Haven, Gilbert

ecclesiastic; born at Malden, Ma ., Sept. 21, 1821; graduated at Wesley an University, (1846); appointed profe or in Amenia Seminary, N. Y., and from 1848 to 1851 was principal of that institution; member of the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and became noted as a preacher, lecturer, and writer; served in the Civil War as chaplain of the 8th Ma achusetts regiment of volunteers. At the close of the war he was sent on a special mi ion among the Southern freedmen; from 1867 to 1872, was editor of Zion's Herald; was then elected bishop, with residence at Atlanta, Ga. He was the author of The Pilgrim's Wallet, Our Next -door Neighbor , and several volumes of sermons. Died Jan. 8, 1880. Hawaii (hä-wä'yä), Hawaiian (hä-wäyăn) Islands, or SANDWICH ISLANDS. (Geog. and Polit.) A small group of islands in the North Pacific, which formed, until recently, the kingdom of Hawaii (so called from the name of the largest island of the group). They have long been known also as the Sandwich Islands, the name given them in 1778 by Captain Cook, in honor of Lord Sandwich. then First Lord of the Admiralty. These islands form almost the only laud in a vast area of ocean north of the equator, lying midway between America and Asia, though nearest to the Amer ican coast, from which they are distant about 2,100 miles. From Japan they are about 3,400 miles distant, and 2,380 from Tahiti. They are bounded by the 196 and 220 N. Lat., and the 155° and 160 of W. Long., and form a convenient coaling and repair station for ships on their way from the ports of the Pacific coast to China and Japan, as well as to Australia and New Zealand. The islands are twelve in number, running from S.E. to N.W., and differing considerably in dimensions, the total area being about 7,000 sq. miles, or about that of New Jersey. Of these, Hawaii (the Owhyhee of Captain Cook) occupies more than half the area, it having 4,210 sq. miles. The others are Maui, 760; IMG:content-0676.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors] Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; Kahulaui, 63, and Nühau, 97. The remaining four are merely barren rocks. Hawaii occupies the most southerly position in the group, and is of a somewhat triangular shape. GENERAL DESCRIPTION.-These islands are of volcanic origin, and are partly bordered by coral reefs. The larger ones are mountainous and contain some of the largest and most remarkable volcanoes in the world. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, situated on the island of Hawaii, are respectively 13,805 and 13,600 feet in elevation, and on the eastern slope of the latter, 4,000 feet above sea level, is the famous Kilauea, the most extraordinary in its manifestations of all existing volcanoes. Its huge, oval crater is no le than 9 miles in circumference and 1,000 feet deep, a vast basin which in times of eruption is filled with a lake of fiery lava, rising and falling like the waves of the ocean. Mauna Loa itself is also an active volcano, its summit crater being 8,000 feet in diameter and 600 feet deep, while in some of its discharges the lava has continued to pour out for two months at a time, forming a river of molten rock 50 miles long, which poured like a cataract into the sев. On Maui, the adjoining island, is another mighty volcano, Haleakala (the house of the sun), whose crater is nearly 30 miles in circumference, from 2,000 to 3,000 feet deep, and 10,032 feet above the sea. It is, however, extinct and contains about 16 basins of old volcanoes, while in its walls are gaps from one to three miles wide, through which at one time mighty floods of lava have poured. Hawaii is traversed by other mountains and has a rugged and picturesque aspect, with bold sea cliffs at places from 1,000 to 3,000 feet high. But as a rule the mountains occupy the center of the islands, and are divided by fertile valleys which lead down to a sandy coast region. The valleys of Oahu are notable for their beautiful scenery, tropical vegetation combining with peaks, cliffs, natural ravines and lofty cascades to please the eye. Several of the islands, Hawaii and Kauai in particular, are well supplied with rivers, which are useful for irrigation, though too small to be navigable. Molokai is a small, narrow island, about 9 miles N.W. of Maui. The government has established here a leper settlement to which all afflicted with leprosy are removed. They number in all about 1,000. The islands have few harbors, the best being that of Honolulu, on Oahu. CLIMATE AND SOIL.-The Hawaiian Islands, though within the tropics, po e a fairly temperate climate, through favor of their oceanic situation. The temperature rarely rises above 90° F. in the summer, and seldom falls below 52° F. in winter, the annual average being 74:30. Rains are abundant on the N. W. face of the mountains, brought by the trade winds; but there is little rain elsewhere. The average rainfall is about 54 inches. The soil is mainly made up of decomposed lava, scoria and sand, and is generally thin and poor except at the bases of the mountains and in the valieva where there are extensive tracts of high fertility. The only large pasture grounds are on the Waimea plains of Hawaii, where you sands of Merino sheep are raised, The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia the gra y levels elsewhere being converted into sugar and rice plantations, while dense forests cover the mountain slopes. NATURAL PRODUCTS.-The wide separation of these islands from other lands gives certain special characteristics to their products, the only animals native to the islands being rats, mice, bats, dogs, and hogs. Cattle, sheep, and horses have been introduced. There are few reptiles, while the native birds, of which there are few species, are disappearing, though others are taking their place. The forest trees are mainly to be found on the rainy side of the mountains, some of them, on the high levels, being akin to American species. Tropical fruits are numerous. Raw and dried fish and poi , a kind of thick paste made from the root of the taro plant, form the staple food of the natives. There was formerly a particular breed of dogs which were considered a great delicacy. Mineral products are scanty, coral rock forming the principal building material, replaced to some extent by lava, basalt, and sandstone. INHABITANTS. -The natives of the Archipelago belong to the brown Polynesian stock, being in language and racial characteristics akin to the Maoris of New Zealand. At the time of Captain Cook's visit they numbered, by estimate, about 200,000, but since then have rapidly decreased, largely through the introduction of foreign diseases. Physically they are an unusually fine and handsome race, while in character they are indolent, good-natured and contented. They have many games and sports, are very fond of riding and swimming, and live in high enjoyment of existence. Their dre formerly consisted in a strip of cloth around the loins for the men and a somewhat more ample covering for the women, but they have now adopted a more civilized attire. Formerly they were licentious, and seemed to have practiced cannibalism, but they have greatly improved in these respects through the efforts of the mi ionaries. Day schools have been introduced, and nearly all the islanders can read and write in their own language. Despite their improved conditions better food, clothing, dwellings, .-the race seems dying out, and threatens before many years to become extinct. They are being replaced by a foreign population, of whom the most numerous are the Chinese and Japanese, employed as laborers on the sugar plantations. Next in number come Portuguese, Americans, Germans, English, French, . The Japanese are of recent introduction, but have come in considerable numbers. In 1890 the total population was 89,990, of whom 34,436, were natives, 15,301 Chinese, 12,360 Japanese, 8,602 Portuguese, and smaller numbers of the other peoples named. Of this population 58,714 are males and 31,284 females. In 1878 the natives numbered 44,088; in 1884, 40,014; and in 1890, as above, 34,436, indicating a rapid proce of extinction. Of the diseases reponsible for this crown of tree ferns, is largely exported to America, where it is used to stuff cushions. Commerce is on the increase. Up to 1876 the principal trade was in supplying the ve els engaged in the Pacific whale fisheries now almost extinct. A reciprocity treaty was concluded with the U. S. in 1876 which gave a great impetus to the export trade, and led to the great bulk of the sugar product being sent to the U. S., the other chief articles of export being rice, wool, mola es, bananas, and tallow. The imports consist principally of dry goods, of which nine-tenths are of American production. There are good roads on the larger islands and short lengths of railway on Hawaii and Maui. Telegraphs have been introduced, and the telephone is common in Honolulu, the capital, which has a population of 20,000. The current coin consists of the silver money of the U. S. The chief sources of revenue are customs and internal taxes, the revenue in 1896 being about $2,100,000; the expenditures, $2,050,000. Of the revenue $547,149 came from customs, $592,692 from internal taxes. The public debt amounted to $3,811,064 in 1896, paying interest at from 5 to 12 per cent. Exports in 1896 amounted to $15,515,230, and the imports to $6,063,652. HISTORY. The Hawaiian Islands are said to have been first discovered in 1542, by Galtano, a Spaniard. They were rediscovered in 1778, by Captain Cook, who was murdered by the natives in 1779. At that time each island had its separate chief; but in 1792 Vancouver, on visiting the islands, at the request of Kamehameha, the chief of Hawaii, laid for him the keel of a ve el on the European model. Twenty years afterward IMG:content-0678.jpg:[blocks in formation] sent a tions from the government to Great Britain, France, and the U. S., and these powers joined, in 1844, in guar an teeing the independence of the kingdom, and freedom from unwarranted interference from other powers. There were two other kings of the line of Kamehameha, the last of whom died without i ue, in 1873, and was succeeded by a chief, Lunalio, who was elected to the vacant throne. He died in the following year, and was succeeded by Kalakaua, also elected. In 1887, in consequence of the unsatisfactory condition of the finances, a new constitution was granted, which decreased the power of the king and increased that of the people. Under the former constitution the house of nobles had been chosen by the king; they were now elected by the people. Kalakaua died in 1891, and was succeeded by his sister, Liliuokalani. During the late reign there had beer, a large increase in the foreign population, due to the growth of the sugar interest. The new monarch soon sought to evade the provisions of the new constitution, under which many foreigners, principally Americans, took part in the government. She appointed ministers in opposition to the votes of the legislature, allied herself with speculative projects detrimental to the interests of the planters, and finally prepared to announce a restoration of the royal power and an abrogation of the constitution. The result was an insurrectionary movement, and the dethronement of the queen, in January, 1893. A provisional government was at once organized, U. S. marines and sailors were landed to protect the life and property of Americans, and steps were taken to annex the islands to the U.S. A treaty Fig . 2925. DIAGRAMMATIC MAP OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN SHOWING THE LOCATION AND STRATEGIC POSITION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. disappearance, the most prevalent at present is leprosy. In 1865, in an effort to check the progre of this terrible disease, the government set aside the island of Molokai for the seg reg ration of lepers, and in 1888 a law was pa ed fining any one who a isted in any way in concealing a leper, so as to prevent his or her removal. The afflicted lived here in abject misery until Father Damien ( q . v.) settled among them and strove to ameliorate their condition. Since his death in 1889 others have taken up the good work. AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE. -The leading cultivated product of the islands is the sugar cane, in whose culture much capital has been invested, principally by Americans, and numerous large plantations exist. The soil and climate are excellently adapted to this culture in those parts of the island with sufficient rainfall or facilities for irrigation. The average yield of sugar per acre varies from 21⁄2 tons to 7 tons in specially favorable localities. The product of sugar in the season of 1893-94 was 135,000 tons, being about half the cane sugar crop of the U.S. for that season. Next in importance is rice, which is also largely grown. Coffee is produced, but only to a small extent. The tako plant ( Colocasia esculent a ) is grown extensively in wet places, and is so prolific in food that it is said that a patch 40 fect square will yield food enough to support a native for an entire year. At this rate the product for a square mile would support 17,000 persons. Maize and wheat are raised, and numerous fruits, including oranges, mangoes, pine-apples, guavas, custard apples, and many others. A silky fiber called pulu , which grows on the he was found by Turn bull to po e 20 such small ve els, and he afterward purchased others. He had also introduced firearms, and encouraged a warlike spirit in his people; and one by one he attacked and subdued the other chiefs, until he became master of the whole group. He died in 1819, and was succeeded by his son under the title of Kamehameha II. Vancouver had endeavored to show the natives the absurdity of their idol worship, and not without effect, for on the arrival of the first mi ionaries, in 1820, Hawaii was found to be a kingdom without a religion. The new king, on coming to the throne, had abolished idolatry and the practice of the tabu throughout the kingdom; opposition to this arose, but the insurgents were defeated, and since then the peace of the islands has remained almost unbroken. As a result, the mi ionaries found a free field for their efforts; their instructions were readily accepted, and in 40 years they had taught the whole population to read, write, and cipher, and the women to sew. The king and queen visited England in 1824, and there died of measles. Kamehameha III. succeeded, and in 1840 ended the despotism which had formerly prevailed by giving his people a constitutional government consisting of king, a embly of nobles, and council of representatives. The progre of the nation did not proceed without interference from without. On one occasion a British officer went so far as to take po e ion of Oahu and establish a commi ion for its government. French officers also abrogated the laws, dictated treaties, and established the Roman Catholic religion by force. These outrages led to strong repre for this purpose was negotiated and sent to the Senate. On President Cleveland taking his seat, immediately afterward, he withdrew the treaty and put an end to the steps toward annexаtion. Efforts to restore the royal government failed, and on July 4, 1894, a republic was proclaimed under the presidency of Sanford B. Dole, the president of the provisional government. Subsequent intrigues of the queen led to her banishment from the islands. The next great event in the history of Hawaii occurred in 1897 during the administration of President McKinley, who, unlike his predece or, favored the annexation project. The only objection came from Japan, which feared injury to the interests of the Japanese residents. In 1898 a resolution for the annexation of Hawaii was pa ed by Congre and was signed by the President on July 6. The ceremony of raising the U. S. flag and proclaiming Hawaii part of the U. S. took place August 12. President Dole was continued in power until a new government could be organized. Haw'arden, in Iowa , a post-town of Sioux co., 25 m. W. of Orange city, on C., M. & St. P., and C. & N. W. R. Rs.; a grain shipping point. Pop . (1895) 1,725. Hawk'ins, BENJAMIN WATER HOUSE, an eminent scientist, born in London in 1807. After achieving a high reputation by his researches in natural history and geology, he was appointed in 1852, by the Crystal Palace Company, to restore the external forms of the extinct animals to their natural gigantic size, and he devoted three years and a half to the construction of the 33 life-size models in the Crystal Palace Park, many of them being of colo al proportions. In one of these, the Iguanodon, he gave a banquet, Dec. 30, 1855, to Profs. Owen and Forbes, and twenty other men of science. Prof. Hawkins was author of Popular Compara tive Anatomy (1840); Elements of Form (1842); Compar tive View of the Human and Animal Frame (1860); and in conjunction with Prof. Huxley of an Atlas of Elementary Anatomy (1865), and of Artistic Anatomy of the Horse, Cattle, and Sheep, for Art Students. Died in 1889. Hawks, FRANCIS LISTER, clergyman, born at Newberne, N. C., June 10, 1798; graduated from the University of North Carolina, and won distinction as a lawyer; subsequently studied for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was ordained in 1827, and became rector of St. Thomas's Church, New York city; was one of the founders of The New York Review (1837), and established a school, St. Thomas's Hall, at Flushing, N. Y., in 1839; was editor of The Church Record (184042); resided in Mi i ippi (1843-44), and declined an election as bishop of the diocese; rector of Christ church, New Orleans (1844-49), and was the first president of the University of Louisiana; declined the bishopric of Rhode Island (1854). From 1861-65 was rector of Christ church, Baltimore, and in 1865 became rector of the Chapel of the Holy Saviour, New York, He was the author of several volumes of legal reports and a digest, and Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States ; Narrative of Commodore Perry's Expedition ; History of North Carolina ; and, in collaboration with Rev. William Stevens Perry, Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church . Died Sept. 27, 1866. IMG:content-0679.jpg:[graphic]