Alphabet, Telegraphic

The combinations of sounds, of dots and dashes marked on paper, of right-hand and left-hand deflections of a needle, of bells of different notes, or of other symbols by which a fixed combination is expre ed for each character of the alphabet, for numerals, and for punctuation. While the code is designed for telegraphic uses it can be used not only for the conveyance of signals and me ages by the electrical telegraphs, but also by any semaphoric or visual system, as by flashes of light, movements of a flag or even of the arms of the person signalling. In the English and continental needle telegraphy in which the me age is transmitted by the movements of an index normally vertical, but oscillating to one side or the other under the influence of the current, the latter being controlled by the transmitter of the me age, the left hand swings of the needle are interpreted as dots, the right hand as dashes. This system enables one alphabet to be translated into the other, or virtually one alphabet answers for both Morse and needle transmitters. There are two principal telegraphic alphabets, the American Morse and the International codes. They are very similar, their e ential distinction being that spaces are used in the American code, while they are excluded from the International code. In the American Morse system the me age is now universally received by sound. (See Sounder--Sound Reading.) 20   STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. The two codes or telegraphic alphabets are given here. THE INTERNATIONAL ALPHABET. Parenthesis, -. - -. - Understand, ... -.   I don't understand,     ..--....--.. Wait, .-... Erase, ...  ...  ...   Call signal, -.-.-.-   End of me age,         .-.-.-.   Cleared out all right,  .-..-..-.   A .-    L .-..  W .--   B  -...  M --    X  -..-   C  -.-.  N -.    Y  -.--   D  -.. O  ---   Z  --..   E .     P .--.   F ..-.  Q --.-  Ch ----   G  --. R .-.   Ä .-.-   H ....  S ...   Ö  ---.   I ..    T  - Ü ..--   J .---  U ..-   É ..-..   K  -.- V ...-  Ñ  --.-- NUMERALS   1 .---- 4 ....-  8  ---..   2 ..--- 5 .....  9  ----.   3 ...-- 6  -....  0  ----- 7  --... [Transcriber's note: The original image of the dot/dash pattern is somewhat ambiguous. Since there may be differences from contemporary specifications, the original image is included.] IMG:8956969607833025625_020Pic.jpg: [Image of page 20: THE INTERNATIONAL ALPHABET.] 21  STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. PUNCTUATION, ETC.,   Period (.) ...  ...   Comma (,) .-.-.- Query(?) ..--..   Exclamation (!)    --..--   Apostrophe (')    .----.   Hyphen (-)         -....-   Fresh paragraph,  .-.-..   Inverted commas,   -..-. THE AMERICAN ALPHABET.   A .-       L ----(Continuous)  W .--   B -...     M -- X .-..   C ..s.     N -. Y ..s..   D -..      O .s. Z  ….   E .        P .....   F .-.      Q ..-. Ch ----   G --.      R .s.. Ä .-.-   H ....     S ... Ö  ---.   I ..       T - Ü ..--   J  -. -. U ..- É ..-..   K -.-      V ...- Ñ  --.-- NUMERALS   1 .--.    4 ....-     8  -....   2 ..-.. 5 ---       9  -..-   3 ...-. 6 ......   0 -----(Continuous) 7  --.. [Transcriber's Note: The "s" in the American Code indicates a "space". I leave the following to the reader's imagination. See the original image.] Comma (,) Semicolon (;) Colon (:) Colon Dash (:~) Period (.) Interrogation (?) Exclamation (!) Dash (-) Hyphen (-) Pound Sterling (£) Shilling Mark ( ) IMG:8956969607833025625_021Pic.jpg: [Image of page 21: THE AMERICAN ALPHABET.] 22   STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. [Transcriber's Note: I leave these to the reader's imagination. See the following original image.] Dollars ($) Decimal Point (.) Cents (c) Paragraph () Pence (d.) Fractional Mark (--) Capitalized Letter Italics or Underline Colon followed by Quotation:" Parenthesis (   ) Brackets [   ] Quotation Marks " " Quotation within a Quotation " ' ' " IMG:8956969607833025625_022Pic.jpg: [Image of page 22: THE AMERICAN ALPHABET.] The principal differences in the two codes are the use of spaces in the American code, such being excluded from the International code. This affects the letters C, R, Y, & Z. The following diagram, due to Commandant Perian, enables the letter corresponding to an International code sign to be rapidly found with the exception of R. / \ E T / \ / \ I A N M / \ /    \ /    \ /      \ S U R      W D      K G       O  /  \ / \     / \    /  \    / \     /  \    / \    /  \ H   V F   U   L A   P   J   B   X C   Y   Z    Q  Ô CH Fig. 10. Diagram for translating the Morse Alphabet. In order to find what letter corresponds to a given sign, starting from the top of the diagram, each line is traced down to a bifurcation, taking the right hand line of each bifurcation for a dash, and the left hand line for a dot, and stopping when the dots and dashes are used up. Thus, for example, the signal -.- -   leads us to the letter d, the signal - - - - to the letter j and so on. 23  STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.