ruined cities of Yucatan, situated about 30 miles east of Merida, noted for its pyramid. Akeman Street (ak' man strēt). [So called from AS. Acemannes burh , sick man's town, a name of Bath: AS. æce , ece , ake (now spelled ache ), pain.] An ancient Roman road in England connecting Bath, through Speen and Walling ford, with London. Aken, or Acken (ä'ken). A town in Pru ian Saxony, on the Elbe 25 miles southeast of Magdeburg. Population (1890), 6,109. Akenside (a'ken-sīd), Mark. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Nov. 9, 1721: died at London, June 23, 1770. An English poet and physician, author of "Pleasures of the Imagination" (1744). He was the son of a butcher. He studied theology and then medicine at Edinburgh; went to London in 1743 and to Leyden in 1744, where he completed his medical studies; and returned to England in 1744, beginning the practice of his profe ion in North amp ton, and removing in 1745 to London. In 1761 he became physician to the queen. The best edition of his poetical works (with a biography) is that published by Dyce in 1834. Akerbas. See Acerbas . Akerblad (ä'ker-bläd), Johan David. Born in Sweden, 1760: died at Rome, Feb. 8, 1819. A Swedish Orientalist and diplomatist, author of works on oriental inscriptions. Akerman (ä'ker-män), or Akyerman, or Akkerman. A seaport in the government of Be arabia, Ru ia, situated on the estuary of the Dniester about lat. 46° 15′ N., long. 30° 15′ Ε. It is probably on the site of the ancient Milesian colony Tyras, and was occupied by the Venetians and Genoese in the later middle ages. Population, 43,943. Akerman, Convention of. A treaty concluded between Ru ia and Turkey, Oct. 6, 1826, by which Ru ia secured the navigation of the Black Sea, and various agreements were entered into concerning Moldavia, Wall a chia, and Servia. The non-fulfilment of the treaty by Turkey led to the war of 1828-29. Akerman (ak'er-man), Amos Tappan. Born in New Hampshire, 1823: died at Cartersville, Ga., Dec. 21, 1880. An American lawyer, a graduate of Dart mouth College, 1842. He settled in Elberton, Georgia, 1850, followed his adopted State in sece ion, 1861, became a Republican and reconstructionist after the war, and was attorney-general under Grant, 1870-72. Akerman, John Yonge. Born at London, June 12, 1806: died at Abingdon, England, Nov. 18, 1873. An English numismatist. Akers (ā'kėrz), Benjamin Paul. Born at Saccarappa, Maine, July 10, 1825: died at Phila delphia, Ma London, hia, May 21, 1861. An American sculptor. Among his best works are "Una and the Lion," "St. Elizabeth of Hungary," "The Dead Pearl-Diver," etc. See Allen , Elizabeth Chase. IMG:content-0039.png:[blocks in formation] lati on, 25,870. Akib, Le rabbin. A pseudonym used by Voltaire in 1761. Akiba (ä-ke'bä) ben Joseph ('Akiba son of Joseph'), or simply Rabbi Akiba. Executed 132(?) A. D. The most distinguished Jewish personage in the 2d century. There are many legends about him. He introduced a new method of in terpreting the oral law (Halacha) and reduced it to a system (Mishna). He took an active part in the rebellion which broke out against Hadrian under the leadership of Bar-Cochba (132 A. D.) and suffered death by torture for his share in this unsucce ful uprising. Akita Ken (ä-kēʼtä ken). Aken in the northwestern part of the main island (Hondo) of Japan. Its chief town is Akita. The population of the town is about 30,000. Akka (äk'kä). A tribe of pygmies discovered by Miani and Schweinfurth in central Africa, between the Nepoko and Aruwimi rivers. Their average height is 1.33 meters, complexion light brown, hair scanty and woolly, head large, nose flat, arms long, legs short, and hands well formed, but not the feet. They are expert hunters, live in temporary gra huts of beehive shape, and keep no domestic animals, save chickens. Also called Tikke - Tikke , or, in Bantu speech, Wambuti . It seems po ible, therefore, that at an epoch when the Sahara was as still a fertile land, and the Delta of Egypt an arm of the sea, a race of men allied to the Bushmen and extended from the shores of the Atlantic on the one ranged along the southern slopes of the Atlas mountains, side to the banks of the Nile on the other. Of this race the brachycephalic Akkas and other dwarf tribes of Central Africa would be surviving relics. They were driven from their primitive haunts by the negro invasion, and finally forced into the extreme south of the continent by the pre ure of the Bân-tu or Kaffir tribes.