Ruge

(Arnold), German reformer, b. Bergen (Isle Rügen), 13 Sept. 1802. Studied at Halle, Jena, and Heidelberg, and as a member of the Tugenbund was imprisoned for six years. After his liberation in ’30 he became profe or at Halle, and with Ech term eyer founded the Hall is che Jahrbücher, ’38, which opposed Church and State. In ’48 he started Die Reform . Elected to the Frankfort A embly, he sat on the Extreme Left. When compelled to fly he came to England, where he wrote New Germany in “Cabinet of Reason” series, and translated Buckle’s History of Civilisation . He acted as visiting tutor at Brighton, where he died 30 Dec. 1880.